Speelman v. United States

461 F. Supp. 2d 71 (2006)

Robert SPEELMAN and Karren Speelman, Plaintiffs,
v.
UNITED STATES of America, Defendant.

Civil Action No. 05-2482 (PLF).

United States District Court, District of Columbia.

November 15, 2006.

Robert Speelman, Springfield, OH, pro se.

Karren Speelman, Springfield, OH, pro se.

Pat S. Genis, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

PAUL L. FRIEDMAN, District Judge.

This complaint is one of dozens of nearly identical complaints brought in this Court by pro se plaintiffs against the United States under the Taxpayers Bill of Rights ("TBOR"), 26 U.S.C. § 7433.^[1] Plaintiffs Robert and Karren Speelman filed this action against the United States on December 27, 2005, seeking damages, punitive damages, a refund of all taxes paid, and declaratory and injunctive relief. See Complaint at 10-13. The government has filed a motion to dismiss for insufficient service of process under Rule 12(b)(5) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Plaintiffs have filed a motion for summary judgment.

I. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A. Motions to Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(5)

The Court may dismiss a complaint without prejudice for ineffective service of process. See FED.R.Crv.P. 12(b)(5); Simpkins v. District of Columbia, 108 F.3d 366, 369 (D.C.Cir.1997). "[T]he party on whose behalf service is made has the burden of establishing its validity when challenged; to do so, he must demonstrate that the procedure employed satisfied the requirements of the relevant portions of Rule 4 and any other applicable provision of law." Light v. Wolf, 816 F.2d 746, 751 (D.C.Cir. 1987) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

B. Motions to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1)

Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, with the ability only to hear cases entrusted to them by a grant of power contained in either the Constitution or in an act of Congress. See, e.g., Hunter v. District of Columbia, 384 F. Supp. 2d 257, 259 (D.D.C.2005); Srour v. Barnes, 670 F. Supp. 18, 20 (D.D.C.1987) (citing City of Kenosha v. Bruno, 412 U.S. 507, 511, 93 S. Ct. 2222, 37 L. Ed. 2d 109 (1973)). The plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing that the Court has jurisdiction. See Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence v. Ashcroft, 339 F. Supp. 2d 68, 72 (D.D.C. 2004). In considering whether to dismiss a complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the court must accept all of the factual allegations in the complaint as true, but may in appropriate cases consider certain materials outside the pleadings. See Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253-54 (D.C.Cir.2005). "[W]here necessary, the court may consider the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court's resolution of disputed facts." Herbert v. National Acad. of Sciences, 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C.Cir.1992). While the complaint is to be construed liberally, the Court need not accept factual inferences drawn by plaintiffs if those inferences are not supported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor must the Court accept plaintiffs' legal conclusions. See Primax Recoveries, Inc. v. Lee, 260 F. Supp. 2d 43, 47 (D.D.C. 2003).

C. Motions to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)

On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court assumes the truth of the material facts as alleged in the complaint, see Summit Health, Ltd. v. Pinhas, 500 U.S. 322, 325, 111 S. Ct. 1842, 114 L. Ed. 2d 366 (1991), and the "complaint should not be dismissed unless plaintiffs can prove no set of facts in support of their claim which would entitle them to relief." Kowal v. MCI Communications Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C.Cir.1994); see also Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S. Ct. 99, 2 L. Ed. 2d 80 (1957); Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C.Cir.2002). The complaint "is construed liberally in the plaintiffs' favor, and [the Court should] grant plaintiffs the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged." Kowal v. MCI Communications Corp., 16 F.3d at 1276; see also Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d at 242; Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C.Cir.2000); Harris v. Ladner, 127 F.3d 1121, 1123 (D.C.Cir.1997). While the complaint is to be construed liberally in plaintiffs' favor, the Court need not accept inferences drawn by the plaintiffs if those inferences are unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint; nor must the Court accept plaintiffs' legal conclusions. See Kowal v. MCI Communications Corp., 16 F.3d at 1276; Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d at 242.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Insufficiency of Service of Process

The defendant argues that this suit should be dismissed because plaintiff Robert Speelman himself signed the return of service indicating that he served defendant, the United States, by certified mail. See Memorandum in Support of United States' Motion to Dismiss ("Mem.") at 4. Rule 4(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides in relevant part that "[s]ervice may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age." It is undisputed that plaintiff Robert Speelman, on behalf of himself and Karren Speelman, mailed the complaint. Therefore, service was insufficient and this action could be dismissed without prejudice pursuant to Rule 4(m) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Lindsey v. United States, 448 F. Supp. 2d 37, 46-47 (D.D.C. 2006). The Court declines, however, to dismiss the case on these grounds. See id. at 47-48. Pro se litigants "are allowed more latitude than litigants represented by counsel to correct defects in service of process and pleadings." Moore v. Agency for Int'l Development, 994 F.2d 874, 876 (D.C.Cir.1993).

B. Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies

1. Damages

The defendant's motion to dismiss argues that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs' claim for damages because plaintiffs failed to exhaust administrative remedies prior to filing suit. See Mem. at 8-10. For the reasons more thoroughly explained by Judge Walton in Lindsey v. United States, 448 F.Supp.2d at 51-55, the Court concludes that in an action for damages under 26 U.S.C. § 7433, failure to exhaust administrative remedies is properly raised through a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, not for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). See also Turner v. United States, 429 F. Supp. 2d 149 (D.D.C.2006) (citing Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 126 S. Ct. 1235, 163 L. Ed. 2d 1097 (2006)) (Bates, J.); Masterson v. United States, Civil Action No. 05-1807, 2006 WL 1102802 at *2 (D.D.C. April 26, 2006) (Bates, J.).

In their Opposition, plaintiffs admit that they did not file a claim with the IRS. Rather, they assert that any attempt to utilize administrative remedies would be futile. See Opposition at 3.^[2] Since plaintiffs' failure to exhaust is uncontested and is clearly required by the statute, their claim for damages will be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. See Lindsey v. United States, 448 F.Supp.2d at 59-62; Turner v. United States, 429 F.Supp.2d at 153-54.

2. Request for Refund of Taxes

26 U.S.C. § 7422(a) provides that "[N]o suit or proceeding shall be maintained in any court for the recovery of any internal revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed or collected . . . until a claim for refund or credit has been duly filed with the Secretary, according to the provisions of law in that regard, and the regulations of the Secretary established in pursuance thereof." 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a) (emphasis added). As discussed above, plaintiffs have not exhausted their administrative remedies. See Opposition at 3. For this claim, however, defendant is correct that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear plaintiffs' claim for a refund of taxes. For the reasons more thoroughly explained by Judge Walton in Lindsey v. United States, the Court therefore dismisses plaintiffs' claims for a refund of taxes for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Lindsey v. United States, 448 F.Supp.2d at 51-52 (analyzing jurisdictional administrative exhaustion requirements), Id., at 59-60 (dismissing claim for tax refund).

C. Punitive Damages

It is axiomatic that the government cannot be sued without its consent. See, e.g., Tri-State Hospital Supply Corp. v. United States, 341 F.3d 571, 575 (D.C.Cir.2003) ("Absent waiver, the doctrine of sovereign immunity shields the federal government from suit."). Plaintiffs seek punitive damages in their complaint. See Complaint ¶ 15. 26 U.S.C. § 7433 does not, however, provide a remedy of punitive damages, but only compensatory damages up to a specified amount. Without a waiver of sovereign immunity, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear that claim against the federal government. See, e.g., First Virginia Bank v. Randolph, 110 F.3d 75, 78 (D.C.Cir.1997) (noting that waiver of sovereign immunity is a jurisdictional prerequisite). Therefore, the Court concludes that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear plaintiffs' claims for punitive damages.

D. Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

The Court also concludes that it is without subject matter jurisdiction to grant declaratory or injunctive relief in this case. The power to grant declaratory relief in the federal courts is governed by the Declaratory Judgment Act. That statute provides, in relevant part:

In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, except with respect to Federal taxes other than actions brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 . . . any court of the United States, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be sought.

28 U.S.C. § 2201 (emphasis provided). In view of this express statutory language, this Court has no jurisdiction to grant the declaratory relief requested by plaintiffs. See Lindsey v. United States, 448 F.Supp.2d at 49.

Similarly, the Anti-Injunction Act provides:

Except as provided in sections 6015(e), 6212(a) and (c), 6213(a), 6225(b), 6246(b), 6330(e)(1), 6331(i), 6672(c), 6694(c), 7426(a) and (b)(1), 7429(b), and 7436, no suit for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection of any tax shall be maintained in any court by any person, whether or not such person is the person against whom such tax was assessed.

26 U.S.C. § 7421(a). Accordingly, this Court also has no jurisdiction to grant the injunctive relief requested by plaintiffs. The Court therefore dismisses the claims for declaratory and injunctive relief under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Lindsey v. United States, 448 F.Supp.2d at 50.

For these reasons, the Court dismisses plaintiffs' claims for compensatory damages for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and dismisses plaintiffs' claims for punitive damages, a refund of taxes and for declaratory and injunctive relief for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will issue this same day.

SO ORDERED.

NOTES

[1] 26 U.S.C. § 7433 provides, in relevant part:

(a) If, in connection with any collection of Federal tax with respect to a taxpayer, any officer or employee of the Internal Revenue Service recklessly or intentionally, or by reason of negligence disregards any provision of this title, or any regulation promulgated under this title, such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages against the United States in a district court of the United States. Except as provided in section 7432, such civil action shall be the exclusive remedy for recovering damages resulting from such actions.

(b) In any action brought under subsection (a) or petition filed under subsection (e), upon a finding of liability on the part of the defendant, the defendant shall be liable to the plaintiff in an amount equal to the lesser of $1,000,000 ($100,000, in the case of negligence) or the sum of —

(1) actual, direct economic damages sustained by the plaintiff as a proximate result of the reckless or intentional or negligent actions of the officer or employee, and

(2) the costs of the action.

[2] The Court is troubled by this admission of the plaintiffs, who included a sworn and notarized affidavit with the complaint filed in this case which stated "Affiant has exhausted all administrative remedies . . ." Complaint at 16.