United States v. Thomas

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v. Criminal Action No. 12-00003 (JDB)
HARRY L. THOMAS, JR.,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND RESTITUTION ORDER
On May 3, 2012, this Court sentenced the defendant, Harry L. Thomas, Jr., to concurrent
terms of thirty-eight months of incarceration for one count of theft concerning programs
receiving federal funds, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(A), and thirty-six months of
incarceration for one count of filing a false tax return, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7206(1). Order
of Judgment, ECF No. 24. At the sentencing hearing, the Court heard brief argument from both
parties as to the proper amount of restitution. In order to allow the parties an opportunity to
provide supplemental briefing on the issue, the Court deferred the determination of restitution
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3664(d)(5). Now, after full consideration of the parties’ arguments at the
sentencing hearing, their supplemental memoranda, and the entire record herein, and for the
reasons set forth below, the Court will order restitution in the amount of $353,500.
I. Background
On January 6, 2012, Thomas pled guilty to one count of theft of federal funds, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(A) and one count of filing a false tax return, in violation of 26
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U.S.C. § 7206(1). Those offenses were related to Thomas’ misappropriation of federal funds
from approximately April 2007 to February 2009. These funds were primarily intended for
youth-based programs in the District of Columbia, but were misdirected by Thomas for other
uses, including for his own personal benefit, while he was serving as a D.C. City Council
member representing Ward 5.
After Thomas’ guilty plea, the United States Probation Office issued a Presentence
Investigation Report (“PSR”) which calculated a loss amount of $446,000. PSR ¶ 158. The
District of Columbia also provided a victim impact statement claiming a total loss of $446,000.
PSR ¶¶ 79-80. Accordingly, the PSR recommended restitution for the same amount of
$446,000. PSR ¶ 181. Thomas objected to the PSR’s calculation.
At sentencing on May 3, 2012, this Court concluded that $446,000 was the proper loss
amount for calculating the applicable offense level and, hence, the relevant Sentencing
Guidelines range, even though only $353,500 of that $446,000 apparently went to Thomas’ own
benefit. Tr. 78:16-79:5; 81:4-7. However, the Court deferred its determination of restitution.
Thomas concedes that he is liable for restitution; the only issue remaining is what that amount
should be. He claims that the proper measure of restitution should be $353.500, minus the
$70,000 in payments he has already made to the District of Columbia. Def.’s Supp. Mem. at 3.
The government’s position is more equivocal. While it agrees that the parties had stipulated in
the Plea Agreement to a restitution amount of $353,500, the government now states that an order
of restitution for $446,000 would be “consistent” with the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act
(“MVRA”) and supporting caselaw given the Court’s determination that the loss amount for
determining the offense level under the Guidelines was $446,000. See Gov’t Supp. Mem. at 3-4.
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II. Analysis
Mandatory restitution for victims of certain crimes -- including the theft count at issue
here -- is governed by the MVRA, 18 U.S.C. § 3663A. The purpose of the MVRA “is to make
victims of crime whole" and to "restore these victims to their original state of well-being.” See,
e.g., United States v. Emor, No. 10-298, 2012 WL 983152, at *22 (D.D.C. Mar. 23, 2012)
(citing United States v. Gordon, 393 F.3d 1044, 1048 & 1053 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting United
States v. Simmonds, 235 F.3d 826, 831 (3d Cir. 2000)).
Thomas relies on Hughey v. United States, 494 U.S. 411 (1990). There, the Supreme
Court, construing the Victim and Witness Protection Act (“VWPA”), stated that when a
defendant pled guilty to a single count, restitution was limited to the damage caused by that
count. See Hughey, 494 U.S. at 420; Def.’s Supp. Mem. at 3-5. Although the VWPA differs
from the MVRA in ways not fully relevant here, the MVRA, consistent with Hughey, “limits
recovery to amounts ‘directly caused by the conduct composing the offense of conviction,’ or
‘those amounts expressly agree[d] to’ pursuant to a plea agreement.” See United States v.
Saxton, 53 Fed. App’x 610, 613 (3d Cir. 2002) (citing United States v. Akande, 200 F.3d 136,
139 n.3 (3d Cir. 1999).
Under certain circumstances, restitution can extend beyond the offense of conviction if a
“scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity” is an element of the offense, or if a plea
agreement allows for a greater amount. See United States v. Fogg, 409 F.3d 1022, 1028 (8th Cir.
2005); United States v. Napier, 463 F.3d 1040, 1046 (9th Cir. 2006); see also Emor, 2012 WL
983152, at *22-23 (citing instances where restitution orders were based on total losses caused by
a scheme as opposed to the charged and convicted offense). In contrast, according to Thomas,
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an offense under 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(A) does not contain such an element. Based on the plain
language of section 666(a)(1)(A) and absent clear caselaw indicating otherwise, the Court agrees.
An offense in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(A) is committed when “an agent of an
organization, or of a State, local, or Indian tribal government” . . . “embezzles, steals, obtains by
fraud, or otherwise without authority knowingly converts to the use of any person other than the
rightful owner” property that has a value of at least $5,000 and “is owned by, or is under the
care, custody, or control of such organization, government, or agency,” provided that “the
organization, government, or agency receives, in any one year period, benefits in excess of
$10,000 under a federal program.” See 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(A) & (b). Under the statute’s plain
language, a “scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity” is not an element of the offense.
See Napier, 463 F. 3d at 1046 (observing that section 666(a)(1)(A) offense “contains no such
element”); see also United States v. Maturin, 488 F.3d 657, 662 (5th Cir. 2007) (reading plain
language of statute that prohibited concealment of assets from creditors in bankruptcy
proceedings to conclude that a “scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity” was not an
element of the offense). The Information in this case, which is devoid of any reference to a
“scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity,” reinforces this interpretation. That
charging instrument states that Thomas, in violation of section 666(a)(1)(A), “embezzled, stole,
obtained by fraud, without authority knowingly converted to the use of a person not the rightful
owner, and intentionally misapplied property worth at least $5,000 and owned by . . . and under
the control of the District of Columbia, that is, $353,500 in District of Columbia funds.”
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Information ¶ 3. 1
Neither party has pointed to, nor has the Court identified, any caselaw where courts have
construed section 666(a)(1)(A) as containing as an element a “scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of
criminal activity.” Indeed, the cases that discuss the elements of such an offense lead to the
opposite conclusion. For example, in Napier, the defendant was indicted for three counts of
violating section 666(a)(1)(A). 463 F.3d at 1042. The Ninth Circuit observed that “[r]estitution
may go beyond the offense of conviction under certain conditions if the offense of conviction
contains an element of a scheme, conspiracy or pattern of criminal activity,” but “the offense of
which Napier was convicted contains no such element.” Id. at 1046. Similarly, in United States
v. Mees, the victim suffered a total loss of $1,418,936 as a result of the defendant’s “scheme” but
the defendant had pled guilty to just one count of “theft concerning federal funds in the amount
of $19,650” in violation of section 666(a)(1)(A). 640 F.3d 849, 852 (8th Cir. 2011). The Eighth
Circuit commented that the district court, despite applying an upward departure under the
Guidelines based on the extent of the defendant’s criminal activities, “acknowledged that it was
limited to seeking restitution for the one count that Mees had pleaded guilty to, [theft of]
$19,650,” rather than the $1,418,936 in losses he had caused. Id. at 853. Indeed, the district
court had “expressed its frustration about its inability to order restitution for an amount closer to
the total loss of $1,418,936.” Id.1
Thomas has argued that, in the event the statutory language of section 666(a)(1)(A) could be read
ambiguously as including a “scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity” as an element of the
offense, the rule of lenity cautions against such a construction. Def.’s Supp. Mem. at 11-12. Because the
Court does not go beyond the plain language of the statute, it will not address this argument. Similarly,
although the word “scheme” was occasionally used at the sentencing hearing to describe Thomas’
conduct, it is the language of section 666(a)(1)(A), then stated in the Information and the Plea Agreement,
that is the Court’s focus.
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Nor does the Plea Agreement reflect that the parties intended to expand the scope of
restitution beyond the offense of which Thomas was convicted, namely the theft of $353,500, 2
although the Court noted at the defendant’s sentencing that when read literally, the agreement is
somewhat confusing on that issue. See Plea Agreement at 5 (stating that “[i]n addition to any
restitution that may be ordered by the Court,” Thomas “agrees to be jointly and severally liable
. . . to make restitution, in the amount of $353,500”); Tr. 24:5-25:6. But based on the
representations made by the parties at the sentencing hearing and in their memoranda, there is no
dispute that the parties stipulated to a restitution amount of $353,500. The PSR also reflects this
reading of the Plea Agreement. See PSR ¶ 159. In any event, the language in the Plea
Agreement differs from a situation where, for example, the parties had agreed that a defendant
would make “full restitution” or some other similarly clear expression by the parties that they
had intended for restitution to apply to conduct beyond the convicted offenses. See, e.g., Saxton,
53 Fed. App’x at 614.
Because the charged and convicted offense was for the theft of $353,500, and section
666(a)(1)(A) does not contain an element of a “scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal
activity,” and nothing in the plea agreement reflects that the parties agreed that Thomas would
make restitution for amounts beyond the convicted offense, the Court concludes that restitution
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The defendant pled to, and was convicted of theft of $353,500 in violation of section 666(a)(1)(A). The
Court, on consideration of the statement of the offense, the PSR, and the entire record, concluded that the
total loss amount -- for the purpose of calculating the offense level under the Guidelines -- was $446,000.
As this Court expressed at the hearing, and the parties do not dispute, the analysis for the proper loss
amount for Sentencing Guidelines purposes differs from the loss measure with respect to restitution.
Indeed, courts have stated that “a loss determination used for Sentencing Guidelines purposes [cannot] be
used to determine the amount of restitution, given the different methods of calculation and different
purposes of calculation.” See United States v. Zangari, --- F.3d ----, 2012 WL 1323189, at *9 n. 8 (2d Cir.
2012) (citing United States v. Judy Yeung, 672 F.3d 594, 604 (9th Cir. 2012)). Losses for Sentencing
Guidelines calculation can include considerations such as the intended loss, and the defendant’s gain,
which can exceed the restitution imposed under the MVRA.
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in the amount of $353,500 is warranted, with credit given for any amounts already paid by
Thomas. 3 Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that, in addition to the terms and conditions set
forth at the sentencing hearing and in the May 4, 2012 Order of Judgment and Commitment,
restitution in the amount of $353,500, joint and several with James Garvin and Marshall D.
Banks, is imposed; it is further
ORDERED that restitution shall be immediately payable to the District of Columbia.
Within 30 days of any change of address, the defendant shall notify the Clerk of the Court for the
U.S. District Court, District of Columbia, of the change until such time as the financial
obligation is paid in full; it is further
ORDERED that restitution payments shall be made by the defendant through his
participation in the Bureau of Prisons’ Inmate Financial Responsibility Program; it is further
ORDERED that, when released from custody, the defendant shall provide the United
States Probation Office with his income tax returns, authorization for release of credit
information, and information about any business or finances in which he has control or interest
until all restitution is satisfied; it is further
ORDERED that the defendant shall pay the balance of any restitution owed at a rate of
no less than $200 each month, and provide verification of payments to the United States
Probation Office; it is further
ORDERED that all other terms and conditions previously set forth at the sentencing
hearing shall remain the same; and it is further
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Based on the record, it appears that Thomas has already contributed $70,000 toward his restitution obligation.
Accordingly, Thomas will receive credit for the amount paid, leaving $283,500 as the amount of restitution still
owed.
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ORDERED that an Amended Order of Judgment and Commitment be entered in this
case, reflecting restitution in the amount of $353,500.
SO ORDERED.
_______________/s/_______________
JOHN D. BATES
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Date: May 31, 2012
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