Alexander v. Wmata

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
)
CARLOS ALEXANDER, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 12-cv-1959 (TSC)
)
WMATA, )
)
Defendant. )
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Carlos Alexander brings this discrimination action pursuant to the Rehabilitation
Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794 et seq.,1 against defendant Washington Metropolitan Area Transit
Authority (“WMATA”), challenging WMATA’s decision to deny his applications for rehire after
he completed an alcohol abuse treatment program. Before the Court is WMATA’s motion for
summary judgment. Upon consideration of the motion, the response and reply thereto, the entire
record, and for the following reasons, the Court grants WMATA’s motion.
I. BACKGROUND
Alexander is a former WMATA employee who alleges that he has suffered from alcohol
dependency since approximately 1980. (Pl. Opp’n 5). From November 1999 until his
termination in January 2009, Alexander worked for WMATA as an Automatic Train Control
Mechanic Helper and a Communications Mechanic Helper. (Alexander Aff. ¶¶ 3-4). In April
2007, Alexander’s supervisor smelled alcohol on Alexander’s breath when he arrived at work.
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Alexander originally brought claims under the Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act
(“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., but voluntarily dismissed the ADA claim (Count I). (Pl. Opp’n 19).
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Alexander took a breathalyzer test and tested positive for alcohol, after which he was suspended
and referred to WMATA’s Employee Assistance Program. Alexander returned to work in
December 2007 and was required to take periodic alcohol tests as a condition of his
reinstatement. In January 2009, Alexander again tested positive for alcohol at work. WMATA
terminated Alexander on January 27, 2009. (Pl. Opp’n 5-6).
WMATA informed Alexander that he could apply to be rehired in one year if he
completed an intensive alcohol abuse treatment program. In the fall of 2009, Alexander entered
a treatment program at the Washington Hospital Center, and completed the program in January
2010. (Pl. Statement of Mat. Facts in Dispute ¶ 7).
After completing the alcohol treatment program, Alexander reapplied for several
positions at WMATA. In April or May 2010, he applied for a Communications Helper mechanic
position, but was informed in June 2010 that he was not qualified for the position.2 (Def.
Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 2; Pl. Statement in Response 15). Alexander applied for a
Communications Helper mechanic position in August 2011, but was informed a few days later
that he was disqualified from the position. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 3; Pl.
Statement in Response 17). Finally, in October 2011 he applied for an Automatic Helper
mechanic position, but was not rehired. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 4; Pl. Statement
in Response 17).
On or about July 13, 2010 (after the first rehire decision but before the second and third),
Alexander filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”),
alleging that WMATA had violated the ADA by not rehiring him because of his alcohol
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Alexander does not dispute that he learned of WMATA’s decision not to rehire him in June 2010; however, he
disputes that he was told about any specific circumstances that disqualified him from the position. (Pl. Statement in
Response to Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts 16).
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dependency. On September 7, 2012, Alexander received a right to sue letter from the EEOC.
(Compl. ¶¶ 6, 8). He filed this lawsuit on December 5, 2012.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
a. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment may be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986); Holcomb v.
Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006). “A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is
genuinely disputed must support the assertion by citing to particular parts of materials in the
record.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A). “A fact is ‘material’ if a dispute over it might affect the
outcome of a suit under the governing law; factual disputes that are ‘irrelevant or unnecessary’
do not affect the summary judgment determination.” Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895 (quoting Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 248). An issue is “genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable
jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. See id. The party seeking summary
judgment “bears the heavy burden of establishing that the merits of his case are so clear that
expedited action is justified.” Taxpayers Watchdog, Inc., v. Stanley, 819 F.2d 294, 297 (D.C.
Cir. 1987).
In considering a motion for summary judgment, “the evidence of the nonmovant[s] is to
be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [their] favor.” Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. at 255; see also Mastro v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 447 F.3d 843, 850 (D.C. Cir.
2006). The nonmoving party’s opposition, however, must consist of more than mere
unsupported allegations or denials, and must be supported by affidavits, declarations, or other
competent evidence, setting forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.
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Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). The nonmovant is
required to provide evidence that would permit a reasonable jury to find in her favor.
Laningham v. United States Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1242 (D.C. Cir. 1987).
b. The Rehabilitation Act
Claims under the Rehabilitation Act are governed by the burden-shifting framework laid
out in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See McGill v. Muñoz, 203 F.3d
843, 845 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Under this framework, the plaintiff must first establish, by a
preponderance of the evidence, a prima facie case of discrimination. McDonnell Douglas, 411
U.S. at 802. Once the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the defendant must “produc[e]
evidence that the adverse employment actions were taken for a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason.” Aka v. Washington Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1289 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (citation omitted).
Once the defendant has done so, “the presumption . . . raised by the prima facie case is rebutted”
and “drops from the case.” Id. (quoting St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507
(1993)). To survive summary judgment, the plaintiff must then show that a reasonable jury
could infer that the proffered legitimate reason was false and that defendant’s actions were
intended as discrimination from a “combination of (1) the plaintiff’s prima facie case; (2) any
evidence the plaintiff presents to attack the employer’s proffered explanation for its actions; and
(3) any further evidence of discrimination that may be available to the plaintiff.” Id. at 1289.
III. ANALYSIS
WMATA argues that Alexander’s claim must be dismissed as a matter of law because it
is barred by the statute of limitations, or alternatively, that even if the claim is timely, Alexander
does not have a qualifying disability under the Rehabilitation Act.
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a. Statute of Limitations
Congress did not establish a statute of limitations for claims brought under the
Rehabilitation Act. See Long v. Howard Univ., 512 F. Supp. 2d 1, 11 (D.D.C. 2007)
(“The Rehabilitation Act and ADA, like many federal civil rights statutes, do not contain
a statute of limitations.”); see generally 29 U.S.C. § 791 et seq. When Congress fails to enact a
statute of limitations for a federal cause of action, “federal courts may ‘borrow’ one from an
analogous state cause of action, provided that the state limitations period is not inconsistent with
underlying federal policies.” Spiegler v. District of Columbia, 866 F.2d 461, 463-64 (D.C. Cir.
1989); see also Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 266-67 (1985); Johnson v. Ry. Express Agency,
Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 462 (1975). In such cases, courts also apply state tolling provisions because
“in virtually all statutes of limitations the chronological length of the limitation period is
interrelated with provisions regarding tolling, revival, and questions of application.” Johnson,
421 U.S. at 464.
The parties disagree on which statute of limitations governs Rehabilitation Act claims
brought in the District of Columbia. WMATA argues that the District of Columbia Court of
Appeals decision in Jaiyeola v. District of Columbia, 40 A.3d 356 (D.C. 2012), which held that
the one-year statute of limitations under the District of Columbia Human Rights Act
(“DCHRA”) governs claims under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, is controlling. Under
that reasoning, Alexander’s claims would be barred because the June 2010, August 2011, and
October 2011 denials all occurred more than one year before the filing of the Complaint on
December 5, 2012. (Def. Mot. 4-6). WMATA also contends that tolling does not apply because
Alexander was not required to file a complaint with EEOC before filing suit. (Id.). Alexander
claims that the District of Columbia’s general three-year limitations period for personal injury
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claims controls, citing Tyler v. WMATA, No. 14-cv-601, 2014 WL 2979031, at *1 (D.D.C. July
3, 2014). (Pl. Opp’n 20-21). The parties agree that if the three-year period applies, Alexander’s
claims are timely. If the one-year period applies, Alexander’s claims would only be timely if the
limitations period was tolled during the pendency of Alexander’s administrative complaint.
Tyler also involved a dispute regarding the applicable statute of limitations period in the
District of Columbia for Rehabilitation Act claims. Tyler, 2014 WL 2979031, at *3. In that
case, WMATA relied on Jaiyeola to argue that the plaintiff’s claim should be dismissed because
he filed his complaint almost two years after he learned that he would not be hired. The plaintiff
argued that even if the one-year period applied, his claim was tolled by the EEOC’s investigation
of his complaint. The Court agreed with the plaintiff, holding that under the DCHRA claims are
tolled while a complainant pursues administrative remedies. Id. at *4. Moreover, the Court held
that the decision in Adams v. District of Columbia, 740 F. Supp. 2d 173 (D.D.C. 2010), which
declined to toll the statute of limitations during an EEOC investigation, was distinguishable
because the Adams court applied the District’s general three-year limitations period, not the
DCHRA’s one-year period. Id.
WMATA argues that the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. Railway Express
Agency, Inc. forecloses any reliance on Tyler. In Johnson, the Supreme Court held that the filing
of an EEOC charge did not toll the statute of limitations for a section 1981 claim. However, the
Court applied Tennessee’s one-year statute of limitations, which did not provide for tolling of the
statute of limitations. See Johnson, 421 U.S. at 463 (“[N]o tolling circumstances described in the
State’s statutes was present to toll the period for [plaintiff’s] § 1981 claim.”). The Court’s
refusal to toll the statute of limitations for the plaintiff’s federal claim was based on “the State’s
wisdom in setting a limit, and exceptions thereto, on the prosecution of a closely analogous
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claim.” Id. at 464. In this case, however, the state statute WMATA contends is controlling—the
DCHRA— does contain a tolling provision. See D.C. Code § 2-1403.16(a) (“The timely filing
of a complaint with the Office [of Human Rights], or under the administrative procedures
established by the Mayor . . . shall toll the running of the statute of limitations while the
complaint is pending.”). If the one-year statute of limitations under the DCHRA applies, so does
the Act’s tolling provisions, as a limitations period is “understood fully only in the context of the
various circumstances that suspend it from running . . . .” Johnson, 411 U.S. at 464.
WMATA argues that even if the DCHRA includes a tolling provision, it should not apply
here because Alexander was not required to bring an administrative complaint. The issue of
whether administrative exhaustion is a prerequisite to filing suit in federal court for section 504
claims is an unsettled question in this Circuit, and opinions in this Court have come down on
both sides. Compare Ellis v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 631 F. Supp. 2d 71, 75 (D.D.C. 2009)
(holding that, like Title VII claims, administrative exhaustion is required to bring Rehabilitation
Act claims), and Turner v. District of Columbia, 383 F. Supp. 2d 157, 176 (D.D.C. 2005) (the
Rehabilitation Act incorporates Title VII’s “powers, remedies, and procedures” because the Act
incorporates the “standards” of the ADA (which incorporates Title VII)), with Minter v. District
of Columbia, No. 10–0516, 2014 WL 3854948, at *10 (D.D.C. Aug. 5, 2014) (ADA’s
incorporation of Title VII administrative exhaustion requirements does not apply to section 504
of the Rehabilitation Act), and Adams v. District of Columbia, 740 F. Supp. 2d 173, 181 (D.D.C.
2010) (exhaustion of administrative remedies is not required to bring claims under Rehabilitation
Act). However, the Court need not decide whether administrative exhaustion is a prerequisite to
filing suit in federal court because, under the DCHRA, “private causes of action [are] tolled
during the time in which a complainant pursues administrative remedies, regardless of whether
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the complainant is required to [do so] . . . .” Tyler, 2014 WL 2979031, at *4 (citing D.C. Code §
2-1403.16).3
Therefore, because tolling applies if the correct statute of limitations is one year and the
claims are indisputably timely if the correct period is three years, the Court need not decide
which statute of limitations period controls because Alexander’s claim would be timely under
either limitations period. See Tyler, 2014 WL 2979031, at *4 (declining to decide which period
governs because, even if one-year period governed, plaintiff’s claim was tolled by the EEOC’s
investigation).
b. Disability Discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act
“In order to establish a prima facie case of discrimination under the [Rehabilitation] Act,
a plaintiff must show that: (1) the plaintiff is an individual with a disability within the meaning
of the Act, (2) the plaintiff can otherwise perform the essential functions of his job with
reasonable accommodation, and (3) the employer refused to make such an accommodation or
discharged the plaintiff because of his handicap.” Chinchillo v. Powell, 236 F. Supp. 2d 18, 23
(D.D.C. 2003). Under the Act,4 “an individual with a disability” is someone who has “a
physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such
individual.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A).5 “[M]ajor life activities include, but are not limited to,
caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing,
3
As discussed above, Alexander filed his EEOC complaint after the first denial to rehire but before the second and
third. This raises the separate question of “whether claims of discrimination or retaliation that are based on events
alleged to have occurred after the filing of an administrative complaint” fall within the scope of that complaint.
Mount v. Johnson, 36 F. Supp. 3d 74, 84 (D.D.C. 2014). WMATA does not argue that Alexander should have filed
individual complaints with the EEOC for the three rehire denials. The Court will therefore assume that all the rehire
denials are properly before the Court as long as they are timely (which the Court finds they are).
4
The standards set out in the ADA are applied to Rehabilitation Act claims. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.203(b).
5
The ADA also defines disability as a record of an impairment or being regarded as having an impairment. 42
U.S.C. § 12102(1)(B)-(C). Alexander does not allege either as the basis for his claim.
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lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating,
and working.” Id. § 12102(2)(A). EEOC regulations implementing the ADA provide factors
that courts may look to in assessing whether a major life activity is substantially limited,
including “the difficulty, effort, or time required to perform a major life activity; pain
experienced when performing a major life activity; the length of time a major life activity can be
performed; and/or the way an impairment affects the operation of a major bodily function.” 29
C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(4)(ii).
In order to show that he is an “individual with a disability within the meaning of the Act,”
Alexander must point to some evidence in the record that demonstrates that his alcohol
dependency substantially limits at least one of his major life activities, because “whether a
person has a disability under the [Act] is an individualized inquiry.” Sutton v. United Air Lines,
Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 483 (1999) (citation omitted) (overturned by statute on other grounds).
Although some courts have treated alcoholism as a disability without examining whether it
substantially limits a major life activity, the more recent trend is to engage in the individualized
inquiry described in Sutton. See Williams v. Savage, 538 F. Supp. 2d 34, 40 (D.D.C. 2008)
(“Alcoholism is not a per se disability, and the court must undertake a case-by-case analysis to
determine whether a plaintiff qualifies as having a disability.”); Ames v. Home Depot U.S.A.,
Inc., 629 F.3d 665, 670 (7th Cir. 2011) (alcoholism was not a disability where there was “no
evidence in the record that it substantially limited [plaintiff’s] major life activities”); Burch v.
Coca-Cola Co., 119 F.3d 305, 315-16 (5th Cir. 1997) (declining to define alcoholism as a per se
disability under the ADA); Rocco v. Gordon Food Serv., 998 F. Supp. 2d 422, 426 (W.D. Pa.
2014) (“[O]n a motion for summary judgment, the court must determine whether plaintiff
adduced sufficient evidence from which a jury reasonably could infer that plaintiff was
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substantially limited in his ability to perform a major life activity.”); Wilson v. Int’l Bhd. of
Teamsters, Chauffeurs and Warehousemen, 47 F. Supp. 2d 8, 10 (D.D.C. 1999) (applying case-
by-case approach); see generally Desmond v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 944 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (applying
three-prong test to define disability); 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1)(iv) (“The determination of
whether an impairment substantially limits a major life activity requires an individualized
assessment.”).
Alexander fails to make the required showing because he does not identify any evidence
that at least one of his major life activities are substantially limited by his alcohol dependency.6
Alexander meets the first two parts of the disability definition by providing evidence that he has
an impairment (alcohol dependency) that affects major life activities (e.g., ability to care for
himself, walking, concentrating, etc.). However, Alexander’s claim ultimately fails because he
does not identify a single piece of evidence regarding how his alcoholism is substantially
limiting. While Alexander claims that his alcoholism substantially limits “his ability to care for
himself, ability to concentrate” (Compl. ¶¶ 44, 61; Pl. Opp’n 8, 19, 27, Ex. 5), “ability to sleep”
(Compl. ¶¶ 44, 61; Pl. Opp’n 27, Ex. 6), “ability to walk” (Pl. Opp’n 8, 19, 27, Ex. 5),
“communicate” (Pl. Opp’n 8, 19, 27, Ex. 5), and “work” (Compl. ¶¶ 44, 61), these statements
merely identify major life activities, and provide no detail as to how those major life activities
are substantially limited by his alcohol dependency. Even Alexander’s own expert, Roberta S.
Malone, did not provide details as to how Alexander’s alcoholism affects his major life activities.
Dr. Malone offered only the conclusory statement that Alexander’s “condition (alcohol
dependence) dramatically effects [sic] major life activities,” without a single example of the
6
Alexander appears to misunderstand what it means to have a disability under the Rehabilitation Act by conflating
“impairment” with “disability.” As previously discussed, a disability under the Act requires three things: (1) a
mental or physical impairment that (2) substantially limits a (3) major life activity.
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alleged dramatic effects. (Pl. Opp’n Ex. 5). At oral argument, counsel for Alexander claimed
that the “effects” referenced by Dr. Malone were explained in more detail in Alexander’s own
interrogatory response. In that interrogatory, WMATA asked Alexander to “state what major
life activity or activities is affected by [the] disability and the manner in which the life activity is
affected.” (Pl. Opp’n Ex. 6 at 6). Alexander responded only that “[t]he ones that I can think of
at this time are sleeping, daily care activities and depression.” (Id.). The record is simply devoid
of any reference to substantial limitation.
Alexander’s assertion that his alcoholism affects major life activities, without any
reference to the substantial limitations of those activities, is not sufficient to produce a genuine
dispute of material fact for trial as to Alexander’s purported disability. See, e.g., Haynes v.
Williams, 392 F.3d 478, 484-85 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (“[i]t is insufficient for individuals attempting
to prove disability . . . to merely submit evidence of a medical diagnosis of an impairment.
Instead, the ADA requires those ‘claiming the Act’s protection . . . to prove a disability by
offering evidence that the extent of the limitation [on a major life activity caused by that
impairment] . . . is substantial.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Alexander v.
Tomlinson, 507 F. Supp. 2d 2, 21-22 (D.D.C. 2007) (plaintiff’s references to major life activities
“is plainly insufficient. Plaintiff refers to difficulties ‘eating, sleeping, and concentrating,’ but he
provides no detail whatsoever regarding the nature or extent of these difficulties.”) (collecting
cases); Adair v. Solis, 742 F. Supp. 2d 40, 58 (D.D.C. 2010), aff’d, 473 F. App’x 1 (D.C. Cir.
2012) (“While plaintiff now avers that during 2001–2002 he ‘was having difficulty seeing and
reading’ as well as ‘difficulty caring for his person and [working],’ plaintiff’s self-serving
statements are ‘simply too vague and conclusory’ for a reasonable jury to conclude that he was
substantially limited in a major life activity.”) (citations omitted); Brown v. Snow, 407 F. Supp.
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2d 61, 68 (D.D.C. 2005) (holding that summary judgment for the defendant was appropriate
where the plaintiff claimed that “his ‘physical disability’ limits ‘one or more of his major life
activities’” but “fail[ed] to articulate with any particularity” how the limitation was substantial);
Chisholm v. District of Columbia, 666 F. Supp. 2d 96, 110 (D.D.C. 2009) (granting summary
judgment to defendant because “the plaintiff offer[ed] no evidence stating that her alleged ankle
injury limited her ability in any degree to work or to perform any other major life activity”);
Kalekiristos v. CTF Hotel Mgmt. Corp., 958 F. Supp. 641, 657 (D.D.C. 1997), aff’d, 132 F.3d
1481 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (“The record in the instant action is devoid of any evidence that the
plaintiff was unable to perform functions such as caring for himself . . . [or] walking . . . during
the period of the alleged disability discrimination.”). Alexander has therefore not met his burden
of establishing the first element for a prima facie case of disability discrimination under the
Rehabilitation Act.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED. The Court
need not address the other basis for summary judgment presented by WMATA in its motion. An
appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: March 10, 2015
Tanya S. Chutkan
TANYA S. CHUTKAN
United States District Judge
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