Wondie v. Mekuria

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
MESERETU WONDIE, :
:
Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 09-0625 (RMU)
:
v. : Re Document No.: 7
:
RAHEAL MEKURIA, :
:
Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING THE PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
This matter is before the court on the plaintiff’s motion for default judgment. The
plaintiff, an artist of Ethiopian origin, commenced this action for copyright infringement under
the Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq., claiming that the defendant produced and
sold unauthorized copies of one of his copyrighted paintings. The defendant has not responded
to the plaintiff’s complaint or otherwise participated in this litigation. For the reasons discussed
below, the court grants the plaintiff’s motion for default judgment and awards him injunctive and
monetary relief.
II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The plaintiff is an artist of Ethiopian origin whose paintings center on his Ethiopian
heritage and have been exhibited internationally. Compl. ¶¶ 9-10. He is the creator of an
original painting titled “Meskelathe Beza” (“the Painting”), for which he owns a registered
United States copyright. Id. ¶ 1, Ex. B. The defendant is the owner of a store located in the
District of Columbia that sells Ethiopian food, clothing, music and art. Id. ¶ 5. In 1993, the
defendant purchased a set of poster prints of the Painting, at ten dollars per print, for the
purposes of reselling them at her store. Id. ¶ 2; Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 5. Each print contained a copyright
notice. Compl. ¶ 13. Between 1993 and 2003, the defendant occasionally bought more prints
from the plaintiff to replenish her supply. Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 6.
In May 2006, the plaintiff visited the defendant’s store and observed at least fifteen
unauthorized copies of the Painting on sale for seven to ten dollars. Id. ¶ 9. The unauthorized
copies did not contain the plaintiff’s copyright notice. Compl. ¶ 13. The plaintiff purchased one
unauthorized copy of the Painting at the defendant’s store for seven dollars. Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 9; Pl.’s
Mot., Ex. D.
On April 6, 2009, the plaintiff filed a complaint against the defendant for copyright
infringement. See generally Compl. The plaintiff served the defendant on April 29, 2009 by
leaving a copy of the summons and complaint with the defendant’s husband at her residence.
Pl.’s Aff. of Serv. Because the defendant failed to appear, plead or otherwise defend herself in
this action, the Clerk of the Court entered default against the defendant on September 4, 2009.
Entry of Default (Sept. 4, 2009). On May 10, 2010, the plaintiff filed this motion for default
judgment, seeking a permanent injunction and monetary damages. See generally Pl.’s Mot.
Despite being served with a copy of this motion, the defendant has failed to respond.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Legal Standard for Entry of Default Judgment Under Rule 55(b)(2)
A court has the power to enter default judgment when a defendant fails to defend its case
appropriately or otherwise engages in dilatory tactics. Keegel v. Key W. & Caribbean Trading
Co., 627 F.2d 372, 375 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 1980). Rule 55(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
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provides for entry of default “[w]hen a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is
sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend as provided by these rules.” FED. R. CIV. P. 55(a).
Upon request of the party entitled to default, Rule 55(b)(2) authorizes the court to enter against
the defendant a default judgment for the amount claimed and costs. Id. 55(b)(2).
Because courts strongly favor resolution of disputes on their merits, and because “it
seems inherently unfair” to use the court’s power to enter judgment as a penalty for filing delays,
modern courts do not favor default judgments. Jackson v. Beech, 636 F.2d 831, 835 (D.C. Cir.
1980). Accordingly, default judgment usually is available “only when the adversary process has
been halted because of an essentially unresponsive party . . . [as] the diligent party must be
protected lest he be faced with interminable delay and continued uncertainty as to his rights.” Id.
at 836 (quoting H. F. Livermore Corp. v. Aktiengesellschaft Gebruder Loepfe, 432 F.2d 689, 691
(D.C. Cir. 1970)).
Default establishes the defaulting party’s liability for the well-pleaded allegations of the
complaint. Adkins v. Teseo, 180 F. Supp. 2d 15, 17 (D.D.C. 2001); Avianca, Inc. v. Corriea,
1992 WL 102999, at *1 (D.D.C. Apr. 13, 1992); see also Brock v. Unique Racquetball & Health
Clubs, Inc., 786 F.2d 61, 65 (2d Cir. 1986) (noting that “default concludes the liability phase of
the trial”). Default does not, however, establish liability for the amount of damage that the
plaintiff claims. Shepherd v. Am. Broad. Cos., Inc., 862 F. Supp. 486, 491 (D.D.C. 1994),
vacated on other grounds, 62 F.3d 1469 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Instead, “unless the amount of
damages is certain, the court is required to make an independent determination of the sum to be
awarded.” Adkins, 180 F. Supp. 2d at 17; see also Credit Lyonnais Secs. (USA), Inc. v.
Alcantara, 183 F.3d 151, 155 (2d Cir. 1999) (stating that the court must conduct an inquiry to
ascertain the amount of damages with reasonable certainty). The court has considerable latitude
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in determining the amount of damages. Jones v. Winnepesaukee Realty, 990 F.2d 1, 4 (1st Cir.
1993). To fix the amount, the court may conduct a hearing. FED. R. CIV. P. 55(b)(2). The court
is not required to do so, however, “as long as it ensure[s] that there [is] a basis for the damages
specified in the default judgment.” Transatlantic Marine Claims Agency, Inc. v. Ace Shipping
Corp., Div. of Ace Young Inc., 109 F.3d 105, 111 (2d Cir. 1997).
B. The Court Grants the Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default Judgment
1. The Defendant’s Default Establishes Her Liability for Copyright Infringement
The defendant’s default in this action establishes her liability for the well-pleaded
allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint. Adkins, 180 F. Supp. 2d at 17. Accordingly, the plaintiff
argues that the defendant is liable for copyright infringement and that the court should enter a
default judgment. Pl.’s Mot. at 2-3.
To establish liability for copyright infringement, the plaintiff must demonstrate “(1)
ownership of a valid copyright, and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are
original.” Stenograph L.L.C. v. Bossard Assocs., Inc., 144 F.3d 96, 99 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (quoting
Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991)). The plaintiff is the owner
of a valid copyright for the Painting. Compl., Ex. B. The defendant made unauthorized copies
of the Painting, removed the plaintiff’s copyright notice and sold the unauthorized copies for
profit without the plaintiff’s knowledge or authorization. Compl. ¶¶ 2-3. These allegations,
coupled with the defendant’s default, establish the defendant’s liability for willfully infringing on
the plaintiff’s copyright in the Painting. Id. Accordingly, the court concludes that the defendant
is liable for copyright infringement, grants the plaintiff’s motion and enters default judgment
against the defendant. See Int’l Painters & Allied Trades Indus. Pension Fund v. Auxier
Drywall, L.L.C., 531 F. Supp. 2d 56, 57 (D.D.C. 2008) (explaining that a defendant’s failure to
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respond to the summons and complaint, the entry of default, or the motion for default judgment
satisfies the standard for entry of default judgment) (citing Gutierrez v. Berg Contracting Inc.,
2000 WL 331721, at *1 (D.D.C. Mar. 20, 2000)).
2. The Plaintiff is Entitled to Injunctive and Monetary Relief
a. The Plaintiff’s Request for Injunctive Relief
The plaintiff requests that the court permanently enjoin the defendant, her employees and
agents and all persons acting in concert with her from engaging in future infringement of the
plaintiff’s copyright in the Painting. Pl.’s Mot. at 3-5. The plaintiff argues that such an
injunction is necessary because his ability to exclusively market and sell his original work is
being permanently and irreparably impaired by the defendant’s actions. Id. at 4-5.
In determining whether to grant a permanent injunction, the court “considers a modified
iteration of the factors it utilizes in assessing preliminary injunctions: (1) success on the merits,
(2) whether the plaintiffs will suffer irreparable injury absent an injunction, (3) whether,
balancing the hardships, there is harm to defendants or other interested parties, and (4) whether
the public interest favors granting the injunction.” American Civil Liberties Union v. Mineta,
319 F. Supp. 2d 69, 87 (D.D.C. 2004). In copyright infringement cases, a copyright holder is
“‘presumed to suffer irreparable harm as a matter of law when his right to the exclusive use of
copyrighted material is invaded.’” Health Ins. Ass’n of Am. v. Novelli, 211 F. Supp. 2d 23, 28
(D.D.C. 2002) (quoting Hart v. Sampley, 1992 WL 100135, at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 4, 1992)).
Further, a defendant’s “continuing disregard for Plaintiff’s rights demonstrates that Defendant
will continue to infringe on Plaintiff’s rights, absent an injunction. This finding alone entitles
Plaintiff to a permanent injunction.” Lifted Research Grp., Inc. v. Behdad, Inc., 591 F. Supp. 2d
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3, 8 (D.D.C. 2008) (“Behdad I”) (citing Walt Disney Co. v. Powell, 897 F.2d 565, 567 (D.C. Cir.
1990)).
As discussed in the previous section, the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits; the
defendant’s default establishes her liability for infringing on the plaintiff’s copyright over the
Painting. See supra Part III.B.1. This invasion of the plaintiff’s “right to the exclusive use of
[his] copyrighted material” constitutes irreparable harm. Novelli, 211 F. Supp. 2d at 28. An
injunction would cause no harm to the defendant or others, whereas without an injunction, the
defendant may continue to produce and sell unauthorized copies of the Painting. Furthermore,
the public interest favors protecting the plaintiff’s copyright and federal copyright law. Behdad
I, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 8. Accordingly, the court grants the plaintiff’s request for a permanent
injunction.
b. The Plaintiff’s Request for Monetary Damages
The plaintiff also requests monetary damages for the defendant’s infringement. The
plaintiff contends that the defendant has sold at least 300 unauthorized copies of the Painting for
seven to ten dollars each. Pl.’s Mot. at 6. The plaintiff argues that each infringing copy sold by
the defendant represents a copy that the plaintiff could have sold. Id. Because the plaintiff
generally sold copies of the Painting to third parties for up to twenty dollars a copy, he contends
that the defendant’s infringement resulted in lost revenues of $6,000 (300 copies at twenty
dollars per copy). Id. The plaintiff asserts that he has lost profits in the amount of $4,030,
representing $6,000 in lost revenue less $1,970 in costs associated with the creation and sale of
the Painting. Id.
Under the Copyright Act, a copyright owner is “entitled to recover the actual damages
suffered . . . as a result of the infringement, and any profits of the infringer that are attributable to
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the infringement and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages.” 17 U.S.C. §
504(b). In calculating actual damages on a motion for default judgment, the plaintiff must prove
his entitlement to the amount of damages requested. Breaking the Chain Found., Inc. v. Capitol
Educ. Support, Inc., 589 F. Supp. 2d 25, 31 (D.D.C. 2008). In its determination of actual
damages, a court may draw all reasonable inferences from the plaintiff’s recollections and the
evidence offered. Pleitez v. Carney, 594 F. Supp. 2d 47, 48-49 (D.D.C. 2009).
Alternatively, the court may award statutory damages (instead of actual damages),
holding the infringer liable for an amount not less than $750 or more than $30,000 per work
infringed. 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1). In cases of willful infringement, the court in its discretion may
increase this award up to $150,000. Id. § 504(c)(2). Statutory damages are often appropriate on
a motion for default judgment because a defaulting party has information needed to prove actual
damages. Behdad I, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 8 (quoting Microsoft Corp. v. McGee, 490 F. Supp. 2d
874, 882 (S.D. Ohio 2007)).
Calculating actual damages in this case proves to be difficult due to the incomplete nature
of the plaintiff’s evidence. The plaintiff asserts, based on information and belief, that the
defendant has sold at least 300 copies of the Painting at seven to ten dollars each. Pl.’s Decl. ¶
11. The plaintiff has not, however, provided the court with information regarding the
defendant’s sales, revenues or profits from the sale of the infringing copies. See generally Pl.’s
Mot. Given that the plaintiff himself purchased an unauthorized copy for seven dollars, see Pl.’s
Decl. ¶ 9, the court cannot assume that the defendant sold all 300 unauthorized copies for ten
dollars each. Cf. Breaking the Chain, 589 F. Supp. 2d at 31-32 (accepting price of concert event
as printed on ticket in calculating the defendant’s profits from ticket sales in trademark
infringement case, but rejecting hearsay evidence as proof of how many tickets were sold).
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Furthermore, because the defendant sold the infringing copies at a lower price (seven to ten
dollars) than the plaintiff would have charged (ten to twenty dollars), the court cannot assume
that the plaintiff would have been able to sell all 300 copies at a higher price. See Stevens Linen
Assocs., Inc. v. Mastercraft Corp., 656 F.2d 11, 14 (2d Cir. 1981) (refusing to grant damage
award based on an assumption that the plaintiff would have sold the entire amount of fabric that
the defendant copied and sold at a lower price). Indeed, the plaintiff has presented scant
evidence that the defendant actually sold 300 unauthorized copies of the Painting. See generally
Pl.’s Mot.; Pl.’s Decl.
The difficulty of computing actual damages in this case suggests that statutory damages
are more appropriate here. See Behdad I, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 8. Although usually awarded upon
the plaintiff’s request, a court may exercise its discretion to award statutory damages even if the
plaintiff does not specifically request such an award. See Dan Kasoff, Inc. v. Palmer Jewelry
Mfg. Co., 171 F. Supp. 603, 607 (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (stating that “the inadequacy of proof as to
both profits and damages, does show that this is a case for the exercise of a proper judicial
discretion in fixing statutory damages”). In determining an award of statutory damages, courts
look to factors including “(1) expenses saved and profits reaped by the infringing party, (2)
revenues lost by the copyright holder, and (3) whether the infringing party acted willfully.”
Lifted Research Grp., Inc. v. Behdad, 2010 WL 2662277, at *5 (D.D.C. June 30, 2010) (“Behdad
II”). Courts have wide discretion as to the amount of statutory damages to be awarded. Id.;
compare Harrison Music Corp. v. Tesfaye, 293 F. Supp. 2d 80, 84 (D.D.C. 2003) (awarding
$2,000 per infringement in a case involving unauthorized use of copyrighted music, when the
defendants knowingly failed to pay licensing fees but reaped minimal profits from the
infringement) with Behdad II, 2010 WL 2662277, at *6 (awarding $30,000 for the willful
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infringement of copyrighted apparel and explaining that such award was reasonable and within
the accepted range of damages under the statute).
Considering the expenses saved and profits reaped by the defendant, and revenues lost by
the plaintiff, the court concludes that $4,000 is a reasonable and just award for the defendant’s
willful violation of the plaintiff’s copyright. The award includes $3,000 to compensate the
plaintiff for lost profits: the defendant informed the plaintiff that she possessed at least 300
infringing copies of the Painting, and, as per their previous arrangement, the defendant paid the
plaintiff ten dollars per copy ($3,000 = 300 copies at ten dollars per copy). See Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 5,
10. The award also includes $1,000 in consideration of the willful nature of the defendant’s
actions, demonstrated by her deliberate removal of the plaintiff’s copyright notice. See Harrison
Music Corp., 293 F. Supp. 2d at 84 (awarding statutory damages to compensate the plaintiff for
unpaid licensing fees as well as to account for the willfulness of the defendants’ infringement).
This award is commensurate with the plaintiff’s original request for actual damages, see Pl.’s
Mot. at 5-6, and comports with the objective of statutory damages of deterring wrongful conduct.
See Harrison Music Corp., 293 F. Supp. 2d at 83 (stating that “[s]tatutory damages are not
designed to be merely compensatory or restitutionary, but are also meant to discourage wrongful
conduct”). Accordingly, the court determines that the defendant is liable for $4,000 in statutory
damages.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court grants the plaintiff’s motion for entry of default
judgment. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and
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contemporaneously issued this 4th day of October, 2010.
RICARDO M. URBINA
United States District Judge
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