Morris v. Jackson

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SUSAN M. MORRIS,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 11-701 (JEB)
ANDREW WHEELER, in his official
capacity as Acting Administrator, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
After Plaintiff Susan Morris prevailed in a jury trial, this Court issued an Opinion
granting her a substantial award of attorney fees and costs but denying her other equitable relief.
Dissatisfied with that result, Morris asks the Court to reverse itself and grant her the relief denied
during the last round. Defendant, the Environmental Protection Agency, has now chimed in as
well, seeking an order striking the jury’s compensatory-damages award. Because neither party
raises any issue that could not have been raised — or was not in fact raised — previously, and
because such arguments in any event lack merit, the Court will not disturb its prior Opinion.
I. Background
Much ink has been spilled recounting the facts and circumstances of this litigation. See,
e.g., Morris v. Wheeler, 2018 WL 6308785 (D.D.C. Dec. 3, 2018); Morris v. Pruitt, 308 F. Supp.
3d 153 (D.D.C. 2018). The Court thus offers just a few words to set the stage.
Morris, a longtime EPA employee, was suspended and later fired over allegations of
misconduct. She subsequently sued the Government claiming that her suspension and
termination were racially discriminatory. See ECF No. 4 (Am. Compl.). The case went to trial
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on just the suspension claim, and the jury found for Plaintiff in the amount of $25,000. See ECF
No. 73 (Clerk’s Judgment). She then moved for various forms of equitable relief, including
expungement and backpay as to the suspension, reinstatement and backpay as to the subsequent
termination, and attorney fees and costs. See ECF No. 95 (Mot. Equitable Relief). The Court
granted her attorney fees but denied her other requests. See Morris, 2018 WL 6308785, at *1. It
explained that, when the defendant shows that it would have taken the same employment action
in the absence of discrimination — what courts have called the “same action” defense — Title
VII precludes a court from awarding certain categories of equitable relief, like backpay and
reinstatement. Id. at *3 (discussing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B)). Finding that the Government
had indeed shown that it would have suspended Plaintiff absent racial considerations, the Court
thus denied her backpay and expungement of the suspension. Id. at *3–6. (Relief related to the
termination was denied because it depended on the success of her claim for relief on the
suspension and for independent reasons not relevant here.)
Challenging this conclusion, Morris has filed a Motion to Alter and Amend the Judgment.
See ECF No. 106 (Mot.). The Government has opposed and cross-moved to strike the jury’s
award of compensatory damages. See ECF No. 108 (Cross-Mot.). No one seeks reconsideration
of the fees issue.
II. Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) permits the filing of a motion to alter or amend a
judgment when such motion is filed within 28 days after the judgment’s entry. The Court must
apply a “stringent” standard when evaluating Rule 59(e) motions. See Ciralsky v. CIA, 355 F.3d
661, 673 (D.C. Cir. 2004). “A Rule 59(e) motion is discretionary and need not be granted unless
the district court finds that there is an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of
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new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice.” Firestone v.
Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Critically, Rule 59(e) “is not a vehicle to present a new legal theory that was available prior to
judgment.” Patton Boggs LLP v. Chevron Corp., 683 F.3d 397, 403 (D.C. Cir. 2012).
III. Analysis
The Court begins with Plaintiff’s Motion before turning to the Government’s.
A. Morris’s Motion to Alter and Amend
Plaintiff offers three related reasons why the Court should alter and amend its Judgment:
(1) Defendant waived the “same action” defense; (2) the Court’s “same action” finding conflicts
with the way the parties have litigated this case; and (3) its “same action” finding is inconsistent
with the jury’s determination. Each is addressed in turn.
Forfeiture
While Morris’s first objection is framed as one about waiver, it is more properly
considered a forfeiture argument. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993)
(“Whereas forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the
‘intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.’”) (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304
U.S. 458, 464 (1938)). She says, in short, that the Government never properly asserted the
“same action” defense, so the Court’s prior decision applying the defense was erroneous. See
Mot. at 1–2. This argument holds little water. For starters, Defendant clearly asserted the
defense in its opposition to the motion for equitable relief. It explained that, because the Court
had instructed the jury that it could find for Plaintiff if discrimination was “a motivating factor in
the suspension,” the jury’s $25,000 verdict for Morris did not necessarily mean she should
receive the equitable relief of voiding the suspension. See ECF No. 97 (Opp. to Mot. Equitable
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Relief) at 6. Citing the Court of Appeals’s decision in Porter v. Natsios, 414 F.3d 13 (D.C. Cir.
2005) — a “same action” case — it maintained that “the evidence at trial showed that the
suspension would have been imposed even without supposed discrimination.” Opp. to Mot.
Equitable Relief at 8 n.2; see also id. at 6–7.
This dooms Plaintiff’s current Motion. As mentioned, Rule 59 is not an avenue for a
party “to present a new legal theory that was available prior to judgment.” Patton Boggs, 683
F.3d at 403. If Morris believes that the Government should have articulated the defense at
another phase of the litigation, she had the opportunity to point that out in her reply brief in
support of her motion for equitable relief. Having not availed herself of that opportunity, see
generally ECF No. 100 (Reply Mot. Equitable Relief), she cannot now assert such an argument.
See Kattan by Thomas v. District of Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 276 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (“[T]his
Court has recognized that a losing party may not use a Rule 59 motion to raise new issues that
could have been raised previously.”); see also Solomon v. Vilsack, 763 F.3d 1, 13 (D.C. Cir.
2014) (explaining that parties can “forfeit[] forfeiture argument[s]”).
Perhaps Morris did not make the argument before because the Government did raise the
defense earlier in this litigation. In its Answer, it stated that the relief Plaintiff sought “may be
further limited by 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B),” referring to the Title VII provision setting out
the same-action defense. See ECF No. 15 (Answer), ¶ 24. The bottom line is that, while
Defendant might have made its intentions clearer, it did not forfeit the ability to argue at the
equitable-relief stage that it would have taken the same action regardless of any discriminatory
motivation.
In any event, the Court is hard-pressed to see how Plaintiff is prejudiced from EPA’s
ostensible failure to raise the matter earlier. The evidence supporting or opposing a claim that
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discrimination motivated an adverse employment action substantially overlaps with the evidence
that the adverse employment action would have occurred absent any discriminatory motivation.
Both generally turn, as this case did, on whether the employer’s proffered justification for the
action was partially or entirely pretextual. See Frederick T. Golder & David R. Golder, Labor
and Employment Law: Compliance and Litigation § 4:40 (3d ed. 2018) (explaining that both
arguments may turn on “evidence of pretext and the McDonnell Douglas framework”).
Morris’s objection rings especially hollow in light of her subsequent argument, which the
Court will turn to next, that she understood this case to be litigated on a but-for-causation theory
rather than a mixed-motive theory. Under that view, the question at the heart of this case was
whether race was a determinative factor in Morris’s suspension. The same-action defense
addresses the same question, just with the burdens reversed — viz., whether race was not a
determinative factor in the suspension. All along then, the Government, at least under Plaintiff’s
view of the case, was seeking to show that it would have suspended Morris regardless of her
race. See, e.g., ECF No. 31 (MSJ) at 7–9 (explaining that Higginbotham suspended her for
insubordination and arguing that this justification was not pretextual); ECF No. 79 (Motion for
JMOL) at 1–2 (arguing that “the evidence made clear” that suspension was based on supervisor’s
“rigorous analysis of the evidence, his own direct observation of Plaintiff’s insubordination, and
his personal knowledge of Plaintiff’s prior misconduct”). Morris had ample opportunity and
incentive to rebut such arguments. For lack of conceivable prejudice, therefore, this argument
also fails.
This Litigation
Plaintiff’s second assertion, which the Court has previewed, is that this case was litigated
on a but-for-causation theory rather than a mixed-motive theory. See Mot. at 3–5. Because the
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same-action defense does not apply in but-for cases, she says, the previous Opinion must be
wrong. The Court sees things differently. Much of Plaintiff’s case has not distinguished
between causation standards. See Am. Compl., ¶ 19 (alleging merely that defendant
“discriminated against plaintiff on the basis of her race”); ECF No. 84 (Opp. to Mot. for JMOL)
at 2 (explaining that evidence supported jury’s conclusion that suspension was “motivated by
Ms. Morris’s race”); see also Morris v. McCarthy, 825 F.3d 658, 670–72 (D.C. Cir. 2016)
(holding that there was sufficient evidence for “reasonable jury to find that her suspension was
motivated by [racial] bias”). Where causation standards came up, Morris asserted claims under
both. Compare ECF No. 36 (Opp. to MSJ) at 25–27 (appearing to advance but-for claim), with
id. at 28–29 (asserting mixed-motive claim). Morris points out that arguments about pretext and
the McDonnell-Douglas framework dominated the many rounds of briefing in this matter. See
Mot. at 3–4. True enough. But, as the Court has said, mixed-motive cases also often revolve
around pretext. See Golder, Labor and Employment Law § 4.40; see also Porter, 414 F.3d at 20(upholding motivating-factor instruction that “referred to a pretext theory”).
All that aside, even if Plaintiff had at one point litigated the case as a but-for one, she
stopped doing so when she accepted without objection the Court’s mixed-motive jury
instruction. See Trial Tr. (11/1/17 PM) at 2:5–22; Trial Tr. (10/31/17 PM) at 108:24–114:16.
Indeed, Morris did not just accede to that instruction silently. She relied on it in a crucial part of
her closing argument. She asked the jury to envision a scale of justice and to place on Plaintiff’s
side “all the evidence that support[s] the contention that her race was a motivating factor here, a
motivating factor, not the, but a, as the Judge said.” Trial Tr. (11/1/17) at 102:6–9 (emphasis
added). Any argument that this was just a but-for-causation case went out the window when
Plaintiff declined to object to the mixed-motive instruction and then relied on that instruction in
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her closing. She could have instead made the tactical decision to insist on a but-for instruction.
Although this would have made victory before the jury harder, it would have insulated her from
any adverse post-trial rulings by the Court on equitable relief.
The Jury Verdict
Last up is Plaintiff’s argument that the same-action finding is inconsistent with the jury
verdict because the Court, in fact, gave the jury a but-for-causation instruction. She has no more
luck on this swing than on the last two. As explained, the parties expressly discussed the proper
standard, the Court ultimately decided to give the mixed-motive instruction, and Morris relied on
that instruction in her closing. But wait, she says: The Court told the jury that the dispute
centered on whether she was “suspended because of her race,” a phrase that connotes but-for
causation. See Mot. at 5 (quoting Trial Tr. (11/1/2017) at 83:20–21) (emphasis added). Yet
immediately after that sentence, it explained what “because of” means here — namely, “Ms.
Morris need not show that race was the only reason for the EPA’s actions, but she must prove
that her race was a motivating factor in her suspension.” Trial Tr. (11/1/2017) at 83:21–23
(emphasis added). This was unquestionably a mixed-motive instruction.
Indeed, there is no conflict between the “because of” language and the “motivating
factor” instruction. Title VII provides that certain employment actions taken “because of” race
are “unlawful employment practices.” See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). As relevant here, the
motivating-factor provision “establishes the causation standard for proving a violation” of
§ 2000e-2(a)(1). See Univ. of Tex. SW Med. Cent. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 355 (2013). So, one
way for a plaintiff to prove that she suffered an adverse employment action “because of” race in
violation of § 2000e-2(a)(1) is to show that race “was a motivating factor” for that action. See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m). The origin of the motivating-factor standard confirms this
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understanding. Here’s how the Court explained it in Porter: “The ‘mixed motive’ framework
was established by the Supreme Court in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989), in
recognition that the statutory phrase ‘because of’ does not mean ‘solely because of,’ id. at 241.”
414 F.3d at 18 (emphasis omitted). The bottom line is that the jury’s verdict does not establish
that Morris’s race was the but-for cause of her suspension, so as to preclude the same-action
finding at the equitable-relief stage.
B. EPA’s Motion to Strike
Not content either, the Government has moved to strike the jury’s $25,000 compensatory-
damages award on the ground that damages may not be awarded in cases where the Government
establishes the same-action defense. The Court has the same answer it had for Plaintiff: too late.
If Defendant had wanted to strike the jury’s damages award on account of the same-action
defense it raised during the equitable-relief stage, it had ample opportunity to say so then.
Having failed to mention it in that round of briefing, it cannot come back to the Court now. See
Kattan by Thomas, 995 F.2d at 276. In any event, courts have upheld compensatory-damages
awards notwithstanding their determination at the equitable-relief stage that the defendant would
have taken the same action without a discriminatory motive. See Porter v. USAID, 240 F. Supp.
2d 5, 6 (D.D.C. 2002) (finding that defendant would have taken same action but declining to
disturb jury’s damages award), aff’d, Porter, 414 F.3d at 21; see also Fogg v. Gonzales, 492 F.3d
447, 456–59 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (Henderson, J., concurring) (explaining that same-action defense is
“limitation on equitable relief”). At the least, where the Government does not request a same-
action instruction be presented to the jury (and does not request an order striking compensatory
damages at the equitable-relief stage), the Court should not now undo the jury’s finding.
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IV. Conclusion
For these reasons, the Court will deny the Motions. A separate Order so stating will issue
this day.
/s/ James E. Boasberg
JAMES E. BOASBERG
United States District Judge
Date: February 13, 2019
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