Washington v. District of Columbia

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
CYNTHIA WASHINGTON et al., :
:
Plaintiffs, : Civil Action No.: 07-1031 (RMU)
:
v. : Re Document No.: 38
:
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA et al., :
:
Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
DENYING THE PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR RELIEF FROM ORDER DISMISSING CASE
AND FOR LEAVE TO FILE A THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT
I. INTRODUCTION
This matter comes before the court on the plaintiffs’ motion for relief from the court’s
order dismissing this case and for leave to file a third amended complaint. The plaintiffs, current
and former employees of the District of Columbia Department of Corrections, brought
constitutional and state law tort claims against the District of Columbia after the Department of
Corrections terminated their employment. In March 2008, the court issued an order dismissing
the plaintiffs’ amended complaint, determining that the plaintiffs had failed to exhaust their
administrative remedies before filing suit. The plaintiffs now seek relief from that order.
Because the plaintiffs still have not exhausted their administrative remedies, however, the court
sees no reason to grant the requested relief. Accordingly, the court denies the plaintiffs’ motion.
II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
As the facts underlying this case were discussed in more detail in the court’s
memorandum opinion of March 18, 2008, see Mem. Op. (Mar. 18, 2008) at 2-4, the court will
only briefly summarize them here. Following two inmates’ highly publicized escape from the
District of Columbia Central Detention Facility in June 2006, see Am. Compl. ¶ 3, the
defendants summarily terminated the plaintiffs’ employment in or about August 2006, see id. ¶¶
9-15. Pursuant to the procedures established in the Comprehensive Merit Personnel Act
(“CMPA”), D.C. CODE §§ 1-601.01 et seq., the plaintiffs initiated an administrative action in the
Office of Employee Appeals (“OEA”) contesting the propriety of their termination, see Am.
Compl. ¶ 16.
While the administrative action was still proceeding in the OEA, the plaintiffs filed a
complaint against the defendants in this court in June 2007. See generally Compl. Shortly
thereafter, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint asserting a procedural due process claim
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, as well as common law tort claims of “defamation plus” and intentional
and negligent infliction of emotional distress. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 32-57. The defendants filed a
motion to dismiss the amended complaint in July 2007, which the court granted on March 18,
2008. See Order (Mar. 18, 2008). As the court explained in the memorandum opinion
accompanying the order, the dismissal was appropriate because the plaintiffs had failed to
exhaust their administrative remedies before filing suit. See Mem. Op. (Mar. 18, 2008) at 6-17.
In July 2009, the plaintiffs filed the instant motion requesting relief from the court’s
March 18, 2008 order. See generally Pls.’ Mot. The defendants filed an opposition on August
11, 2009, see generally Defs.’ Opp’n, to which the plaintiffs replied on August 18, 2009, see
generally Pls.’ Reply. The court turns now to the applicable legal standard and the parties’
arguments.
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III. ANALYSIS
A. Legal Standard for Relief Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)
In its discretion, the court may relieve a party from an otherwise final judgment pursuant
to any one of six reasons set forth in Rule 60(b). FED . R. CIV . P. 60(b); Lepkowski v. Dep’t of
Treasury, 804 F.2d 1310, 1311-12 (D.C. Cir. 1986). First, the court may grant relief from a
judgment involving “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.” FED . R. CIV . P.
60(b)(1). Relief under Rule 60(b)(1) turns on equitable factors, notably whether any neglect was
excusable. Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Ass’n Ltd. P’ship, 507 U.S. 380, 392 (1993).
Second, the court may grant relief where there is “newly discovered evidence” that the moving
party could not have discovered through its exercise of due diligence. FED . R. CIV . P. 60(b)(2).
Third, the court may set aside a final judgment for fraud, misrepresentation or other misconduct
by an adverse party. Id. 60(b)(3); Mayfair Extension, Inc. v. Magee, 241 F.2d 453, 454 (D.C. Cir.
1957). Specifically, the movant must show that “such ‘fraud’ prevented him from fully and fairly
presenting his case,” and that “the fraud is attributable to the party or, at least, to counsel.”
Richardson v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 150 F.R.D. 1, 7 (D.D.C. 1993) (internal citations
omitted). Fourth, the court may grant relief in cases in which the judgment is “void.” FED . R.
CIV . P. 60(b)(4). A judgment may be void if the court lacked personal or subject matter
jurisdiction in the case, acted in a manner inconsistent with due process or proceeded beyond the
powers granted to it by law. Eberhardt v. Integrated Design & Constr., Inc., 167 F.3d 861, 871
(4th Cir. 1999). Fifth, the court may grant relief if the “the judgment has been satisfied, released,
or discharged; it is based on an earlier judgment that has been reversed or vacated; or applying it
prospectively is no longer equitable.” FED . R. CIV . P. 60(b)(5); Twelve John Does v. District of
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Columbia, 841 F.2d 1133, 1138 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (noting that not all judgments having
continuing consequences are “prospective” for the purposes of Rule 60(b)(5)). Sixth, the court
may grant relief from a judgment for “any . . . reason that justifies [such] relief.” FED . R. CIV . P.
60(b)(6). Using this final catch-all reason sparingly, courts apply it only in “extraordinary
circumstances.” Pioneer Inv. Servs., 507 U.S. at 393.
A party proceeding under one of the first three reasons must file his Rule 60(b) motion
within one year after the judgment at issue. FED . R. CIV . P. 60(c)(1). A party relying on one of
the remaining three reasons may file his Rule 60(b) motion within a reasonable time. Id. The
party seeking relief from a judgment bears the burden of demonstrating that he satisfies the
prerequisites for such relief. McCurry ex rel. Turner v. Adventist Health Sys./Sunbelt, Inc., 298
F.3d 586, 592 (6th Cir. 2002).
B. The Court Denies the Plaintiffs’ Motion for Relief from the
Order of March 18, 2008 and for Leave to File a Third Amended Complaint
Invoking Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 60(b)(5) and 60(b)(6), the plaintiffs ask that
the court grant them relief from its order of March 18, 2008. See generally Pls.’ Mot. Although
they acknowledge that the administrative proceedings have yet to conclude,1 see id. at 1-2, they
assert that the administrative judge refused to consider their constitutional claims, see id. at 2.
“Therefore,” the plaintiffs argue, “insofar as [they] were required to pursue their administrative
remedies to exhaustion, they have no administrative remedies with regard to the violations of
1
More specifically, the plaintiffs represent that they filed a petition for review of their termination
in the OEA on January 14, 2008, and that an administrative judge issued an “initial opinion and
order” on June 22, 2009. See Pls.’ Mot. at 2, 4. Either party may then appeal the administrative
judge’s decision, first to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and then to the District of
Columbia Court of Appeals. See D.C. CODE § 1-606.03(d). Thus, as both parties acknowledge,
the administrative process is still ongoing. See Pls.’ Mot. at 1-2; Defs.’ Opp’n at 4-6.
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their constitutional rights. This Court is the only open venue for them.” Id. The plaintiffs ask
that the court reopen, and then stay, this case while they exhaust their administrative remedies
with respect to their state law tort claims. See id. The plaintiffs’ request is premised on their
concern that the statute of limitations on their claims will have run by the time their
administrative remedies are exhausted.2 See id. at 3.
The plaintiffs assert that they are entitled to relief from the court’s March 2008 order
under both Rule 60(b)(5) and Rule 60(b)(6). See id. at 3-4. Rule 60(b)(5) entitles them to relief,
they maintain, because “applying [the March 2008 memorandum opinion and order]
prospectively is no longer equitable” in that it may result in the running of the statute of
limitations. Id. Likewise, the plaintiffs contend, the catch-all provision articulated in Rule
60(b)(6) entitles them to relief because they “would be severely prejudiced if the statute of
limitations ran on their claims.” Id. at 4.
The defendants oppose the plaintiffs’ motion, arguing first that Rule 60(b)(5) applies only
to judgments that “apply prospectively and thus require[] future consequences or implications.”
Defs.’ Opp’n at 1. The defendants assert that in the court’s March 2008 order, rather than
prescribing a future course of conduct, the court simply dismissed the plaintiffs’ complaint
outright. Id. at 1-2. Accordingly, the defendants argue, the plaintiffs’ reliance on Rule 60(b)(5)
is misplaced. Id.
Turning their attention to Rule 60(b)(6), the defendants emphasize the stringent standard
applied to requests for relief under this provision. Id. at 3. The defendants assert that the
2
The plaintiffs correctly acknowledge that other judges in this district have equitably tolled
statutes of limitations in cases in which the plaintiffs exhausted their administrative remedies
before filing suit. See Pls.’ Mot. at 2-3.
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plaintiffs’ motion constitutes an improper attempt to reargue a legal theory upon which the court
has already ruled, namely, the contention that the plaintiffs need not exhaust their administrative
remedies with respect to their state law claims before asserting constitutional claims in this court.
Id. at 4-5. Moreover, the defendants argue, the fact that the plaintiffs’ request under Rule
60(b)(6) is based on their purported entitlement to equitable tolling is unavailing because the
court is in no position to determine whether the statute of limitations should be equitably tolled
before the plaintiffs have exhausted their administrative remedies. Id. at 5-6.
The court firmly agrees with the defendants that the plaintiffs’ request lacks merit. As the
court held in its March 2008 memorandum opinion, because the plaintiffs’ state law tort claims
and their constitutional claims “are ‘premised on the same facts’ and ‘the administrative process
[is] fully capable of granting full relief,’” the plaintiffs must exhaust their administrative
remedies before bringing suit in this court. Mem. Op. (Mar. 18, 2008) at 13 (citing Nat’l
Treasury Employees Union v. King, 961 F.2d 240, 243 (D.C. Cir. 1992)). “Were the court to
decide the merits of the plaintiffs’ constitutional claims now,” the court explained, “it would
prejudge local procedural questions pending before a local adjudicatory body.” Id. at 12.
The fact that the administrative judge recently refused to consider the plaintiffs’
constitutional claims in the OEA proceedings, see Pls.’ Mot. at 2, 4, does not alter this
determination. As the court stated in its March 2008 memorandum opinion, the plaintiffs are
barred from asserting their constitutional claims in this court pending exhaustion of their
administrative remedies not because the administrative proceeding may yield a ruling on those
claims, but rather, because resolution of the state law claims may obviate the need for the court to
rule on the constitutional claims. See Mem. Op. (Mar. 18, 2008) at 12-13.
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This principle is well-established. In Wallace v. Lynn, 507 F.2d 1186 (D.C. Cir. 1974),
for example, the Circuit held that the plaintiffs, employees alleging that they had been unlawfully
suspended, were required to exhaust their administrative remedies despite the fact that they were
asserting constitutional claims over which the administrative adjudicatory body lacked
jurisdiction. Id. at 1190-91. Indeed, the Circuit noted, “the very fact that constitutional issues
[were] put forward constitute[d] a strong reason for not allowing . . . suit either to anticipate or
take the place of” the administrative proceeding. Id. at 1190. Although the administrative body
lacked the authority to render a decision on the plaintiffs’ constitutional claims, “there [were]
grounds on which [the plaintiffs] could succeed in nullifying the suspensions through the
administrative process and eliminating any need for the courts to pass on the constitutional
issues. If the administrative appeals open to [the plaintiffs] . . . [were] unsuccessful,” the Circuit
concluded, “the constitutional issues [would] remain alive and judicial intervention in this
employment dispute [would] become appropriate at that time.” Id. at 1190-91; see also Am.
Coalition for Competitive Trade v. Clinton, 128 F.3d 761, 766 n.6 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (noting that,
“[t]o be sure, administrative agencies . . . cannot resolve constitutional issues,” and explaining
that “the premise of administrative exhaustion requirements for petitioners with constitutional
claims is that agencies may be able to otherwise address petitioners’ objections, allowing the
courts to avoid unnecessary constitutional decisions”); Hoey v. District of Columbia, 540 F.
Supp. 2d 218, 227-29 (D.D.C. 2008) (dismissing the plaintiff’s procedural due process claim
because the plaintiff, a District of Columbia police officer, had failed to exhaust his
administrative remedies in the OEA before commencing suit in this court).
The reasoning articulated in Wallace and its progeny applies equally to this action. To
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explain why this is the case, the court can do no more than quote from its previous memorandum
opinion and hope that the plaintiffs understand the court’s directive more clearly the second time
around:
The plaintiffs’ due process claims are predicated on the failure of the [defendants]
to properly adhere to the CMPA’s requirements for disciplinary actions. The CMPA
provides a remedy for such claims: an appeal to OEA or resort to grievance
arbitration. Allegations that District officials failed to comply with the procedural
requirements for adverse actions against employees . . . may be raised in the course
of challenging the adverse action. See Dist. of Columbia v. Thompson, 593 A.2d 621,
628 (D.C. 1991) (discussing how procedural inadequacies related to an adverse
action, such as “allegedly inaccurate letters of warning,” may be addressed under the
CMPA) . . . . Were this court to attempt to resolve [those allegations] here, it would
(1) deprive local adjudicatory apparati of their independent authority to rule as they
deem fit; (2) ignore the expertise of local appellate institutions more familiar with
their own governing sources of law; and (3) prematurely decide a case or controversy
that might, if allowed to unfold at its own pace, resolve itself. The court refuses to
do so.
Mem. Op. (Mar. 18, 2008) at 13-14. Put more simply, at this stage the plaintiffs are required to
exhaust their administrative remedies with respect to their state law tort claims. If they do not
prevail in the administrative proceeding, only then may they attempt to vindicate, in this court,
the constitutional claims that are closely intertwined with their tort claims.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court denies the plaintiffs’ motion for relief from the order
of March 18, 2008 and for leave to file a third amended complaint. An Order consistent with this
Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued this 27th day of January,
2010.
RICARDO M. URBINA
United States District Judge
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