Pinson v. Lappin

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JEREMY PINSON,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 10-1844 (BAH)
HARLEY G. LAPPIN,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This matter is before the Court on defendant’s motion for summary judgment. 1 For the
reasons discussed below, defendant’s summary judgment motion and plaintiff’s motion for an
award of costs will be granted.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff, a federal prisoner, Compl. ¶ 2, submitted a request under the Freedom of
Information Act (“FOIA”), see 5 U.S.C. § 552, to the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”),
Compl. ¶ 4, seeking the following information:
Names and positions of all employees of the Federal Bureau of
Prisons, who are employed at the Designation and Sentence
Computation Center, South East Regional Office and Central
Office since January 1, 2009.
1
In light of the Court’s ruling on defendant’s summary judgment motion, Plaintiff’s
Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. #14], Motion for Protective Order [Dkt. #20], and Motion
for Leave to Amend Complaint [Dkt. #27] will be denied, as will defendant’s Motion to
Transfer [Dkt. #15].
1
Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. or to
Transfer (“Def.’s Mem.”), Greene Decl., Ex. 1 (Letter to Director, BOP, from plaintiff dated
June 23, 2010).
The BOP’s declarant believed that, at the time of plaintiff’s request, “there was no
method to query a BOP data system for staff employed” at the Central Office (“CO”), the
Southeast Regional Office (“SERO”), and the Designations and Sentence Computation Center
(“DSCC”) after January 1, 2009, particularly in light of staff transfers, retirements and
resignations throughout the BOP. Def.’s Mem., Greene Decl. ¶ 8. The declarant chose instead
“to obtain a list of staff names . . . [by] search[ing] BOP’s internal website called Sallyport,
which is available to [BOP] employees only.” Id., Greene Decl. ¶ 8. The declarant then
“conducted a search using the staff directory to review a list of names of staff employed at
SERO, CO, and Grand Prairie.” 2 Id., Greene Decl. ¶ 8. The declarant did not print the list. Id.,
Greene Decl. ¶ 8.
The BOP denied in full plaintiff’s FOIA request (assigned FOIA No. 2010-09755) under
FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C), Def.’s Mem., Greene Decl. ¶¶ 7, 9, explaining that the agency
would “not release lists of staff members to inmates” for the “safety and security of [BOP]
employees.” Id., Greene Decl., Ex. 2 (Letter to plaintiff from Jeff Campbell, Supervisory
Attorney, SERO, dated August 4, 2010) at 1. Plaintiff filed an administrative appeal to the
Office of Information Policy (“OIP”), United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”), Compl. ¶ 6,
which was assigned Appeal No. 2010-2959, Def.’s Mem., Greene Decl. ¶ 10. OIP affirmed the
BOP’s determination on September 29, 2010. Compl. ¶ 6. In this action, plaintiff has demanded
2
The Designations and Sentence Computation Center is one component of the BOP’s
Grand Prairie, Texas office complex. See http://www.bop.gov/about/other/gra.jsp.
2
declaratory judgment, id. ¶ 8, injunctive relief “compelling the release of information . . .
requested,” id. ¶ 9, and an award of costs, id. ¶ 10.
Following the filing, on October 29, 2010, of this lawsuit, the BOP “clarified” that the
names and titles of BOP employees requested by plaintiff could be released in full. Def.’s Mem.,
Greene Decl. ¶ 12. Accordingly, using the agency staff directory, on December 3, 2010, the
declarant compiled lists of SERO (6 pages), DSCC (33 pages) and CO (56 pages) employees and
their respective titles. Id., Greene Decl. ¶ 12. The BOP released the list to plaintiff after
redacting each staff member’s telephone number and email address under FOIA Exemptions 6
and 7(C). Id., Greene Decl., Ex. 5 (Letter to plaintiff from Jeff Campbell dated January 26,
2011, and Staff Directory Search Results). Separately the BOP released a list of names and titles
of SERO, DSCC, and CO staff since January 1, 2009, after having redacted these individuals’
telephone numbers and email addresses under FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C). Id., Greene Decl.,
Ex. 6 (Letter to plaintiff from Jeff Campbell dated February 2, 2011). The plaintiff’s FOIA
request did not ask for disclosure of the staff members’ telephone numbers or email addresses
and this redacted information was, consequently, not responsive to the request.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Summary Judgment in a FOIA Case
“FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”
Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009). The Court
grants summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). In a FOIA action
to compel production of agency records, the agency “is entitled to summary judgment if no
material facts are in dispute and if it demonstrates ‘that each document that falls within the class
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requested either has been produced . . . or is wholly exempt from the [FOIA’s] inspection
requirements.’” Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir.
2001) (quoting Goland v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 607 F.2d 339, 352 (D.C. Cir. 1978)).
Summary judgment may be based solely on information provided in an agency’s supporting
affidavits or declarations if they are relatively detailed and when they describe “the documents
and the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the
information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by
either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit
Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981); see Beltranena v. Clinton, 770 F. Supp. 2d
175, 182 (D.D.C. 2011).
B. Exemption 6 3
Exemption 6 protects “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of
which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. §
552(b)(6). “The information in the file ‘need not be intimate’ for the file to satisfy the standard,
and the threshold for determining whether information applies to a particular individual is
minimal.” Milton v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, __ F. Supp. 2d __, __, 2011 WL 1743234, at *2
(D.D.C. May 6, 2011) (quoting New York Times Co. v. Nat’l Aeronautics and Space Admin., 920
F.2d 1002, 1006 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). Once this threshold inquiry is met, the Court employs a
3
The BOP relies on both Exemption 6 and Exemption 7(C) in withholding the telephone
numbers and email addresses of BOP staff at SERO, DSCC and CO. See Def.’s Mem., Green
Decl., Ex. 5-6. Exemption 7 protects from disclosure “records or information compiled for law
enforcement purposes,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7), but the agency’s supporting declaration offers no
explanation for concluding that its staff directory was a law enforcement record suitable for
protection under Exemption 7(C). This omission is of no concern, however, because the same
information is properly withheld under Exemption 6 and, as noted above, the plaintiff does not
seek this information in his initial FOIA request. See Simon v. Dep’t of Justice, 980 F.2d 782,
785 (D.C. Cir. 1992); Marshall v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, __ F. Supp. 2d __, __, 2011 WL
3497801, at *5 (D.D.C. Aug. 10, 2011).
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balancing test to determine whether release of such information constitutes a clearly unwarranted
invasion of personal privacy. Washington Post Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs.,
690 F.2d 252, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1982); Dep’t of the Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 372 (1976);
see also U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 756
(1989).
The BOP has redacted the telephone numbers and email addresses of staff at SERO,
DSCC, and CO, and this determination is proper both because this information was not requested
and was not responsive to the request and because this information is exempt from disclosure.
See Gov’t Accountability Project v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 699 F. Supp. 2d 97, 106 (D.D.C. 2010)
(withholding personal email addresses); Schwaner v. Dep’t of the Army 696 F. Supp. 2d 77, 82
(D.D.C. 2010) (withholding names, ranks, companies and addresses of Army personnel). Only
the exempt telephone numbers and email addresses were withheld, and the BOP released all
reasonably segregable information. See Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Air Force,
566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (“It has long been a rule in this Circuit that non-exempt
portions of a document must be disclosed unless they are inextricably intertwined with exempt
portions.”). Plaintiff concedes that the BOP’s response is appropriate by “stipulat[ing] to . . .
summary judgment” on his claim for injunctive relief under the FOIA. Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot.
to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. or to Transfer (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 1.
“There is no further information that could be obtained through [his] lawsuit that the agency has
not now released.” Id., Ex. 1 (Pinson Decl.) ¶ 9. Instead, plaintiff devotes his attention to his
“claim[] for . . . an award of costs in this action.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 2. 4
4
Plaintiff’s demand for declaratory relief, see Compl.¶ 8, Pl.’s Opp’n at 2, will be denied.
“[O]nce all requested records are surrendered, federal courts have no further statutory function to
perform” with respect to the particular records that were requested. Payne Enters. v. United
5
C. Fees and Costs
Plaintiff demands an award of costs to cover the $350 filing fee and $33.48 for postage
and photocopies. Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 1 ¶ 10. The FOIA permits a district court to “assess against
the United States . . . other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any case . . . in which the
[plaintiff] has substantially prevailed.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(i). A party substantially prevails
if he “has obtained relief through either . . . a judicial order, or an enforceable written agreement
or consent decree[,] or . . . a voluntary or unilateral change in position by the agency, if [his]
claim is not insubstantial.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii). The latter provision “essentially codifies
the so-called ‘catalyst theory’ for determining a fee request against the United States, under
which a plaintiff is deemed to have ‘substantially prevailed’ for purposes of § 552(a)(4)(E) if the
‘litigation substantially caused the requested records to be released.’” N.Y.C. Apparel F.Z.E. v.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection Bureau, 563 F. Supp. 2d 217, 221 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting
Chesapeake Bay Found. v. Dep’t of Agric., 11 F.3d 211, 216 (D.C. Cir. 1993)). “The catalyst
theory assumes that a voluntary or unilateral change in an agency’s position is induced by the
complainant’s lawsuit.” Wildlands CPR v. U.S. Forest Serv., 558 F. Supp. 2d 1096, 1098 (D.
Mont. 2008). Plaintiff is eligible for an award of costs because the BOP released the requested
records after the filing of and in response to plaintiff’s civil complaint.
The decision to award attorneys’ fees and costs is left to the Court’s discretion. 5 See
Nationwide Bldg. Maint., Inc. v. Sampson, 559 F.2d 704, 705-06 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (commenting
that the § 552(a)(4)(E) “contemplates a reasoned exercise of the courts’ discretion taking into
States, 837 F.2d 486, 490-91 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (citation omitted); see Strunk v. U.S. Dep’t of the
Interior, __ F. Supp. 2d __, __, No. 10-0066, 2010 WL 4780845, at *1 n.2 (D.D.C. Nov. 24,
2010) (denying declaratory relief in a FOIA case).
5
Plaintiff is not eligible for an award of attorney fees under the FOIA. Benavides v.
Bureau of Prisons, 993 F.2d 257, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (“[A] pro se non-attorney may not
recover attorney fees under 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E.”).
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account all relevant factors”). In making this decision, the Court considers “(1) the public
benefit derived from the case; (2) the commercial benefit to the plaintiff; (3) the nature of the
plaintiff’s interest in the records; and (4) the reasonableness of the agency’s withholding of the
requested documents.” Davy v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 550 F.3d 1155, 1159 (D.C. Cir. 2008)
(citations omitted). “No one factor is dispositive.” Id.
Public Benefit
“The first factor assesses the public benefit derived from the case and requires
consideration of both the effect of the litigation for which fees are requested and the potential
public value of the information sought.” Davy, 550 F.3d at 1159 (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted).
Plaintiff asserts that the release of the information he requested allows the public to know
the identities and positions of BOP staff, makes possible the “publication of data showing the
[BOP] has over 90% male employees in executive level positions at regional offices and
headquarters and 70% female employees in clerical, secretarial, support positions,” and
supposedly shows “that several officials with procurement authority at taxpayer expense
received lucrative employment with private corporations.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 6-7. He further
represents that he intends to use the requested information “to form the basis of a series of
articles for publication in periodicals for mass public dissemination.” Id., Ex. 4 (Supp. Pinson
Decl.) ¶ 5. In addition, plaintiff claims that “knowledge of gender discrimination by a federal
agency is substantial to the public interest as is the knowledge of public officials favorably
awarding contracts at taxpayer expense to private corporations with a history of hiring ex-
government officials, particularly those with decisionmaking procurement authority.” Id., Ex. 4
¶ 6. The BOP counters that “[t]here is no public audience” for the names and job titles plaintiff
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has requested, Def.’s Reply Brief (“Reply”) at 9, that the lists “do not necessarily reflect
discrimination of agency employees,” id. at 7, and that his assertions of corruption and improper
hiring of BOP employees is wholly unsubstantiated. Id. at 7.
An award of costs may be warranted if, for example, the information released is “likely to
add to the fund of information that citizens may use in making vital political choices,” Cotton v.
Heyman, 63 F.3d 1115, 1120 (D.C. Cir. 1995), or relates to a significant historical event, see
Davy, 550 F.3d at 159. Release of lists of the names and job titles of BOP staff does not
obviously accomplish either of these goals, and the lists themselves do not clearly establish sex
discrimination within the BOP’s ranks or wrongdoing on the part of BOP staff charged with
procurement functions. At best there is minimal public benefit in the release of these lists.
Nevertheless, it does not appear that an award of fees or costs in this instance “would merely
subsidize a matter of [plaintiff’s] private concern” or curiosity. Blue v. Bureau of Prisons, 570
F.2d 529, 533-34 (5th Cir. 1978).
Commercial Benefit and the Nature of Plaintiff’s Interest
“[T]he factors of ‘commercial benefit’ and ‘plaintiff’s interest’ are closely related and
often considered together.” Tax Analysts v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 965 F.2d 1092, 1095 (D.C.
Cir. 1992). Plaintiff represents that he neither is involved in commerce nor will derive
compensation from publication of any articles. Pl.’s Opp’n at 7. His interest in the requested
information “is purely for purposes of research in preparation for publication” of articles, id.,
and, indeed, the plaintiff avers that he has submitted articles “to publications such as Prison
Legal News, The Progressive [and] Z Magazine,” for which he receives “no compensation for
works that are published.” Id., Ex. 4 ¶ 2. The BOP counters that plaintiff “has a strong personal
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interest in the names and titles of certain BOP employees that serve[s] no public benefit.” Reply
at 10.
The Court accepts plaintiff’s representations that he derives no commercial benefit and
that his interest is in writing articles based in part on information obtained from the BOP.
Although this is not a situation where a requester faced “insurmountable barriers presented by
court costs and attorney fees to the average person requesting information under the FOIA,” Tax
Analysts, 965 F.2d at 1095 (citation omitted), defendant offers nothing more than speculation as
to the nature of plaintiff’s interest, commercial or otherwise, in the requested information.
Reasonableness of the BOP’s Withholding
The government avoids an award of costs if it can “show that its position had a
reasonable basis in law.” Nat’l Sec. Archive v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, 530 F. Supp. 2d 198, 205
(D.D.C. 2008). This factor is designed “to weed out those cases in which the government was
‘recalcitrant in its opposition to a valid claim or otherwise engaged in obdurate behavior.’” Tax
Analysts, 965 F.2d at 1097 (quoting Cuneo v. Rumsfeld, 553 F.2d 1360, 1366 (D.C. Cir. 1977)).
According to plaintiff, the BOP “has a documented history of with[h]olding information
then magically releasing it when a lawsuit is filed,” and seeking summary judgment “after the
litigant incurs the expense of litigation,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 8, “to avoid any court order for release
that would trigger the provisions of Sec. 552(a)(4)(E)(ii)(I) and entitle the litigant to costs,” id. at
9. The BOP initially denied plaintiff’s FOIA request based upon a mistaken belief that there
“was no method to query a BOP data system for staff employed at [SERO, DSCC and CO].”
Def.’s Mem., Greene Decl. ¶ 8. When an alternative means to obtain the information plaintiff
requested was discovered, the BOP compiled the information yet refused to disclose it. See id.
Furthermore, it relied on two FOIA exemptions to redact information, even though the plaintiff
9
had not even requested the redacted information so it was not responsive in the first place. In
addition, the BOP failed to justify its reliance on one of the cited exemptions. Only after this
litigation commenced did the BOP fulfill its obligations under the FOIA by compiling the lists of
staff names and job titles and releasing them to plaintiff. The BOP’s response to plaintiff’s
FOIA request was not reasonable under the circumstances, and this factor tilts the balance in
plaintiff’s favor.
Plaintiff is entitled to an award equal to his monetary expenditures related to this case to
date. He has spent $33.48 for postage and copy fees, and has paid a partial filing fee of $3.00. 6
The Court will award plaintiff costs totaling $36.48.
III. CONCLUSION
The BOP has demonstrated its compliance with the FOIA. Plaintiff substantially
prevailed in this action, however, and he both is eligible for and is entitled to an award of costs.
The Court will grant summary judgment in defendant’s favor, and will award plaintiff costs of
$36.48. All other pending motions will be denied.
An Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
/s/ Beryl A. Howell
BERYL A. HOWELL
United States District Judge
DATE: August 30, 2011
6
A prisoner “shall be required to pay the full amount of the filing fee,” 28 U.S.C. §
1915(b)(1), which is $350.00, 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). Based on plaintiff’s application to proceed
in forma pauperis, the Court ordered plaintiff to make a partial payment of $3.00 towards the
filing fee [Dkt. #3], with the understanding that plaintiff would pay the balance in installments,
see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). According to the Clerk of Court, plaintiff has made only one
payment of $3.00.
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