Staggers v. Medtronic, Inc.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ex rel.
MELISSA STAGGERS and RHONDA
KURDELMEYER,
Plaintiff-Relators,
v. Case No. 1:15-cv-392-TSC-RMM
MEDTRONIC, INC.,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is a qui tam action brought by Relators Melissa Staggers and Rhonda Kurdelmeyer
(collectively “Relators”) on behalf of the United States. Relators allege that Defendant
Medtronic, Inc. (“Medtronic”) violated the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729 et seq. (“FCA”),
by causing physicians to falsely certify to the United States that their surgical implantation of
Medtronic’s InterStim medical device in patients covered by Medicare met all criteria necessary
for obtaining payment for the procedure from the United States. Seven years into litigation,
Relators have requested an order requiring nonparty physicians across the United States who
implanted the InterStim device in patients on or after January 1, 2003, to preserve related
medical records. Medtronic opposes issuance of such an order. District Judge Tanya S. Chutkan
referred all discovery disputes in this matter to the undersigned. See May 3, 2019 Referral
Order. Having reviewed the pleadings and the parties’ briefs, 1 as well as the relevant law, the
Court will GRANT-IN-PART Relators’ Motion.
1
The relevant pleadings and briefs include: Relators’ First Amended Complaint, ECF
No. 18 (“Compl.”); Relators’ Motion for an Order Requiring Preservation of Medical Records,
ECF No. 100 (“Mot.”); the Memorandum of Points and Authorities in support, ECF No. 101
1
BACKGROUND
Medtronic is a medical device manufacturer that produces and sells InterStim, a sacral
neuro-stimulator that can be surgically implanted in individuals to help control symptoms of
incontinence. See Compl. ¶¶ 8–9, 25. Relators are former Medtronic employees who assisted
Medtronic in marketing, selling, and providing product support for InterStim in Louisiana,
Mississippi, and Tennessee. See id. ¶¶ 1, 23–24. They allege that Medtronic, motivated by its
desire to increase InterStim sales, successfully encouraged physicians to implant the device in
patients for whom it had not been shown to be medically necessary and to file related, falsely
certified claims for payment from the United States. See id. ¶¶ 45, 83–84, 86–89. Over a
challenge from Medtronic, Judge Chutkan held that Relators’ claim satisfies the pleading
standards of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 9(b). See Order at 3, ECF No. 36
(the “Dismissal Order”). 2
The parties have since disagreed vehemently about the appropriate scope and course of
discovery in this case. Their disagreements—which both parties have repeatedly looked to this
Court to resolve—have significantly delayed discovery as well as the resolution of Relators’
claims. See Relators’ Mem. at 1–2. Late last year, the parties agreed to a joint plan for
discovery, see ECF No. 94-1 (the “Joint Discovery Plan”), which the Court adopted with slight
modifications in December 2021. See Order, ECF No. 94 (the “Discovery Plan Order”). Under
the Plan, “Phase One” discovery is first permitted into Relators’ claims in a discreet, three-state
territory during an approximately seven-year period, from May 1, 2008 through March 18, 2015.
(“Mem.”); Defendant’s Memorandum in Opposition, ECF No. 103 (“Opp’n”); and Relators’
Reply, ECF No. 104 (“Reply”).
2
Judge Chutkan dismissed Relators’ alternative theory for FCA liability. See Dismissal
Order at 4.
2
See Joint Discovery Plan at 2. Once Phase One discovery is complete the parties may jointly
propose a briefing schedule for dispositive motions. See Discovery Plan Order at 2. “What
further discovery, if any, will be permitted will depend on the Court’s disposition of the Parties’
motions.” Joint Discovery Plan at 4.
Since then, Relators have served at least twelve subpoenas on third-party physicians
consistent with the Joint Discovery Plan. See Mem. at 4. Of those twelve physicians, three
responded that all or a portion of their records for patients who received InterStim implants
between 2008 and 2015 were no longer available because the records were not preserved beyond
the time required by state law. See id. Relators then returned to this Court seeking an order
requiring other nonparty physicians who performed InterStim surgeries anywhere in the United
States “at any time from and after January 1, 2003,” to preserve all related medical records “until
further Order by the Court.” Mot. at 1. 3
DISCUSSION
Federal courts have the inherent power to issue orders preserving information relevant to
the claims and defenses brought before them. See Deggs v. Fives Bronx, Inc., No. 19-cv-406,
3
The Discovery Plan Order requires counsel for the parties to “confer in good faith” to
resolve any discovery dispute and, if counsel are unable to resolve the dispute, to “JOINTLY
submit, via email to Judge Meriweather’s chambers . . . a clear, concise description of the issues
in dispute, each party’s position on the disputed issues, and the parties’ joint availability for an
on-the-record telephone conference.” Discovery Plan Order at 1 (emphasis original). “Counsel
shall not file any discovery-related motion without a prior telephone conference with the
Court and opposing counsel.” Id. at 2 (emphasis original). Counsel for Relators did not
comply with this command, as their Rule 7(m) Report makes clear. See ECF No. 102 (noting
that counsel for Medtronic provided its position on Relators’ motion only on May 16—several
days after Relators docketed the instant motion). The Court can and will waive both Local Rule
7(m) and its own procedural requirements for considering this motion. Neither party should
anticipate further concessions, and both are reminded that a party who does not prevail on its
discovery motion “may be ordered to pay the costs involved, including reasonable attorney’s
fees.” Discovery Plan Order at 2.
3
2020 WL 3100023, at *2 (M.D. La. June 11, 2020); Gambino v. Hershberger, No. 16-cv-3806,
2017 WL 2493443, at *3 (D. Md. June 8, 2017). “Because of their very potency,” these inherent
powers “must be exercised with restraint and discretion.” Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S.
32, 44 (1991). Yet there is no binding authority instructing this Court how to weigh preservation
order requests. See O.K. v. Bush, No. 04-cv-1136, 2005 WL 8177541, at *1 (D.D.C. Oct. 27,
2005); El-Banna v. Bush, No. 04-cv-1144, 2005 WL 1903561, at *1 n.3 (D.D.C. July 18, 2005).
The critical question is accordingly “under what circumstances a preservation order should be
issued.” Treppel v. Biovail Corp., 233 F.R.D. 363, 370 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
Courts facing this question have applied three principal tests. See id.; accord. Deggs,
2020 WL 3100023, at *2; O.K., 2005 WL 8177541, at *1. Relators urge the Court to use either a
two- or three-pronged balancing test derived from Pueblo of Laguna v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl.
133 (2004), or Capricorn Power Co. v. Siemens Westinghouse Power Co., 220 F.R.D. 429 (W.D.
Pa. 2004). See Mem. at 5–6; Reply at 6–7. Medtronic urges the Court to instead apply the
“same analytical framework as a motion for injunctive relief,” as other courts in this District
have done. Opp’n at 4 (quoting Competitive Enter. Inst. v. Off. of Sci. & Tech. Pol’y, No. 14-cv-
765, 2016 WL 10676292, at *2 (D.D.C. Dec. 12, 2016)).
I. Personal Jurisdiction
Before deciding which substantive test to apply, however, the Court must address
Medtronic’s concern that the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over many physicians who would
be subject to a nationwide preservation order. See id. at 4–5. In addition to considering whether
to issue the order, in other words, the Court must consider who the order would command and
whether the Court has the authority to command them to preserve records. Medtronic has
pointed to cases holding that district courts are “‘powerless to proceed’ in the absence of
4
personal jurisdiction,” id. at 4–5 (quoting Khatib v. All. Bankshares Corp., 846 F. Supp. 2d 18,
25 (D.D.C. 2012)), and “must have personal jurisdiction over a nonparty in order to compel [the
nonparty] to comply with a valid discovery request under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45.”
Id. at 5 (quoting Gucci Am., Inc. v. Weixing Li, 768 F.3d 122, 141 (2d Cir. 2014)).
There can be no doubt that courts lack authority to provide judicial relief in the absence
of personal jurisdiction over the parties. That is the lesson of Khatib: There, another court in this
District declined to award a plaintiff preliminary injunctive relief because the plaintiff could not
show there was a basis for the court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over “the only named
defendant.” 846 F. Supp. 2d at 25–26. Rather than dismiss the case entirely, the court
encouraged the parties to voluntarily transfer the matter to another district with “a much stronger
basis for exercising personal jurisdiction over the parties.” Id. at 34. Khatib thus illustrates the
wholly uncontroversial principle that a court is “powerless” to provide relief in a case where the
court lacks personal jurisdiction over the parties, even when the relief requested is preliminary or
interlocutory. See id. at 25.
Gucci suggests another rule: That courts may not compel a nonparty to comply with a
subpoena in the absence of personal jurisdiction over the nonparty. But Gucci does not hold that
personal jurisdiction is required over nonparties to compel them to take any action whatsoever.
The Second Circuit explained that personal jurisdiction over a nonparty bank was not necessary
to compel the bank to “restrain a defendant’s assets.” 768 F.3d at 134. Personal jurisdiction was
required to “enforce an injunction against [the] nonparty” or to “compel [the nonparty] to comply
with a valid discovery request under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45,” however. Id. at 134,
141. The court’s personal jurisdiction over the parties, then, allowed the court to command the
5
nonparty bank to take certain actions (restrain assets) but not others (comply with a document
subpoena under risk of monetary penalties or civil contempt proceedings). See id. at 125.
These cases do not convincingly counsel against issuing a preservation order—even one
that contemplates that subpoenas will issue to nonparties, potentially nationwide. To hold
otherwise solely on the basis of hypothetical concerns about personal jurisdiction over nonparties
could undermine several important statutory schemes constructed by Congress, as well as the
federal rules of both civil and criminal procedure. See United States ex rel. Lutz v. Berkeley
Heartlab, Inc., No. 14-cv-230, 2017 WL 5624254, at *3 (D.S.C. Nov. 21, 2017) (describing the
nationwide subpoena powers contemplated by the FCA, RICO, and antitrust statutes, as well as
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 17(e)); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(a)(2), (b)(2) (permitting
nationwide service of subpoenas issued by “the court where the action is pending”).
If a nonparty physician becomes the target of a subpoena in this case, that physician may
raise personal jurisdiction concerns here or in “the court for the district where compliance is
required.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(2)(b)(i). Depending on the court addressed and the particular
physician’s involvement in the scheme alleged by Relators, the court may find it has general or
specific personal jurisdiction over that physician. Additionally, because personal jurisdiction is
“a personal right,” the targeted physician could “choose to assert [it] or not.” Shatsky v.
Palestine Liberation Org., 955 F.3d 1016, 1031 (D.C. Cir. 2020). Only if the right is asserted,
and only if it is asserted in this Court, will this Court consider whether the concerns outlined in
Gucci control or if the FCA or Federal Rules provide the Court with authority to compel a
nonparty’s compliance with a subpoena outside of this District. Cf. Lutz, 2017 WL 5624254, at
*3 (taking the latter position); United States v. Wyeth, No. 03-cv-12366, 2015 WL 8024407, at
*4 (D. Mass. Dec. 4, 2015) (same).
6
II. Preservation Order
Returning, then, to the question of whether to issue a preservation order, the Court need
not determine which test for measuring the propriety of a preservation order applies, because
Relators have demonstrated that a limited preservation order is warranted under any test
advanced.
A. The Two-Prong Balancing Test
Under the two-prong balancing test of Pueblo of Laguna, Relators must show that (1)
“absent a court order, there is significant risk that relevant evidence will be lost or destroyed”
and (2) “the steps to preserve the evidence will be effective, but not overbroad.” Career
Counseling, Inc. v. Amsterdam Printing & Litho, Inc., No. 15-cv-5061, 2016 WL 11725395, at
*1 (D.S.C. May 13, 2016) (citing Pueblo of Laguna, 60 Fed. Cl. at 138). Relators have
demonstrated that relevant records have already been destroyed in Louisiana. See Mem. at 4.
Louisiana law requires physicians to retain medical records “for a minimum period of six years
from the date a patient is last treated by [the] physician.” La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1299.96.
Defendant points out that records must be maintained for ten years in Tennessee. See Opp’n at
7–8 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 68-11-305(a)(1)). 4 But Defendant’s point supports Relators’
argument, not Medtronic’s. Even in the first stipulated phase of discovery, nearly all of the
medical records sought by Relators—dated between 2008 and 2015—are more than ten years old
and fall outside these mandatory retention periods.
4
Mississippi—the other state in which discovery is currently permitted under the Joint
Discovery Plan—does not appear to have a minimum medical record retention law that applies
broadly to all physicians. The state’s law covering hospital records generally requires retention
for “ten (10) years in cases of adult patients of sound mind at the time of discharge.” Miss. Code
§ 41-9-69.
7
Relators have made a less convincing showing that the nationwide preservation order
they seek will be “effective, but not overbroad.” Pueblo of Laguna, 60 Fed. Cl. at 138. A
preservation order asking physicians to maintain relevant records beyond the term required by
state law will effectively “preserve evidence” that may be both relevant and discoverable in this
case. See Deggs, 2020 WL 31000023, at *2. But a nationwide preservation order commanding
every physician in the country who performed an InterStim implant surgery at any time between
2003 and the present may not. The parties stipulated and this Court agreed to a discovery plan
that only permits discovery into the records of physicians Relators supported in their sales
territories in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee during the period of their active employment,
between May 2008 and March 2015. See Opp’n at 7–8; Joint Discovery Plan at 1–2. “What
further discovery, if any, will be permitted will depend on the Court’s disposition” of the parties’
anticipated motions for summary judgment. Joint Discovery Plan at 4. There is some concern,
then, that a physician outside Louisiana, Mississippi, or Tennessee could be ordered to preserve
for years beyond any applicable retention period records that will never be subject to discovery
by Relators or presented to this Court as evidence. Because such an order would issue from the
Court’s inherent power, which “must be exercised with restraint and discretion,” Chambers, 501
U.S. at 44, the Court believes Relators’ request for a nationwide preservation order is overbroad.
A more limited order addressed only to physicians in the Phase One discovery states—Louisiana,
Mississippi, or Tennessee—is not. That more limited order passes the two-prong balancing test
derived from Pueblo of Laguna.
B. The Three-Prong Balancing Test
Issuance of a limited preservation order is also appropriate under the three-prong
balancing test articulated in Capricorn Power. That test suggests that courts consider (1) “the
level of concern the court has for the continuing existence and maintenance of the integrity of the
8
evidence in question in the absence of an order directing preservation”; (2) “any irreparable harm
likely to result to the party seeking the preservation of evidence absent an order directing
preservation”; and (3) “the capability of an individual, entity, or party to maintain the evidence
sought to be preserved.” 220 F.R.D. at 433–34. The Court has serious concerns that information
Relators seek during Phase One discovery could be spoiled by physicians’ routine document
destruction practices in Louisiana and Tennessee, where state record retention laws no longer
cover the 2008 to 2015 period Relators are entitled to investigate, as well as in Mississippi,
which seems to have no record retention law applicable to physicians unaffiliated with a hospital.
Records are already disappearing, as Relators have made clear. See Mem. at 4.
Relators are also likely to be irreparably harmed if the Phase One evidence they seek is
not protected by an order from this Court. The information sought by Relators, which is
vulnerable to destruction, is crucial to their case against Medtronic. Relators contend InterStim
patients’ medical records are necessary to construct a statistical sample from a “sufficiently
robust population of medical records,” Reply at 9–10, as well as to identify which patients’
procedures were paid for by the United States, whether any such procedure was in fact medically
necessary, and the level of Medtronic employees’ involvement in that patient’s course of
treatment—facts that would tend to show causation or lack thereof. See Joint Discovery Plan at
1–4. Relators can only proceed to Phase Two of discovery in this case—let alone prevail on
their claim—if they establish a genuine issue of fact as to Medtronic’s potential liability for
causing a physician subject to Phase One discovery to submit false claims to Medicare for an
identified patient. See id. at 4. The vulnerable records are crucial to meeting that burden, so
Relators will be harmed if records continue to disappear.
9
Defendant points out that not all medical records will become unavailable if this Court
declines to act. See Opp’n at 7. Medtronic notes that some physicians subpoenaed by Relators
have produced responsive records, meaning those physicians retained records “beyond their
state’s retention period.” Id. at 7. Relators need not show that they will suffer complete and
total defeat in this litigation if this Court declines to issue a preservation order, however; the
Capricorn Power test requires only “irreparable harm likely to result.” 220 F.R.D. at 433. It is
sufficient that Relators have shown that evidence helpful to their case has already and will
continue to disappear, and that “once destroyed, the evidence cannot be used for any purpose and
cannot be recreated.” Deggs, 2020 WL 3100023, at *6.
Medtronic also suggests that Relators cannot show harm is certain “absent Court action”
because Relators “never once attempted to send preservation requests” on their own, even to
physicians and facilities they knew had implanted InterStim devices in patients. Opp’n at 8
(emphasis original). Yet several courts have noted that court-issued preservation orders are “all
the more pressing” where nonparties are “under no duty to preserve absent a court order.”
Deggs, 2020 WL 3100023, at *3 (citing Bright Sols. for Dyslexia, Inc. v. Doe, No. 15-cv-1618,
2015 WL 5159125, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 2, 2015)); accord Arkin v. Gracey-Danna, Inc., No.
16-cv-1717, 2016 WL 3959611, at *2 (M.D. Fla. July 22, 2016). Relators could of course “right
now send requests” to physicians they know they may subpoena. Opp’n at 8. But Relators’
entreaties would be requests, not orders, and this Court will not wait for a physician to refuse
Realtors’ request before exercising its authority to preserve vulnerable evidence relevant to this
case. 5
5
Naturally, a refused request would strengthen Relators’ request. See, e.g., Arkin, 2016
WL 3959611, at *1 (considering a similar situation). A nonparty’s refusal to preserve evidence
is simply not necessary for finding irreparable harm.
10
The final balancing factor of Capricorn Power also weighs in favor of a limited
preservation order. This third consideration looks beyond Relators’ need to the “capability” of
evidence custodians “to maintain the evidence . . . , not only as to the evidence’s original form,
condition or contents, but also the physical, spatial and financial burdens created by ordering
evidence preservation.” Capricorn Power, 220 F.R.D. at 433–34. The physical and spatial
burdens a preservation order would impose on physicians are minimal, as physicians “routinely
preserve[]” patients’ medical records, and the preservation order would affect only the portion of
those records that relate to InterStim implantations. Deggs, 2020 WL 3100023, at *6. Whether
compliance would be costly is less clear—certainly physicians will incur some financial burden
if their offices have in place routine record retention and destruction procedures and, in order to
comply with an order from this Court, the physicians must modify those procedures, train staff
on how to segregate and preserve records subject to the order, and consider liabilities in the event
the order is not followed or requires challenge. See Opp’n at 9. In addition, although not
explicitly required by Capricorn Power, the Court finds significant the burden Relators’ proposal
places on Medtronic, as Relators want Medtronic to both identify physicians subject to any
preservation order issued by this Court and to take responsibility for providing those physicians
with notice of the Court’s order. See Mot. at 1; Mem. at 8. Medtronic may be “uniquely suited”
to carrying out that task, see Mem. at 8, but complying would still cost Medtronic valuable time
and money.
On balance, however, the burdens imposed on physicians and Medtronic by a limited
preservation order are outweighed by the Court’s concern that evidence valuable to this case will
be destroyed and that Relators will be irreparably harmed absent such an order. Medtronic’s
burden would be significantly lessened by a streamlined preservation order addressed only to
11
physicians in Louisiana, Tennessee, and Mississippi, as Medtronic has already identified
physicians in that territory who performed InterStim implants between May 2008 and March
2015. See Joint Discovery Plan at 1–2. Additionally, if the financial or other burdens imposed
on physicians by a preservation order are weightier than this Court currently anticipates,
physicians may apply to this Court for relief. Relators, on the other hand, require urgent relief
that only this Court can provide. Under the three-prong Capricorn Powers balancing test,
therefore, Relators have demonstrated that this Court should issue a limited preservation order.
C. The Preliminary Injunction Standard
The same is true if this Court applies “the same analytical framework as a motion for
injunctive relief.” Competitive Enter. Inst., 2016 WL 10676292, at *2 (adopting that test). 6
Under the injunctive relief framework, in determining whether a preservation order is warranted,
the Court “must consider (1) the likelihood that the party seeking the [preservation order] will
prevail on the merits”; (2) “the likelihood that the moving party will be irreparably harmed”; (3)
“the prospect that others will be harmed”; and (4) the public interest. Id. Courts in this Circuit
balance these factors on a “sliding scale.” Id. 7
6
Medtronic suggests that other courts in this District have agreed to apply the framework
used for preliminary injunctions, and that this Court should do so, too. See Opp’n at 3–4
(faulting Relators for citing “no cases from this District” because “the most recent decisions in
this District considering motions seeking a preservation order have agreed that a ‘[m]otion to
[c]ompel [p]reservation is subject to the same analytical framework as a motion for injunctive
relief.’” Id. (quoting Competitive Enter. Inst., 2016 WL 10676292, at *2). The better word
would be assumed. Competitive Enterprise cites for the relevant standard the litigating parties’
briefs. See 2016 WL 10676292, at *2. The second case cited by Medtronic acknowledges no
other potentially applicable test. See Cause of Action Inst. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 18-cv-
1800, 2019 WL 12070403, at *1 (D.D.C. Apr. 25, 2019). In the last case cited by Medtronic, the
movant specifically requested relief in the form of a preliminary injunction. See True the Vote,
Inc. v. IRS, No. 13-cv-734, 2014 WL 4347197, at *1 (D.D.C. Aug. 7, 2014). This Court will not
assume the preliminary injunction standard applies when Relators have advanced compelling
arguments that it should not. See Reply at 6 (quoting Capricorn Power, 220 F.R.D. at 429).
7
Although some circuits have interpreted the Supreme Court’s decision in Winter v.
Natural Resource Defense Council, Inc., 555. U.S. 7, 22 (2008), to mean that the “sliding scale”
12
The second and third preliminary injunction factors, weighing the likely harms to
Relators against the probable harms to others, were already resolved in favor of Relators above.
The first factor, success-on-the-merits, also weighs in Relators’ favor. When weighing this
factor in the context of a request for a preservation order, “‘it will ordinarily be enough that the
plaintiff has raised questions going to the merits so serious, substantial, difficult and doubtful, as
to make them a fair ground for litigation and thus for more deliberative investigation.’”
Competitive Enter., 2016 WL 10676292, at *2 (quoting Washington Metro. Area Transit
Comm’n v. Holiday Tours, Inc., 559 F.2d 841, 844 (D.C. Cir. 1977)); see also Cause of Action
Inst. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 18-cv-1800, 2019 WL 12070403, at *1 n.1 (D.D.C. Apr. 25,
2019) (agreeing and convincingly justifying use of the “relaxed” serious-legal-question
formulation). Judge Chutkan’s Order partially denying Medtronic’s motion to dismiss this case
is evidence enough that Relators have presented this Court with “serious, substantial” claims that
are “fair ground for litigation.” Competitive Enter., 2016 WL 10676292, at *2; Dismissal Order
at 3.
The fourth factor, which considers the public interest, also weighs in favor of issuing a
limited preservation order. Relators’ FCA allegation—which Judge Chutkan has determined
Relators should have a chance to litigate—is that Medtronic induced hundreds of physicians to
treat patients with a medical device that was not medically necessary for their care, to falsely
certify medical necessity to the United States, and in so doing, to commit a multi-million dollar
approach should no longer govern requests for preliminary injunctive relief, the D.C. Circuit has
declined to determine whether that standard continues to govern such motions. See Sherley v.
Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (finding it unnecessary to “wade into this circuit
split”). As this Circuit has not spoken, the Court concludes that a sliding scale approach remains
a valid means to evaluate requests for preservation orders notwithstanding Winter. See Cause of
Action Inst. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 18-cv-1800, 2019 WL 12070403, at *1 (D.D.C. Apr. 25,
2019).
13
fraud on the United States. See generally Dismissal Order at 3; Compl.; Reply at 2. Relators
need evidence to litigate their claim. The public interest thus favors preserving that evidence to
permit them to present their claim to this Court.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the Court will GRANT-IN-PART Relators’ preservation motion in a
separate order issued herewith.
SO ORDERED this September 6, 2022.
ROBIN M. MERIWEATHER
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
14