Dukes v. Peake

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
)
MEDINA M. DUKES, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 08-1683 (RMC)
)
ERIC K. SHINSEKI, Secretary, )
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, )
)
Defendant. )
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In August 2007, Plaintiff Medina Dukes was offered the position of registered nurse
in the Women’s Health Clinic of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Washington, D.C.,
conditioned upon the successful completion of a pre-placement medical examination. During the
resulting examination, Ms. Dukes reported that she had a 70% service-connected disability, 10% of
which related to her back. Thereafter, Ms. Dukes refused to provide any information about her
condition beyond her back. The VA withdrew its job offer because Ms. Dukes did not complete the
medical exam process. She has sued Eric K. Shinseki, Secretary, U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs (“VA”), under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 791 et seq., alleging that the VA
discriminated against her based upon a perceived physical and mental disability by failing to hire her.
Defendant has filed a motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment, which Ms.
Dukes opposes. For the reasons set forth below, the Court will grant Defendant’s motion.
I. FACTS
In mid-2007, Ms. Dukes responded to Vacancy Announcement No. 07-17 issued by
the VA Medical Center in Washington, D.C., concerning a position as a registered nurse in the
Women’s Health Clinic. She was interviewed for the position by Gayle Bell, Women Veterans
Program Manager and Clinic Coordinator. Following the interview, Ms. Bell offered the job to Ms.
Dukes, conditioned upon the successful completion of a pre-placement medical examination. Such
an examination is required for all nurses, see Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss or for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”)
[Dkt. # 21], Ex. 3 (VA Handbook 5019) Pt. 2, ¶ 3, and Ms. Dukes does not claim otherwise.
In accord with VA policy, on August 17, 2007, Ms. Dukes went to the VA’s
Occupational Health Clinic, where she was examined by Nurse Practitioner George Giannakos. As
part of the exam, Ms. Dukes filled out Standard Form 93 (“SF93”), Report of Medical History. See
Def.’s Mot., Ex. 2. She answered “yes” to the question, “Have you ever received, is there pending,
or have you ever applied for pension or compensation for existing disability?” Id. at 2. Mr.
Giannakos reviewed Ms. Dukes’ medical record with her. In response to a question from Mr.
Giannakos, Ms. Dukes reported that she had a 70% service-connected disability, 10% of which
related to her back.
Upon request, on August 30, 2007, Ms. Dukes faxed a copy of her VA Compensation
and Pension (“C&P”) Report to Mr. Giannakos.1 However, the C&P report was “‘edited’ . . . for
privacy reasons,” and all information in the report pertaining to Ms. Dukes’ 60% disability rating
unrelated to her back was redacted. See id., Ex. 3 (faxed copy of redacted C&P report). On
September 5, 2007, Mr. Giannakos spoke with Ms. Dukes and told her that Dr. Patrick Joyce,
Director, Occupational and Environmental Health, required full disclosure of her C&P report. Def.’s
1
A C&P medical examination is conducted when a veteran files a claim for a VA disability pension
or seeks a diagnosis that a current disability is related to an event, injury, or disease incurred while
in military service. See generally 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.159 & 3.326.
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Mot., Giannakos Aff. at 1. Ms. Dukes declined, saying that the edited portions had “no bearing on
her back and her employability.” Id.Dr. Joyce interviewed Ms. Dukes by telephone on September 8, 2007. At that time,
she declined to answer fully his questions regarding her general health, medications, and past
medical history. Based on this interview and his review of her chart, Dr. Joyce found Ms. Dukes to
be uncooperative with the pre-placement examination. He informed the Chief of Human Resource
Management of his decision not to recommend Ms. Dukes for the registered nurse position:
Applicant declines to provide further medical information relating to
medical issues that arose in the course of her pre-placement exam beyond
that provided on the SF93. When explained to her again this date, she
declared she did not need to answer questions as she was an experienced
nurse, knew her duties, and could perform them.
Specifically, applicant indicated use of Wellbutrin; that she was 70%
disabled by the VA; that she had chronic back pain, that she was [rated
service-connected disabled] for more than just her back but that she would
not say for what. She repeatedly objected to the inquiry and questioned the
right of an employer to ask medical questions of a pre-placement applicant.
She also indicated that if the question was not specifically asked on the
SF93 she had no obligation to answer my questions.
Def.’s Mot., Ex. 6 (Memo from Dr. Joyce). By letter dated September 11, 2007, the VA notified Ms.
Dukes that she was not selected for the position.
Ms. Dukes remembers her interactions with Nurse Giannakos and Dr. Joyce
somewhat differently. She recalls Mr. Giannakos telling her that Dr. Joyce needed the medical
records regarding the C&P exam and, when asked what Dr. Joyce was looking for, Mr. Giannakos
“appeared evasive stating that they were concerned about the flexion/extension of the back and
needed more information.” Am. Compl. ¶ 25. Therefore, she submitted information concerning her
back. She also recounts a statement by Dr. Joyce that “you just don’t get a 70% service connected
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disability for a broken toe.” Id. ¶ 27. Additionally, she alleges that Dr. Joyce made reference to her
use of Wellbutrin. When she asked Dr. Joyce “to tell her what exactly he was looking for,” “Dr.
Joyce did not respond.” Id. Ms. Dukes states that she “offered to come in to meet with [Dr. Joyce]
for evaluation, submit to any examinations and evaluations, and/or bring the [Department] of
Veteran Affairs Board Decision Compensation Packet to clarify her disabilities and Dr. Joyce refused
informing her that his Nurse Practitioner was capable of performing the exam.” Id.From these interactions, Ms. Dukes concluded that the VA erroneously regarded or
perceived her as physically or mentally disabled due to her 60% service-connected disability and her
use of Wellbutrin. She alleges that she “cooperated with all aspects of the pre-placement medical
examination conducted by the VA Medical Center,” id. ¶ 23, and that Defendant’s allegations to the
contrary are a pretext for discrimination on the basis of perceived disability. Id. ¶ 31.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
Defendant moves to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6), or in the alternative, for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 56. Where matters outside the pleadings are presented in a motion to dismiss, the court
must treat the motion as one for summary judgment under Rule 56. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). In this
instance, the Court will consider the Complaint and the exhibits submitted by both parties in support
of their briefs for this motion, and thus will treat the motion as one for summary judgment.
Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment must be
granted when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together
with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty
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Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986);
Diamond v. Atwood, 43 F.3d 1538, 1540 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Moreover, summary judgment is properly
granted against a party that “after adequate time for discovery and upon motion . . . fails to make a
showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on
which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322
(1986). To determine which facts are “material,” a court must look to the substantive law on which
each claim rests. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248 (1986). A “genuine issue” is one whose resolution
could establish an element of a claim or defense and, therefore, affect the outcome of the action.
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322; Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable
inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true.
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than “the mere
existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. To prevail on a motion for
summary judgment, the moving party must show that the nonmoving party “fail[ed] to make a
showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on
which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. By pointing to the
absence of evidence proffered by the nonmoving party, a moving party may succeed on summary
judgment. Id. In addition, the nonmoving party may not rely solely on allegations or conclusory
statements. Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999); Harding v. Gray, 9 F.3d 150, 154
(D.C. Cir. 1993). Rather, the nonmoving party must present specific facts that would enable a
reasonable jury to find in its favor. Greene, 164 F.3d at 675. If the evidence “is merely colorable,
or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50
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(citations omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
Ms. Dukes states that “the VA Medical Center intentionally discriminated against
[her] on the basis of perceived physical and mental disability.” Am. Compl. ¶ 31. This Circuit
applies the burden-shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S.
792 (1973), to such claims brought pursuant to the Rehabilitation Act. See McGill v. Munoz, 203
F.3d 843 (D.C. Cir. 2000); Cannon v. Paulson, 531 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 n.4 (D.D.C. 2008). Under this
framework, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of discrimination by a preponderance of the
evidence. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 411 U.S. at 802. Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie
case, the burden shifts to the defendant to “articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for
the employer’s action. Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53 (1981);
McDonnell Douglas Corp., 411 U.S. at 802. If the defendant meets this burden, then the plaintiff
must have the opportunity to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the legitimate reasons
offered by the employer were not its true reasons, but were a “pretext” for discrimination. Burdine,
450 U.S. at 253; McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804.
The facts in the Complaint are insufficient for the Court to determine whether the VA
Medical Center regarded Ms. Dukes as disabled within the meaning of the statute. Testimony or
other evidence would be required to prove that Defendant or his agents believed that Ms. Dukes’
physical or mental impairments substantially limited her ability to perform major life activities.
However,
where an employee has suffered an adverse employment action and
an employer has asserted a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for
the decision, the district court need not — and should not — decide
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whether plaintiff actually made out a prima facie case under
McDonnell Douglas.
Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (emphasis in original).
Rather, the court should move directly to the third prong of the McDonnell Douglas framework and
consider only whether the plaintiff has provided sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that
the defendant’s stated reasons are a pretext for discrimination. Id. Thus, Defendant’s perception of
Ms. Dukes is irrelevant at this stage because Defendant has asserted a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason for its decision not to hire Ms. Dukes — namely, that she failed to comply with the condition
to which her offer of employment was subject. See Am. Compl. ¶ 11 (alleging that Ms. Dukes was
offered the position “subject to pre-placement medical examination”). The Court need only consider
whether Ms. Dukes has offered enough evidence for a jury to find that Defendant’s reason is a
pretext for discrimination on the basis of disability.
Ms. Dukes does not challenge Defendant’s right to condition her employment upon
a medical examination. The Rehabilitation Act, incorporating Title I of the Americans with
Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12111 et seq., permits an employer to condition an offer upon the
satisfactory completion of a medical examination. See 29 U.S.C. § 791(g) (“The standards used to
determine whether this section has been violated in a complaint alleging nonaffirmative action
employment discrimination under this section shall be the standards applied under title I of the
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.”); 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(3) (“A covered entity may require
a medical examination after an offer of employment has been made to a job applicant . . . and may
condition an offer of employment on the results of such examination, if – (A) all entering employees
are subjected to such an examination regardless of disability.”). In fact, Ms. Dukes cites the VA
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Handbook for the proposition that “Defendant had the ability to conduct whatever medical
examination it wanted.” Pl.’s Opp’n [Dkt. # 25] at 13. Ms. Dukes bases her claim of discrimination
on the allegation that she was never asked about any disabilities other than those related to her back,
Def.’s Mot., Ex. 5 (“Dukes Dep.”) at 11-12, and that after the medical examination she was not
recommended for the position because the examining medical professionals “regarded her as having
a major depressive disorder.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 29-30. She maintains that she “cooperated with all
aspects of the pre-placement medical examination,”id. ¶ 23, and that she was “available, able, willing
and ready to submit to any medical examinations sought or conducted by the VA Medical Center,
Washington, DC.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Dukes Decl. ¶ 16 (emphasis added).
The facts, as alleged by Ms. Dukes and in affidavits and testimony submitted by
Defendant, show that she was not in fact willing to cooperate with all aspects of the VA-
administered pre-placement medical examination. Ms. Dukes states that, when asked by Mr.
Giannakos for her medical records, “the Plaintiff demurred on the request for her to provide a
medical release for her records from the VA Medical Center in Richmond, VA stating that she
preferred to continue her records and care at the VA Medical Center in Richmond, VA, was not
provided a job-related or business necessity reasons for the medical release . . . and otherwise would
not do so for reasons of privacy.” Am. Compl. ¶ 24. When Mr. Giannakos told Ms. Dukes that Dr.
Joyce “needed the medical records regarding the C&P exam performed at the VA Medical Center
in Richmond, VA,” she only agreed to provide (and ultimately provided) him with a portion of the
requested documentation. Id. ¶¶ 25 & 26. Mr. Giannakos similarly states that he called Ms. Dukes
“and advised her that the Director of Occupational Health requested full disclosure,” but she still
refused to submit the C&P report in its entirety, citing her privacy. Giannakos Aff. at 1.
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Mr. Giannakos also stated that Ms. Dukes refused to provide information on the 60%
of her VA disability rating not related to her back. Id. Similarly, in a memorandum explaining his
decision not to recommend Ms. Dukes for the nursing position, Dr. Joyce noted that Ms. Dukes had
“indicated . . . that she was 70% disabled by the VA [and] that she had chronic back pain,” and that
her disability rating was “for more than just her back but that she would not say for what. She
repeatedly objected to the inquiry and questioned the right of an employer to ask medical questions
of a pre-placement applicant.” Def.’s Mot., Ex. 6. Although Ms. Dukes has repeatedly alleged that
no one ever asked her about the basis for the 60% of her disability rating that was not attributable
to her back problems, see Dukes Dep. at 11, she states that Dr. Joyce remarked during a telephone
call that “you just don’t get 70% service connected disability for a broken toe,” Am. Compl. ¶ 27,
the implication being that he wished to know what accounted for the 70% disability rating. Ms.
Dukes allegedly responded, “No, you don’t get 70% for a broken toe and that had healed,” id., but
did not provide any further information.
The Court must consider “all relevant evidence” to determine whether a reasonable
jury could find that Defendant’s stated reason for failing to hire Ms. Dukes is a pretext for
discrimination. Brady, 520 F.3d at 495; Adeyemi v. District of Columbia, 525 F.3d 1222, 1227 (D.C.
Cir. 2008). “All relevant evidence” includes, inter alia, evidence of the plaintiff’s prima facie case
and evidence proving the employer’s proffered reasons to be false, see Aka v. Wash. Hosp. Ctr., 156
F.3d 1284, 1289 (D.C. Cir. 1998), as well as the evidence presented by the defendant. See Brady,
520 F.3d at 495; Adeyemi, 525 F.3d at 1227. Ms. Dukes’ own admissions show that she did not fully
cooperate with Defendant’s agents as they attempted to conduct a pre-placement medical exam.
Thus, there can be no genuine dispute of fact as to whether she met a necessary precondition for her
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employment. On this record, no reasonable jury could find that Ms. Dukes was denied employment
because Defendant regarded her as disabled.
IV. CONCLUSION
Defendant’s motion for summary judgment [Dkt. # 21] will be granted and the
Complaint will be dismissed. A memorializing Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: December 2, 2009 /s/
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
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