Africard Co. Ltd. v. Republic of Niger

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
AFRICARD CO. LTD., )
)
Petitioner, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 16-00196 (ABJ)
)
REPUBLIC OF NIGER, )
)
Respondent. )
____________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Petitioner Africard Company, Ltd. (“Africard”) has filed a petition to confirm an arbitration
award against respondent, the Republic of Niger, pursuant to Section 207 of the Federal Arbitration
Act, 9 U.S.C. § 207. Pet. to Confirm Foreign Arb. Award & to Enter J. [Dkt. # 1] (“Pet.”) ¶ 1.
The petition arises from Niger’s 2011 contract with Africard to produce biometric and electronic
passports. Id. ¶ 12. According to the terms of the parties’ agreement, Africard was contracted to
produce a minimum of one million biometric and electronic passports, but Africard alleges that on
March 24, 2011, Niger unilaterally cancelled the agreement. Id. ¶¶ 13–14.
Africard ultimately referred the dispute to arbitration in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. 1 Pet. ¶ 14.
On June 9, 2014, the arbitral tribunal issued an Interim Procedural Award, concluding that “the
unilateral termination by the State of Niger of the Agreement of October 13, 2011 for the
production of biometric and electronic passports in the Republic of Niger [was] abusive and
wrongful.” Interim Procedural Award, Ex. D to Decl. of Christopher D. Man [Dkt. # 1-5] (“Interim
Award”) at 33. The tribunal ultimately awarded Africard 44,740,781 West African CFA Francs
1 As required by the parties’ agreement, the arbitration took place at the Common Court of
Justice and Arbitration (“CCJA”) of l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des
Affaires, known as “OHADA.” Pet. ¶ 14.
as compensation for costs incurred, 15,440,533,316 West African CFA Francs as compensation
for lost profits, 1,000,000,000 West African CFA Francs for reputational harm incurred, and
156,747,299 West African CFA Francs for the cost of the arbitral proceedings. Final Award, Ex.
F to Man Decl. [Dkt. # 1-7] (“Final Award”) ¶ 64. However, as of February 4, 2016, Niger had
not paid any amount of the Final Award. Pet. ¶ 22.
Africard filed its petition to confirm the arbitration award on February 4, 2016. Pet. After
Niger was served, and failed to timely answer, the Clerk of Court entered a default against it.
Clerk’s Entry of Default [Dkt. # 13]. On May 13, 2016, Africard filed a motion for default
judgment. Mot. for Default J. as to Repub. of Niger & Confirmation of Arb. Award [Dkt. # 14]
(“Mot.”); Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mot. [Dkt. # 14] (“Mem.”). Though Africard served Niger
with a copy of the motion, Niger did not respond. Because the record indicated that counsel for
Africard had been contacted by an attorney who conveyed a request on behalf of Niger but also
indicated that he had not been retained to defend this action, see Decl. of Mark D. Beckett [Dkt.
# 14-21], on July 7, 2016, the Court entered an order asking petitioner to update the Court on
whether it had any further contact with that lawyer. Min. Order (July 7, 2016). Petitioner
responded, noting that it had received no further communications from Niger’s attorneys on this
matter, and it informed the Court that Niger’s application to set aside the arbitration award had
been denied. Status Report (July 19, 2016) [Dkt. # 22].
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1602 et seq., a court
shall not enter a default judgment against a foreign state “unless the claimant establishes his claim
or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.” 28 U.S.C. § 1608(e). This standard is
identical to the standard for entry of default judgments against the United States under Federal
2
Rule of Civil Procedure 55(d). Hill v. Repub. of Iraq, 328 F.3d 680, 683 (D.C. Cir. 2003). As a
result, the court cannot treat the allegations asserted in the petition as true, and must “inquire
further before entering judgment against parties in default.” Rimkus v. Islamic Repub. of Iran, 750
F. Supp. 2d 163, 171 (D.D.C. 2010). Upon evaluating petitioner’s claim, though, the court “may
accept the plaintiff's uncontroverted factual allegations if they are supported by documentary and
affidavit evidence.” Lanny J. Davis & Assocs LLC v. Repub. of Eq. Guinea, 962 F. Supp. 2d 152,
161 (D.D.C. 2013).
ANALYSIS
I. The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this dispute.
Before the Court may consider whether Africard is entitled to a default judgment in this
matter, it must assess whether it has subject matter jurisdiction over this dispute. Federal courts
are courts of limited jurisdiction and the law presumes that “a cause lies outside this limited
jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994); see also Gen.
Motors Corp. v. EPA, 363 F.3d 442, 448 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (“As a court of limited jurisdiction, we
begin, and end, with an examination of our jurisdiction.”).
A. The Court can exercise jurisdiction under the Federal Arbitration Act.
The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) codifies an international convention known as the
New York Convention into U.S. law. 9 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. Section 202 of the FAA specifies
that: “[a]n arbitration agreement or arbitral award arising out of a legal relationship, whether
contractual or not, which is considered as commercial . . . falls under the [New York] Convention.”
9 U.S.C. § 202. The “district courts of the United States . . . shall have original jurisdiction over
[an action or proceeding falling under the Convention], regardless of the amount in controversy.”
9 U.S.C. § 203.
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As the Second Circuit has explained, a court will have subject matter jurisdiction under the
FAA when: “(1) there is a written agreement; (2) the writing provides for arbitration in the territory
of a signatory of the convention; (3) the subject matter is commercial; and (4) the subject matter
is not entirely domestic in scope.” U.S. Titan, Inc. v. Guangzhou Zhen Hua Shipping Co., 241
F.3d 135, 146 (2d Cir. 2001).
Africard has identified a written agreement – the “Agreement for the Production of
Biometric and Electronic Passports (E-Passports) in the Republic of Niger” – that governed the
parties’ conduct in this case. Ex. 3 to Mot. [Dkt. # 14-4] (“Agreement”). 2 And Article 25 of the
Agreement provides that “any dispute shall be submitted by one of the parties for arbitration by
the OHADA Common Court of Justice and Arbitration” in Côte d’Ivoire. Id., Art. 25. Côte
d’Ivoire, Niger, and the United States are all parties to the New York Convention. See Contracting
States, http://www.newyorkconvention.org/countries; see also Creighton Ltd. v. Gov't of Qatar,
181 F.3d 118, 121 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (“[T]he critical element is the place of the award: if that place
is in the territory of a party to the Convention, all other Convention states are required to recognize
and enforce the award, regardless of the citizenship or domicile of the parties to the arbitration.”),
quoting Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law § 487 cmt b (1987). Further, the subject
matter of the agreement is not entirely domestic in scope, because it involves a dispute originating
in Niger, and none of the parties are citizens of the United States. See 9 U.S.C. § 202 (“An
agreement or award arising out of [a commercial relationship] which is entirely between citizens
of the United States shall not be deemed to fall under the Convention . . . .”).
2 Africard has provided many documents in both the original French, and as certified
translations to English. The Court will cite to the certified translations.
4
Finally, the subject matter of the agreement is clearly commercial. As the D.C. Circuit
recently recognized, the term “commercial” as used in the New York Convention, though it does
not have a specific statutory definition, refers to “matters or relationships, whether contractual or
not, that arise out of or in connection with commerce.” Belize Social Dev. Ltd. v. Gov’t of Belize,
794 F.3d 99, 103–04 (D.C. Cir. 2015), citing Restatement (Third) of U.S. Law of Int’l Commercial
Arb. § 1-1 (2012); Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law § 487 cmt. f (1987) (explaining
that “the fact that an agreement to arbitrate is in the contract between a government and a private
person may confirm its commercial character.”). The Belize court added that “the full scope of
‘commerce’ and ‘foreign commerce’ as those terms have been broadly interpreted, is available for
arbitral agreements and awards.” 794 F.3d at 104, citing Island Territory of Curacao v. Solitron
Devices, Inc., 356 F. Supp. 1, 13 (S.D.N.Y. 1973).
The dispute in this case, which arises out of a service contract between a company and a
government to provide biometric and electronic passports, Mem. at 11, clearly “arise[s] out of or
in connection with commerce.” See Belize, 794 F.3d at 104.
Because the Court finds that each of the four factors of the U.S. Titan test have been met,
it finds that it has jurisdiction under the FAA. The next question to consider is whether Niger
nonetheless enjoys foreign sovereign immunity in this enforcement action under the Foreign
Sovereign Immunities Act. See Creighton Ltd., 181 F.3d at 121.
B. The Court can exercise jurisdiction under the FSIA.
The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”) is the “sole basis for obtaining
jurisdiction over a foreign state in the courts of [the United States].” Belize, 794 F.3d at 101,
quoting Argentine Repub. v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 443 (1989). Under the
FSIA, 28 U.S.C. § 1602 et seq., “a foreign state is presumptively immune from the jurisdiction
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of United States courts,” and “unless a specified exception applies, a federal court lacks subject-
matter jurisdiction over a claim against a foreign state.” Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, 507 U.S. 349,
355 (1993). Because “subject matter jurisdiction in any such action depends on the existence of
one of the specified exceptions . . . [a]t the threshold of every action in a district court against a
foreign state . . . the court must satisfy itself that one of the exceptions applies.” Verlinden B.V. v.
Cent. Bank of Nigeria, 461 U.S. 480, 493–94 (1983); see also Belize, 794 F.3d at 101 (describing
the FSIA’s terms as “absolute”).
Arbitral awards that are subject to the New York Convention fall under the “treaty”
exception to the FSIA. That exception provides that:
(a) A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of courts of
the United States or of the States in any case . . .
(6) in which the action is brought . . . to confirm an award made
pursuant to . . . an agreement to arbitrate, if . . . (B) the
agreement or award is or may be governed by a treaty or
other international agreement in force for the United States
calling for the recognition and enforcement of arbitral
awards.
28 U.S.C. § 1605. It is well settled that the New York Convention gives rise to jurisdiction under
the treaty exception. Creighton Ltd., 181 F.3d at 123–24 (“Indeed, it has been said with authority
that the New York Convention ‘is exactly the sort of treaty Congress intended to include in the
arbitration exception.’”), quoting Cargill Int’l S.A. v. M/T Pavel Dybenko, 991 F.2d 1012, 1018
(2d Cir. 1993). So Niger does not enjoy sovereign immunity under the FSIA.
II. Africard appropriately served Niger according to the requirements of the FSIA.
The Court next considers whether Niger is properly on notice of this lawsuit. The FSIA
requires that foreign states must be served in one of the following ways:
(1) by delivery of a copy of the summons and complaint in accordance with
any special arrangement for service between the plaintiff and the foreign
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state or political subdivision; or
(2) if no special arrangement exists, by delivery of a copy of the summons
and complaint in accordance with an applicable international convention on
service of judicial documents; or
(3) if service cannot be made under paragraphs (1) or (2), by sending a copy
of the summons and complaint and a notice of suit, together with a
translation of each into the official language of the foreign state, by any
form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to be addressed and dispatched by
the clerk of the court to the head of the ministry of foreign affairs of the
foreign state concerned.
(4) if service cannot be made under paragraph (3), by sending two copies of
the summons and complaint and a notice of suit, together with a translation
of each into the official language of the foreign state . . . to the Secretary of
State in Washington, District of Columbia . . . and the Secretary shall
transmit one copy of the papers through diplomatic channels to the foreign
state . . . .
28 U.S.C. § 1608(a).
Service in this case must be made under 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3), because there is no
evidence that any special arrangements apply. Africard’s attorney submitted a declaration which
states that:
On February 5, 2016, the Petitioner requested the Clerk of the Court to serve
a copy of the Summons, Notice of Suit and Petition, together with all
exhibits and translations in the official language of Niger, French, pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3), on the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Niger.
Decl. of Christopher D. Man, Ex. 1 to Mot. [Dkt # 14] (“Man Decl.”) ¶ 27. The Clerk of Court
mailed “[o]ne copy of the summons, complaint and a notice of suit, together with a translation of
each into the official language of the foreign state, by registered mail, return receipt requested, to
the head of the ministry of foreign affairs, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3).”
Certificate of Mailing [Dkt. # 9] at 1. That is all that is required under the FSIA.
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In addition, it appears that Niger is aware of the pendency of this suit. As Africard’s
attorney avers in his declaration:
On April 4 and April 8, 2016, I received emails from SCPA Justicia at a
Yahoo email address, that purport to be sent on behalf of Niger. They attach
a document objecting to this lawsuit (in French and with a translation)
primarily on the basis of the pending set-aside proceeding before the CCJA.
Man Decl. ¶ 38 3; see also Ex. 18 to Pet.’s Mot. [Dkt. # 14-19] (April 4, 2016 email, attaching
document in French); Ex. 19 to Pet.’s Mot. [Dkt. # 14-20] (April 8, 2016 email, attaching a
document in English that appears to contain legal arguments in opposition to the petition to confirm
the arbitral award). 4 In addition, counsel reported that “[o]n April 8, 2016, [counsel] received a
call from a Peter Dee, a lawyer at . . . a law firm in New York City.” Man Decl. ¶ 39. Another of
Africard’s lawyers spoke with Dee, and reported that:
Mr. Dee stated that he did not represent the Republic of Niger (“Niger”) in
this matter because Niger had not retained him. Mr. Dee did say that he
thought he may be retained by Niger in the future in connection with this
matter. . . . Notwithstanding that Mr. Dee did not represent Niger in this
matter, Mr. Dee requested that Africard refrain from seeking an entry of
default. I told him that Africard would decline to do so.
Decl. of Mark D. Bennett [Dkt. # 14-21] ¶¶ 6, 8. On July 7, 2016, the Court ordered petitioner to
submit a status report “to update the Court on whether it has had any further contact” with Dee,
“or whether it has any further information regarding respondent’s appearance in this matter.” Min.
Order (July 7, 2016). Petitioner responded that it had no further contact with Dee, nor did it have
3 Africard has since reported that the “pending set aside proceeding” has been resolved in
Africard’s favor. See Status Report [Dkt. # 22] at 2.
4 If Niger wishes assert legal arguments in this matter, it may file an appropriate motion on
the Court’s docket. The Court will not consider the legal arguments made in the April 8, 2016
email.
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any additional information to provide. Status Report [Dkt. # 22] at 2. To this date, Niger has not
taken any steps to defend this action or respond to the motion for default judgment.
III. Since the Court has subject matter jurisdiction and service was proper, the Court can
exercise personal jurisdiction over Niger.
“[F]oreign sovereigns and their extensively-controlled instrumentalities are not ‘persons’
under the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause – and thus have no right to assert a personal
jurisdiction defense.” GSS Grp. Ltd v. Nat'l Port Auth., 680 F.3d 805, 809 (D.C. Cir. 2012).
Instead, the provisions of the FSIA determine whether a court can exercise personal jurisdiction
over a foreign sovereign. A court can exercise personal jurisdiction over a foreign state with
respect to “every claim for relief over which the district courts have [subject matter]
jurisdiction . . . where service has been made under section 1608.” 28 U.S.C. § 1330(b). In other
words, in the context of a suit against a foreign sovereign, “subject matter jurisdiction plus service
of process equals personal jurisdiction.” Practical Concepts, Inc. v. Repub. of Bolivia, 811 F.2d
1543, 1548 n. 11 (D.C. Cir. 1987); see also Price v. Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,
294 F.3d 82, 99 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (holding that “the Fifth Amendment poses no obstacle to the
decision of the United States government to subject Libya to personal jurisdiction in the federal
courts”). Because the Court has concluded that it has subject matter jurisdiction to enforce the
arbitral agreement, and that service was proper, it finds that it has personal jurisdiction over Niger
as well.
IV. The Court will grant the motion for a default judgment and it will confirm the
arbitration award.
Because the Court has jurisdiction over the dispute, it may consider the merits of the motion
for a default judgment. Under the FAA, the Court is required to “confirm the award unless it finds
one of the grounds for refusal or deferral of recognition or enforcement of the award specified in
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the [New York] Convention.” 9 U.S.C. § 207; see also TermoRio S.A. E.S.P. v. Electranta S.P.,
487 F.3d 928, 935 (D.C. Cir. 2007). “Consistent with the ‘emphatic federal policy in favor of
arbitral dispute resolution’ recognized by the Supreme Court[,] . . . the FAA affords the district
court little discretion in refusing or deferring enforcement of foreign arbitral wards.” Belize, 668
F.3d at 727, quoting Mitsubishi Motors Corp v. Soler Chrysler–Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 631
(1985).
Article V(1) of the New York Convention provides five grounds on which a Court can
deny confirmation of an arbitral award, “at the request of the party against whom it is invoked”:
(a) The parties to the agreement . . . were, under the law applicable to
them, under some incapacity, or the said agreement is not valid
under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any
indication thereon, under the law of the country where the award
was made; or
(b) The party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper
notice of the appointment of the arbitrator or of the arbitration
proceedings or was otherwise unable to present its case; or
(c) The award deals with a difference not contemplated by or not falling
within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains
decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to
arbitration . . . or
(d) The composition of the arbitral authority or the arbitral procedure
was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, or, failing
such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the country
where the arbitration took place; or
(e) The award has not yet become binding on the parties, or has been
set aside or suspended by a competent authority of the country in
which, or under the law of which, that award was made.
The party resisting confirmation “bears the heavy burden of establishing that one of the grounds
for denying confirmation in Article V applies.” Gold Reserve, Inc. v. Bolivarian Repub. of
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Venezuela, 146 F. Supp. 3d 112, 120 (D.D.C. 2015). Given Niger’s lack of appearance in this
matter, it has not met its burden on any of those objections. 5
Article V(2) provides two additional grounds for denying recognition of an arbitral award,
whether the respondent asserts them or not:
(a) The subject matter of the difference is not capable of settlement by
arbitration under the law of [the country where enforcement is
sought]; or
(b) The recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to
the public policy of that country.
Neither of these objections appear on the face of the petition, either. This dispute appears to arise
out of a breach of contract, which is surely capable of settlement by arbitration in the United States.
And in light of the “emphatic federal policy in favor of arbitral dispute resolution,” Mitsubishi
Motors, 473 U.S. at 631, the Court does not find that the public policy exception would bar
enforcement either.
So, given the “little discretion” afforded to the Court to deny confirmation of an arbitral
award, Belize, 668 F.3d at 727, Niger’s lack of appearance in this matter, and Africard’s
5 Moreover, the facts that Niger appeared and defended against the arbitration proceedings,
and that its motion to set the award aside has been resolved, indicate that grounds (b) and (c) appear
to be inapplicable. The Court’s review of the contract and award suggests that ground (c) is
inapplicable as well.
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compliance with the procedural requirements set forth in Article 1 of the New York Convention, 6
the Court will grant the motion for a default judgment, and grant the petition to confirm the arbitral
award.
V. The Court will award $46,128,410.46.
The Final Award ordered Niger to pay Africard the following amounts:
x 44,740,781 CFA Francs as compensation for costs incurred, with
interest at the rate of 13% per annum accruing from April 15, 2013;
x 15,440,533,316 CFA Francs as compensation for lost profits, with
interest at the rate of 13% per annum accruing from April 15, 2013;
x 1,000,000,000 CFA Francs for reputational harms incurred, with
interest at the rate of 13% per annum accruing from the date of the
issuance of the Final Award, December 6, 2014; and
x 156,747,299 CFA Francs for the costs of the arbitral proceedings.
Award ¶ 64.
Africard requests that in granting judgment to it, the Court should convert the amount of
the award, which was rendered in a foreign currency, to dollars. Mem. at 16. “Conversion of
. . . foreign currency amounts into dollars at judgment is the norm, rather than the exception.”
Cont’l Transfert Technique Ltd. v. Fed. Gov’t of Nigeria, 932 F. Supp. 2d 153, 158 (D.D.C. 2013),
citing Elite Entm’t, Inc. v. Khela Bros. Entm’t, Inc., 396 F. Supp. 2d 680, 694 (E.D. Va. 2005).
6 The Convention provides that a party seeking enforcement of an arbitral award must
“supply [] (a) the duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof; [and] (b) the
original agreement [in which the parties agreed to arbitration].” Art. IV(1). In addition, the
Convention requires that a party seeking confirmation of an award written in a foreign language
must submit a certified translation of the award. Id. at IV(2). Africard has submitted the required
documents. See Ex. E to Pet. [Dkt. # 1-6] (certified copy of Final Award); Ex. A to Pet. [Dkt. # 1-
2] (certified copy of the agreement between the parties); Exs. B, F to Pet. [Dkt. # 1-3, 1-7] (certified
translations of the Agreement and Final Award). In addition, the FAA provides that a petitioner
must seek recognition of an arbitral award “[w]ithin three years after an arbitral award falling
under the Convention is made.” 9 U.S.C. § 207. The Final Award was rendered on December 6,
2014, see Final Award ¶ 64, so Africard is well within its three-year limitations period.
12
“Courts in the United States ordinarily give judgment on causes of action arising in another state,
or denominated in a foreign currency, in United States dollars, but they are not precluded from
giving judgment in the currency in which the obligation is denominated or the loss was incurred.”
Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law § 823(1). So, “if the foreign currency has
depreciated since the injury or breach, judgment should be given at the rate of exchange applicable
on the date of injury or breach.” Id. § 823 cmt. c. But if, on the other hand, “the foreign currency
has appreciated since the injury or breach, judgment should be given at the rate of exchange
applicable on the date of judgment or the date of payment.” Id.
The United States Department of Treasury reports exchange rates on a quarterly basis. For
the quarter ending on June 30, 2016, 1 dollar equaled 590.6900 West African CFA Francs.
Treasury Reported Rates of Exchange, https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/rpt/treasRptRate
Exch/currentRates.htm. For the quarter ending on September 30, 2014, which would apply to the
arbitral award issued on December 6, 2014, 1 dollar equaled 516.6500. Since the exchange rate
has depreciated since the date of the Final Award, the Court will use the higher amount. The
results of the calculation are as follows:
13
Amount awarded Amount awarded Daily Date Days of Total with
(in CFA Francs) 7 (in USD) 8 interest interest interest 11 interest
rate 9 accrues 10 (in USD) 12
44,740,781 $86,597.85 0.0356% 4/15/2013 1261 $125,490.97
15,440,533,316 $29,885,867.25 0.0356% 4/15/2013 1261 $43,308,306.21
1,000,000,000 $1,935,546.31 0.0356% 12/6/2014 661 $2,391,221.63
156,747,299 $303,391.66 0.0000% $303,391.66
Adding all of those amounts, the total award will be $46,128,410.46. 13
7 See Final Award ¶ 64.
8 The Court divided the amount awarded in CFA Francs by 516.65, the relevant exchange
rate.
9 The Court divided the interest rate of 13% by 365 days per year.
10 See Final Award ¶ 64.
11 The Court calculated the number of days that have elapsed between the date interest began
to accrue and the date of this Memorandum Opinion, September 27, 2016.
12 The Court multiplied the amount awarded (in USD) by the daily interest rate by the days
of interest, and it added that product to the amount awarded.
13 Petitioner notes that it also seeks “costs of this proceeding including reasonable attorneys’
fees,” but it has not provided the Court with a motion for fees and costs, or its billing records. If
petitioner believes that it is entitled to that relief, it may bring an appropriate motion.
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CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, the Court finds that it has subject matter and personal
jurisdiction over the Republic of Niger in this case. Under the Federal Arbitration Act, the Court
will grant the petition to confirm the arbitral award, and the motion for a default judgment, and it
will award judgment to Africard in the amount of $46,128,410.46.
A separate order will issue.
AMY BERMAN JACKSON
United States District Judge
DATE: September 27, 2016
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