Almutairi v. Chairman, Broadcasting Board of Governors

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
NASSER ALMUTAIRI,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 10-1479 (JEB)
INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING
BUREAU, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Nasser Almutairi brings this suit claiming that Radio Sawa, an Arabic-language
radio station housed in the federal government, twice declined to hire him based on his color,
national origin, and disability. The first time around, despite a successful interview with a
supervising editor at the radio station and sparkling credentials as a journalist, Almutairi waited
nine months for an answer, then was told that an anti-nepotism policy barred Radio Sawa from
hiring him. No such policy, in fact, existed, and Defendants now explain that Plaintiff was
rejected as overqualified. Almutairi reapplied. Radio Sawa again turned down his application,
this time saying that another applicant was better qualified. In a deposition eight years later,
however, the hiring supervisor claimed that Almutairi’s bid had been declined largely because
other journalists said he had falsified his resume. At least one of the journalists named by the
supervisor denies making such a statement. In addition, according to Almutairi, after his
interview, the same supervisor said, “We don’t need more people with disabilities here.”
Defendants now move for summary judgment, arguing that an array of procedural
hurdles bars suit for the first rejection and that no reasonable jury could find discrimination in the
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second. In granting the Motion in part and denying it in part, the Court resists Defendants’
procedural gambits as to Plaintiff’s first application, but agrees that a jury could find
discrimination only on the basis of disability, not color or national origin, as to the second.
I. Background
The parties dispute many facts. As Almutairi is the nonmoving party, the Court will, in
discussing the state of the record, generally credit his evidence and draw justifiable inferences in
his favor.
A. Factual Background
A journalist with a long and impressive resume, Almutairi published the first English and
nongovernmental newspapers in Yemen and has worked for Al Jazeera and the BBC. See Opp.,
Exh. 2 (Dep. of Nasser Almutairi) at 15:2-5, 34:2-38:12, 55:17-22; Opp., Exh. 11 (Decl. of
Nasser Almutairi), ¶ 6. He is Yemeni-American and has dark skin. See Almutairi Decl., ¶ 1.
Since a car accident in 1997, Almutairi has had trouble walking and standing. See id., ¶ 2. He
still walks with a limp, usually uses a brace or cane, and must pause to rest after walking short
distances. See id.
This case concerns repeated rejections of Almutairi’s employment applications by Radio
Sawa. Radio Sawa “is a 24-hour, seven-day-a-week Arabic-language broadcast that originates
its broadcasts from studios in the Washington, D.C. area and Dubai, U.A.E.” Defs. Statement of
Material Facts (SMF), ¶ 4. At the time Almutairi applied, Radio Sawa was part of the
Broadcasting Board of Governors, “a federal agency responsible for the U.S. Government’s
international broadcasting,” which “manages a network of individual broadcasting services.”
Grosdidier v. Chairman, Broad. Bd. of Governors, 560 F.3d 495, 496 (D.C. Cir. 2009). 1
1
To avoid acronym overload, this Opinion will refer to only Radio Sawa and the BBG. Other
2
While Almutairi applied to (and was rejected by) Radio Sawa on multiple occasions, the
dispute here has narrowed to his first and last applications: June 2003 and March 2004. The
Court will discuss those two chronologically.
As a threshold matter, the parties disagree about exactly what position Almutairi applied
for in June 2003. Plaintiff asserts that, in response to Vacancy Announcement M/P-03-02 listing
multiple openings, he applied to work as an Arabic-speaking “International Radio Broadcaster” –
a full-fledged federal employee paid at General Schedule level 12. See Almutairi Decl., ¶¶ 7-8;
Opp., Exh. 6 (BBG, Vacancy Announcement (Jan. 2003)). The Government, on the other hand,
contends that Almutairi applied to work as a Purchase Order Vendor. See King Decl., ¶ 7; Mot.,
Exh. 8 (Decl. of Bernard Kotarski), ¶ 4; Opp., Exh. 8 (Decl. of Munir Nasser), ¶ 15. While some
POVs performed similar tasks to IRBs, they earned less and were classified as contractors
instead of federal employees. See King Decl., ¶ 7; Nasser Decl., ¶¶ 4-7. Within the POVs,
furthermore, it seems there was a subordinate distinction between broadcaster POVs, who were
like IRBs with more supervision, and technical POVs, who had more mechanical tasks. See
Dep. of Daniel Nassif at 17:4-18:22. 2 That distinction proves important in this case because the
related and subsidiary entities still come up in the citations, in prior opinions, and in the caption.
According to the First Amended Complaint and the Answer, here is how those various entities connect:
The BBG is the federal agency at the top. It contains the International Broadcasting Bureau, which in
turn contains the Voice of America. Until 2002, the Voice of America handled the Arabic-language
broadcasting services. Those services were then transferred to the Middle East Radio Network, which
was also stuck under the International Broadcasting Bureau. The Middle East Radio Network broadcast
under the name “Radio Sawa.” In other words, Radio Sawa and the Middle East Radio Network are the
same entity. See generally First Amended Compl., ¶¶ 4-5 & n.2; Answer, ¶¶ 4-5. “In 2005, Radio Sawa
became part of the Middle East Broadcasting Network, a private, non-profit grantee organization of the
BBG, and was no longer a part of the Agency.” Mot., Exh. 7 (Decl. of Susan King), ¶ 4.
Two Defendants are named here: the International Broadcasting Bureau and the Chairman of the
BBG. See First Amended Compl. at 1 & n.1. Walter Isaacson was the Chairman until he resigned on
January 27, 2012, and since then that position has been vacant. See Mot. at 1 n.1. In the Order
accompanying this Opinion, the Court will accordingly substitute “Chairman, Broadcasting Board of
Governors” for Isaacson in the caption. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d).
2
Nassif’s deposition is split across the parties’ filings, with Exhibit 13 to the Government’s
Motion and Exhibit 5 to Plaintiff’s Opposition both containing excerpts.
3
Government maintains that Almutairi applied for only a technical POV position, while Plaintiff
argues that he at least applied for a broadcaster POV position (if not an IRB position). Compare
Nassif Dep. at 121:11-12 (“Mr. Almutairi never applied for a broadcasting POV.”), with Nasser
Decl., ¶¶ 4-7, 14-15 (suggesting Almutairi, if hired, would have performed tasks of broadcaster
POV).
Whatever job he applied for in June 2003, Radio Sawa granted him an interview.
Almutairi went to Radio Sawa’s D.C. office on June 12 and met with Munir Nasser, the acting
supervisor of the Radio Sawa Internet Unit. See Almutairi Decl., ¶ 8; Nasser Decl., ¶¶ 3, 16.
That Unit prepared news content for www.radiosawa.com, and its staff included a mix of IRBs
and POVs. See Nasser Decl., ¶¶ 3-7. Nasser concluded that Almutairi “was perfectly suited for
this position and that he should be hired,” id., ¶ 16, and – according to Almutairi – Nasser gave
“a conditional offer of employment, subject to [his] obtaining the obligatory security clearance.”
Almutairi Decl., ¶ 8; see also Nasser Decl., ¶ 17 (“It was my belief that Mr. Almutairi would be
offered the position officially once he successfully obtained a security clearance.”). Almutairi
returned to Radio Sawa’s office around July 2003, where Nasser introduced Almutairi to Radio
Sawa’s managing editor, Daniel Nassif. See Almutairi Decl., ¶ 11. According to Almutairi, as
he was walking away, he heard Nassif tell Nasser, “‘We don’t need more people with disabilities
here.’” Id., ¶ 11.
The security office eventually cleared Almutairi. See Nasser Decl., ¶ 18. Radio Sawa,
however, lost interest in him. In late August, Nasser told Almutairi that management had doubts
about hiring him, and that Nasser would call when the issue was resolved. See Almutairi Decl.,
¶ 13. In the interim, Almutairi applied for IRB positions at Radio Sawa (twice in October 2003
and once in December 2003). Radio Sawa rejected each submission without delay. See id., ¶ 15.
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Not until March 2004, however, was Almutairi told that his June 2003 application had
not succeeded. Nasser left Almutairi a voicemail explaining that a Radio Sawa policy prohibited
family members from working together, and that because Almutairi’s son was a technical POV,
Radio Sawa had to decline Almutairi’s June 2003 application. See Almutairi Decl., ¶ 16; Nasser
Decl., ¶ 21. Nasser learned of the policy from Nassif. See Nasser Decl., ¶¶ 18-21; see also
Answer, ¶ 20 (admitting as much). The problem, however, is that Radio Sawa had no such
policy, see Opp., Exh. 12 (Dep. of Susan King) at 47:11-48:14, and Nassif now admits that the
decision not to hire Almutairi was not based on an anti-nepotism policy. See Nassif Dep. at
53:2-9. Instead, Nassif asserts that Almutairi’s June 2003 application was unsuccessful because
Almutairi had applied for only a technical POV job, for which he was overqualified. See id. at
57:1-19.
Less than a week after this latest rejection, Almutairi applied for another job at Radio
Sawa. See Almutairi Decl., ¶ 18. This time, there is no dispute that Almutairi applied for an
IRB position (responding to Vacancy Number M/P-04-22). See Defs. SMF, ¶ 25; Almutairi
Decl., ¶ 18. According to the Government, Radio Sawa received Almutairi’s application on
March 23, the application deadline closed on March 24, and Nassif rejected Almutairi and
selected Zahrat Abuzaid on March 25. See Defs. SMF, ¶¶ 25-26, 28. Abuzaid has dark skin, is
from Sudan, and is not disabled. See Nassif Dep. at 73:22-74:1; Mot., Exh. 19 (Application of
Zahrat Abuzaid for M/P-04-22) at 4. When she was selected, Abuzaid was already working for
Radio Sawa as an IRB, performing essentially the same tasks as she would in the new position.
See Application of Zahrat Abuzaid for M/P-04-22 at 1-2. Her prior position was open only to
noncitizens, however, so when Abuzaid became a citizen, she had to reapply. See King Decl.,
¶¶ 9-11. Nassif explained that he hired Abuzaid because she was “one of the best broadcasters
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when it comes to doing multifunctional jobs,” she could tell “Americana stories like nobody
else,” she understood Radio Sawa’s “mission better than anybody,” and she had a “varied and
broad” broadcasting background. Nassif Dep. at 141:8-143:7; Mot., Exh. 15 (EEO Aff. of
Daniel Nassif) at 4. He based this decision on “her experience and background as reflected in
her resume” and his “own personal observation of the quality of her work since [his] arrival at
Radio Sawa.” Nassif. EEO Aff. at 4.
At his deposition, Nassif gave another explanation. He claimed that other Yemeni
journalists, including Munir Mawari and Wadea Mansour, had said Almutairi was a bad
journalist whose resume could not be substantiated. See Nassif Dep. at 132:3-134:22, 139:5-
141:5. Almutairi disputes this account, providing a declaration from Mansour swearing that
Nassif’s testimony is “not true.” Opp., Exh. 1 (Decl. of Wadea Mansour), ¶¶ 3-4.
B. Procedural Background
After submitting an unsuccessful complaint to the BBG’s Office of Civil Rights,
Almutairi filed this suit pro se in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland. Almutairi
had applied to Radio Sawa five times: twice in October 2003, and once each in June 2003,
December 2003, and March 2004. The suit alleged that each rejection constituted employment
discrimination on the basis of color, national origin, age, and disability. See Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (color and national origin); Age
Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. (age); Rehabilitation Act of
1973, 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. (disability). After a long delay while Almutairi procured counsel
and served process on Defendants, the case was transferred here. See Almutairi v. Isaacson, No.
06-cv-1929 (D. Md. Aug. 20, 2010), ECF No. 41. On Defendants’ motion, this Court in 2011
dismissed the age-discrimination claims and all other claims related to the October and
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December 2003 applications for Plaintiff’s failure to exhaust administrative remedies. See
Almutairi v. Int’l Broad. Bureau (Almutairi I), No. 10-1479 (D.D.C. Oct. 3, 2011), ECF No. 56.
Surviving were the claims for failure to hire on the basis of color, national origin, and disability
following Almutairi’s June 2003 and March 2004 applications.
With discovery complete, the Government has now filed another Motion. While styled a
“Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment,” it brims with record citations
outside the pleadings. The Motion, therefore, “must be treated as one for summary judgment
under Rule 56” and not one to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 12(d).
II. Legal Standard
Summary judgment may be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986); Holcomb v.
Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A fact is “material” if it is capable of affecting the
substantive outcome of the litigation. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at
895. A dispute is “genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict
for the nonmoving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007); Liberty Lobby, 477
U.S. at 248; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895. “A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely
disputed must support the assertion” by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record” or
“showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute,
or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(c)(1).
When a motion for summary judgment is under consideration, “[t]he evidence of the non-
movant[s] is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [their] favor.”
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Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255; see also Mastro v. PEPCO, 447 F.3d 843, 850 (D.C. Cir. 2006);
Aka v. Wash. Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1288 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (en banc). On a motion for
summary judgment, the Court must “eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the
evidence.” Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 363 (D.C. Cir. 2007).
The nonmoving party’s opposition, however, must consist of more than mere
unsupported allegations or denials and must be supported by affidavits, declarations, or other
competent evidence, setting forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). The nonmovant is
required to provide evidence that would permit a reasonable jury to find in its favor. Laningham
v. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1242 (D.C. Cir. 1987). If the nonmovant’s evidence is “merely
colorable” or “not significantly probative,” summary judgment may be granted. Liberty Lobby,
477 U.S. at 249-50.
III. Analysis
Under Title VII, federal agencies must make “[a]ll personnel actions affecting employees
or applicants for employment . . . free from any discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex,
or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(a). The Rehabilitation Act similarly prohibits
discrimination based on disability. See Kapche v. Holder, 677 F.3d 454, 460 (D.C. Cir. 2012).
When alleging that he was not hired for discriminatory reasons, a plaintiff establishes a
prima facie case by showing that “(i) [he] ‘belongs to a racial minority’ or other protected class;
(ii) [he] ‘applied and was qualified for a job for which the employer was seeking applicants’; (iii)
despite [his] qualifications, [he] ‘was rejected’; and (iv) after the rejection, ‘the position
remained open and the employer continued to seek applicants from persons of complainant’s
qualifications.’” Brady v. Office of Sergeant of Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 493 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 2008)
8
(quoting McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973)). Both parties here
wrongly assume that the prima facie case also requires showing that the employer ultimately
hired someone outside the plaintiff’s protected class. Despite some ambiguous Circuit language,
there is no such requirement. See Stella v. Mineta, 284 F.3d 135, 146 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
“[W]here an employee has suffered an adverse employment action and an employer has
asserted a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason” for its decision, however, a court “need not –
and should not –” consider whether the plaintiff has made out a prima facie case under
McDonnell Douglas. Brady, 520 F.3d at 494 (emphasis in original). Rather, a simpler analysis
governs:
[I]n considering an employer’s motion for summary judgment or
judgment as a matter of law in those circumstances, the district
court must resolve one central question: Has the employee
produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the
employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual
reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against
the employee on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national
origin?
Id.; see also Kersey v. WMATA, 586 F.3d 13, 16-17 & nn.1-2 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (same
framework governs claims under Rehabilitation Act).
The resolution of this “one central question” determines the outcome of the
Government’s challenge to Almutairi’s claims respecting his March 2004 application. Before
addressing that, the Court considers Plaintiff’s claims based on his June 2003 application, which
the Government attacks for a host of reasons unrelated to the Brady inquiry.
A. June 2003 Application
As already noted, the parties diverge on what job Almutairi actually applied for in June
2003. The Government maintains that he applied and interviewed not for an IRB position, but
for a POV position – specifically, a technical POV position. Almutairi disagrees, but argues that
9
even if he had applied for a POV position, his discrimination claims would survive. The Court
will first consider the evidence regarding the different jobs. Then, assuming a jury finds he only
applied for a POV position, the Court will sequentially address the hurdles he faces: Almutairi
must show that the POV issue was not raised too late in this suit, that he exhausted his
administrative remedies as to that job, and that the job qualifies for statutory protection.
1. Evidence of Application for IRB Position
Our starting point is whether Almutairi applied for the IRB position. In the current
procedural posture, the Court must avoid determining credibility or weighing evidence, so
Almutairi’s IRB claim survives as long as a reasonable jury could resolve this issue in his favor.
See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249-50, 255.
Although the Government undeniably marshals facts suggesting that Almutairi applied
only for the POV position, two compelling pieces of evidence indicate that he applied for the
IRB job, precluding summary judgment on this point. First, Almutairi has produced a job-
vacancy announcement – “the only announcement for any job in that organization” that he ever
saw, according to Almutairi, and the announcement that he replied to in June 2003. See
Almutairi Dep. at 112:10-21, 116:19-23. It announces a vacant IRB job, not a POV job. See
BBG, Vacancy Announcement at 1. Second, Almutairi offers a declaration from Nasser, who
interviewed Almutairi after his June 2003 application. See Nasser Decl., ¶¶ 7, 9, 15-16. Nasser
believed that Almutairi’s application “was sent directly to human resources,” id., ¶ 15; see also
Almutairi Decl., ¶ 7 – the process for IRB positions, but not for POV positions. See King Dep.
at 32:9-20; BBG, Vacancy Announcement at 6 (directing applications to BBG’s office of
personnel). While Nasser had “assumed” that Almutairi would be classified as a POV if hired,
they never discussed the issue, and Nasser allowed that “[i]t is possible that Mr. Almutairi’s
10
application referenced the IRB position at the time.” Nasser Decl., ¶ 15. Because the evidence
here goes beyond the “conclusory statements” that a court may discount at this stage, cf. Ass’n of
Flight Attendants-CWA, AFL-CIO v. Dep’t of Transp., 564 F.3d 462, 465 (D.C. Cir. 2009), the
Court concludes that there is a genuine factual dispute over whether Almutairi applied for an
IRB position.
There is also a material dispute of fact about whether, assuming Almutairi did apply for a
POV position, he would have been a broadcaster or technical POV. Nassif testified that “Mr.
Almutairi never applied for a broadcasting POV.” Nassif Dep. at 121:11-12. Nasser, on the
other hand, explained that the POVs on his “team” (which would include Almutairi, if hired as a
POV) “prepared and produced news materials and articles by reporting, writing, and editing
stories for publication on the Radio Sawa website.” Nasser Decl., ¶ 6; see also id., ¶¶ 14-15 (“If
he had been hired in this position, Mr. Almutairi would have worked on site, on a full-time basis,
and under my direct supervision.”). The tasks Nasser describes are those of broadcaster POVs,
not technical POVs. See, e.g., Nassif Dep. at 17:15-18:14.
If the case goes to trial and Almutairi prevails, damages will depend on which position
Almutairi actually applied for. Because the evidence here could support a finding that he applied
to work as an IRB, a broadcaster POV, or a technical POV, a jury must resolve the issue.
2. Tardiness of POV Discrimination Claim
The Court next asks whether Almutairi is too late in claiming discrimination for not being
selected for the POV job – in the event a jury were to find that was the job he had applied for.
Although the Government never explicitly objected on this ground, the question is worth
addressing given Almutairi I’s assumption that “Plaintiff does not assert a claim relating to the
POV position in this case.” Almutairi I at 6; see also Opp. at 22-23 (discussing issue).
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Even if it appears nowhere in a complaint, a claim may be raised for the first time in an
opposition to a motion for summary judgment as long as it is “substantially similar” to a claim in
the complaint and will not cause “undue prejudice.” Wiley v. Glassman, 511 F.3d 151, 159
(D.C. Cir. 2007); see also Alley v. Resolution Trust Corp., 984 F.2d 1201, 1208 (D.C. Cir.
1993). As Wright and Miller explain:
The federal rules, and the decisions construing them, evince a
belief that when a party has a valid claim, he should recover on it
regardless of his counsel’s failure to perceive the true basis of the
claim at the pleading stage, provided always that a late shift in the
thrust of the case will not prejudice the other party in maintaining a
defense upon the merits.
5 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1219, at 281-83 (3d
ed. 2004) (footnote omitted).
This Court noted in its previous Opinion that “Plaintiff alleges in his Amended
Complaint that he applied for a GS-12 Arabic IRB Position” in June 2003 – he “does not assert a
claim relating to the POV position in this case.” Almutairi I at 5-6. And, indeed, in opposing the
motion to dismiss at issue in Almutairi I, Almutairi vehemently denied making a discrimination
claim as to the POV position. See Almutairi I Opp. at 20, ECF No. 36 (“In contrast to that web
of shifting and inconsistent justifications, Mr. Almutairi has repeatedly and consistently asserted
that he applied in June 2003 for a permanent position as a GS-12 IRB and not as a POV
contractor.”). Beginning with his surreply in that briefing, however, Almutairi charted an
alternative argument: that even if he had applied for a POV job in June 2003, the failure to hire
him had been discriminatory. See Almutairi I Surreply at 8, ECF No. 49 (“[E]ven if Mr.
Almutairi had applied or was considered only for a POV position, there is at least an issue of fact
at this stage of the proceedings as to whether Mr. Almutairi would have been an employee or an
independent contractor if hired.”); see also Almutairi I at 3 n.1 (noting that Court considered
12
Almutairi’s surreply). In a declaration attached to that surreply, moreover, Almutairi detailed
discovery that he wished to take in order to establish that a POV contractor is an “employee” for
purposes of the discrimination statutes. See Almutairi I Surreply, Exh. 1 (Supp. Rule 56(f) Decl.
of Daniel James McLaughlin) at 2-4. From the record now before the Court, it is clear that he
then sought extensive discovery about POV contractors from the Government.
At least since the surreply preceding Almutairi I, then, the Government has been on
notice that Almutairi would claim in the alternative that his nonselection for the POV job after
his June 2003 application constituted actionable discrimination. To be sure, the better course
would have been for Almutairi to amend his Complaint when he decided to make such a claim.
The Government, however, is not unduly prejudiced by his shift in legal theories. All discovery
took place after Almutairi I. The POV discrimination claim, moreover, is substantially similar to
the IRB discrimination claim in the Amended Complaint. Indeed, the facts are essentially the
same – the same June 2003 application, the same interview with the same people, and the same
decision not to hire him. The claim can thus proceed to face the Government’s arsenal of other
challenges.
3. Exhaustion for POV Position
The Government next asserts that, even if permitted to proceed on his POV claim,
Almutairi failed to administratively exhaust his grievance about that position. An applicant for
federal employment who believes that an agency discriminated against him must consult an
Equal Employment Opportunity Counselor “within 45 days of the date of the matter alleged to
be discriminatory” in order to “try to informally resolve the matter.” 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1);
see also Steele v. Schafer, 535 F.3d 689, 693 (D.C. Cir. 2008). A suit that follows such a
consultation “is limited in scope to claims that are like or reasonably related to the allegations of
13
the charge and growing out of such allegations.” Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 907 (D.C.
Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Wiley, 511 F.3d at 160. In deciding
whether new allegations are “like or reasonably related” to ones made to the agency, the D.C.
Circuit has looked to whether the agency was “put . . . on notice of the matter” and thus given
“an opportunity to resolve [the employee’s] claim administratively before she filed her complaint
in district court.” Weber v. Battista, 494 F.3d 179, 184 (D.C. Cir. 2007); see also Payne v.
Salazar, 619 F.3d 56, 65 (D.C. Cir. 2010). The Seventh Circuit “has held that in order for claims
to be deemed related, the EEOC charge and the complaint must, at a minimum, describe the
same conduct and implicate the same individuals.” Teal v. Potter, 559 F.3d 687, 692 (7th Cir.
2009) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, the Government argues that the complaint with the BBG’s Office of Civil Rights
related only to the IRB job, and thus any challenge to the POV hiring decisions must be
dismissed on exhaustion grounds. Almutairi’s administrative complaint, however, never drew
that firm distinction between the positions and, indeed, never specified any particular job sought.
See Almutairi I Opp., Exh. 12 (Nasser Almutairi, Complaint of Discrimination (Apr. 26, 2004))
at 2 (“For almost a year now, and in good, sincere faith I have tried to get an editorial position
with the IBB (Radio Sawa[)] . . . .”). And the counselor’s report that resulted from that
complaint makes clear that the BBG investigated the general decision not to hire Almutairi. See
Opp., Exh. 17 (Debbie Young, BBG EEO Counselor’s Report (June 4, 2004)) at 3-5. Even that
report reflects early uncertainty about the job Almutairi applied for. See, e.g., id. at 4 (“Ms. King
[Radio Sawa’s personnel specialist] stated that the Complainant might be confused about the
procedures in the processing of outside applications for employment verses [sic] employment as
a Purchase Order Vendor (POV).”). While the discrimination complaint that the BBG later
14
accepted for processing listed the IRB vacancy-announcement number, see Mot., Exh. 1 (Letter
from BBG to Nasser Almutairi (June 17, 2004)), nothing suggests that the BBG investigation
fixated on the IRB position while ignoring the POV position.
The essential facts, moreover, are the same no matter what the position: Almutairi
applied in June 2003; he was interviewed by Nasser; he claims he heard Nassif say, “We don’t
need more people with disabilities here”; he was told in March 2004 that he had not been
selected; and he alleges that the stated reasons for his nonselection were bogus. The BBG had
notice of these facts and was able to investigate the denial of his June 2003 application. Under
D.C. Circuit precedent, Almutairi thus exhausted his discrimination claim arising out of this
application, whatever the position he officially interviewed for.
4. Eligibility of POV Position for Statutory Protection
Moving beyond these procedural hurdles, the Government next argues that a POV is not
an “employee” of the BBG for purposes of Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act. These statutes
allow discrimination suits only by “employees or applicants for employment,” not applicants for
independent-contractor positions. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(a); see 29 U.S.C. § 794a(a)(1); see also
Spirides v. Reinhardt, 613 F.2d 826, 829-30 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (Title VII); Redd v. Summers, 232
F.3d 933, 937 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (Rehabilitation Act). If the jury were to find Plaintiff had applied
for a POV position, the Government posits, this would preclude recovery.
To decide whether someone is an “employee” who can sue the agency or an independent
contractor who should be suing someone else, the D.C. Circuit has – helpfully – come up with a
twelve-factor test. See Spirides, 613 F.2d at 831-32. The “most important factor” is “the extent
of the employer’s right to control the ‘means and manner’ of the worker’s performance.” Id. at
831. The eleven remaining factors fall into four groups:
15
The first we see as comprised of a single factor: (11) the intent of
the parties, primarily as reflected in the contract between the
“contractor” and its “client” (here the Bureau). As the Spirides
court noted, of course, the intent of the parties alone cannot “waive
protections granted to an individual under . . . any act of
Congress.” . . .
The second group of factors can be seen as addressing whether
contracting out work is justifiable as a prudent business decision:
(1) whether supervision of the contractor by the client is required;
(2) whether the contractor’s work does not require special skills;
and (8) whether the work performed by the contractor is an integral
part of the client’s business. An affirmative answer to these
questions may call into question the business bona fides of the
decision to hire an independent contractor, possibly suggesting a
purpose to circumvent rights afforded to employees. . . .
If hiring independent contractors cannot be dismissed as an
implausible business decision, it is sensible to turn to a third group
of factors, which seem to renew the question of the client’s control
over the work (which, we recall, is in a sense the ultimate
determinant): (3) whether the client furnishes the equipment used
and place of work; and (6) the manner in which the work
relationship was terminated. Here the inquiry is whether the
business is exercising a degree of control that seems excessive in
comparison to a reasonable client-contractor relationship in the
same circumstances. . . .
The final group of factors appears to ask whether the
relationship shares attributes commonly found in arrangements
with independent contractors or with employees: (4) the duration
of the engagement; (5) the method of payment; (7) whether annual
leave is afforded; (9) whether the worker accumulates retirement
benefits; and (10) whether the client pays social security taxes.
Employment relationships tend to be longer or at any rate more
likely of indefinite length, to afford annual leave and retirement
payments, and to assign payment of social security taxes to the
employer.
Redd, 232 F.3d at 939-40 (first omission in original).
Citing other D.C. district court cases, the Government preliminarily argues that this Court
may ignore the Spirides factors because those courts have “long and consistently held that POV
positions within the BBG are independent contractors rather than employees.” Mot. at 13 (citing
Khaksari v. Chairman, Broad. Bd. of Governors, 689 F. Supp. 2d 87, 91-92 (D.D.C. 2010);
16
Zhengxing v. Nathanson, 215 F. Supp. 2d 114, 117-20 (D.D.C. 2002); Spirides v. Reinhardt, 486
F. Supp. 685, 687-88 (D.D.C. 1980) (decision after remand)). Of course, these decisions are not
binding here; it is precedent of the Circuit and the Supreme Court that ties this Court’s hands. In
any event, each case that the Government cites applies the Spirides test to reach its answer. POV
jobs, moreover, are not identical (or even, necessarily, similar); each case, in finding the disputed
POV job to be an independent contractor instead of an employee, relied on facts particular to that
position. See, e.g., Khaksari, 689 F. Supp. 2d at 91 (“Khaksari was hired under a POV contract,
based on her specialized language skills, for the purpose of performing translations for the
BBG.”). None of the cases suggests that all BBG POVs are independent contractors. The Court
must thus work through the Spirides factors here.
Unfortunately, the parties have made that task more difficult by failing to brief the proper
questions. The Government disdains (even in its Reply) any discussion of the Spirides factors.
While the Court does not treat the issue as conceded, Plaintiff begins with the advantage: the
Spirides test “calls for application of general principles of law of agency to undisputed or
established facts,” 613 F.2d at 831, and Almutairi is the only party who has matched the Spirides
factors to such facts about a POV job here. Plaintiff, on the other hand, exclusively discusses the
broadcaster POV position. As there is no evidence either way about technical POVs, the Court
must reserve judgment on whether the latter were “employees.” Almutairi has, however,
presented adequate evidence to resolve the status of the former position, relying almost
exclusively on sworn statements by Radio Sawa supervisors.
The most important factor – the employer’s right to control the means and manner of the
worker’s performance – tips in favor of Almutairi. “If an employer has the right to control and
direct the work of an individual, not only as to the result to be achieved, but also as to the details
17
by which that result is achieved, an employer/employee relationship is likely to exist.” Id. at
831-32. Here, there was extensive supervision of the broadcaster POVs – indeed, these POVs
were supervised even more closely than the Agency’s comparable employees, the IRBs. Shift
editors would select stories for the broadcaster POVs, while IRBs had “independent judgment”
to pick their own. See Nassif Dep. at 35:7-36:8, 37:1-12, 38:11-22. Shift editors or IRBs would
edit stories by broadcaster POVs before publication. See id. at 37:13-38:5. Further, apparently
like the IRBs, the work of broadcaster POVs would be reviewed daily. See id. at 36:9-17; see
also Nasser Decl., ¶ 7 (“As supervisor of the website team, I reviewed the work of all of the
broadcasters, writers, and editors (both IRBs and POVs) on a daily basis.”). Radio Sawa, in sum,
pervasively controlled the means and manner of broadcaster POVs’ performance.
Moving to the other Spirides factors, the first group – the intent of the parties – seems to
favor the Government. While the contract is not before the Court, it is clear that at least Radio
Sawa intended for the POVs to be “contractors,” as opposed to permanent IRB employees. See,
e.g., King Decl., ¶ 7. The Redd court noted, however, that the “intent to make the individual an
employee of the client is more likely to prove the relationship than the opposite intent is to
disprove it” because “the intent of the parties alone cannot waive protections granted to an
individual under any act of Congress.” 232 F.3d at 939 (ellipsis and internal quotation marks
omitted). So the intent to make broadcaster POVs contractors proves relatively unimportant in
the overall balancing.
The next group of factors addresses whether contracting work out is a prudent business
decision for the agency. That inquiry looks at whether the position has traits traditionally
associated with independent contractors – minimal supervision, special skills, and work that is
not integral to the employer’s business. Each of those factors cuts against the Government here.
18
As discussed above, the broadcaster POVs essentially do the same things as IRBs – that is, they
write news stories for the news website – with the difference being that they are supervised
slightly more. See Nasser Decl., ¶¶ 4-7; Nassif Dep. at 35:9-38:22. So each factor in the second
group tilts the scales toward Almutairi.
The third group of Spirides factors – how the work relationship is terminated and who
furnishes the equipment and the place of work – swings the focus back to the pivotal issue of
control. As phrased by the D.C. Circuit, this third group may not come into play in cases like
this one where the second group favors the employee. See Redd, 232 F.3d at 939 (“If hiring
independent contractors cannot be dismissed as an implausible business decision, it is sensible to
turn to a third group of factors . . . .”) (emphasis added). Even if these factors should be
considered, however, they prove trivial in this balancing. There is no evidence at all about how
broadcaster POVs are terminated. And while Radio Sawa provided office space and equipment,
see Almutairi Decl., ¶ 10; Nasser Decl., ¶ 14; Opp., Exh. 16 (Dep. of Cheryl J. Nixon) at 84:14-
85:15, the D.C. Circuit has said that such evidence “proves little.” Redd, 232 F.3d at 940.
Finally, the fourth group asks whether the relationship looks more like a typical
arrangement with an independent contractor or with an employee. Once again, Almutairi
presents minimal evidence about key factors like annual leave, benefits, how the broadcaster
POVs are paid, who pays social security taxes, and how long the jobs last. In the Court’s
estimation, however, such facts about the structure of the contract here would not overcome the
pervasive control that Radio Sawa supervisors exercise over the broadcaster POVs. In the final
balancing, the Court thus concludes that the broadcaster POVs are BBG “employees” for
purposes of Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act. Even if Almutairi was rejected for the
broadcaster POV position instead of the IRB position, therefore, the BBG is the proper defendant
19
for his suit. (The Court assumes that the technical POV position would yield a similar analysis,
but as noted at the outset, that question remains open.)
5. Conclusion
The Government’s objections cease there. It neither challenges Almutairi’s prima facie
case for the June 2003 application nor proffers a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for why
the BBG decided not to hire him. The claim that Radio Sawa discriminated on the basis of color,
national origin, and disability when it rejected Almutairi’s June 2003 application can therefore
proceed to trial. One caveat: After browsing the record, the Court has seen little evidence about
what happened to the IRB or POV positions that Almutairi allegedly interviewed for. At trial,
Plaintiff must establish that vacancies actually existed. See Teneyck v. Omni Shoreham Hotel,
365 F.3d 1139, 1152 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (by failing to present evidence of what happened to
position, plaintiff “failed to eliminate one of the most common legitimate nondiscriminatory
reasons for a failure to hire: the absence of a vacancy”).
B. March 2004 Application
Instead of attacking the claims stemming from Almutairi’s March 2004 application with
procedural artillery, the Government offers a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for not hiring
Almutairi: Radio Sawa filled the position with a more qualified candidate, Zahrat Abuzaid. As
mentioned, once an agency offers such an explanation, “the question whether the employee
actually made out a prima facie case is no longer relevant and thus disappears and drops out of
the picture.” Brady, 520 F.3d at 493 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). The “one
central inquiry” becomes “whether the plaintiff produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable
jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual reason and
20
that the employer intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff on a prohibited basis.”
Hamilton v. Geithner, 666 F.3d 1344, 1351 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (citation omitted).
Almutairi’s color and national-origin claims for the March 2004 application stumble out
of the starting blocks because Abuzaid, the candidate actually hired, also has dark skin and is not
Lebanese. See Nassif Dep. at 73:22-74:1; Application of Zahrat Abuzaid for M/P-04-22 at 4.
While a national-origin claim usually focuses on the country discriminated against, in this case
Almutairi has focused on the country discriminated in favor of – specifically, Lebanon. The
BBG Office of Civil Rights described his national-origin complaint as “non-Lebanese.” Letter
from BBG to Almutairi at 1. And throughout his brief, Almutairi points to preferential treatment
of Lebanese people. See, e.g., Opp. at 11, 14-15, 31, 43-44. He gives no reason to think that
Radio Sawa held a particular bias against people from Yemen as opposed to another country
(like Abuzaid’s Sudan). The Court thus agrees that the national-origin allegation is best
categorized as a pro-Lebanese bias. Abuzaid, therefore, falls within the same protected class as
Almutairi for both the color and national-origin claims.
The D.C. Circuit has recognized that “a replacement within the same protected class cuts
strongly against any inference of discrimination.” Murray v. Gilmore, 406 F.3d 708, 715 (D.C.
Cir. 2005). That is because “even if the employee shows that the asserted reason was not the
actual reason for his adverse employment action, he still [has] to demonstrate that the actual
reason was a discriminatory or retaliatory reason.” Gilbert v. Napolitano, 670 F.3d 258, 261
(D.C. Cir. 2012) (citation, brackets, and ellipsis omitted). Proving discrimination to a jury turns
out to be difficult unless “the slot for which he applied went to an applicant outside that class.”
Id.21
This is not to say that showing discrimination is impossible in such circumstances. At
least for some adverse employment actions, the Circuit has recognized that exceptional facts may
still allow a showing of discrimination. See Murray, 406 F.3d at 715 (“This does not mean that a
jury could never infer discrimination where the plaintiff was replaced by a member of the same
protected class. For example, suppose an employer fired ten African-American employees for
pretextual reasons and replaced them with nine whites and one African American. Under these
circumstances, the employee replaced by the African American could most likely survive
summary judgment on a race discrimination claim.”). The failure-to-hire context seems
particularly unlikely to yield a situation where an employer rejects a person on a prohibited basis,
yet hires someone else from the same protected class. If an employer rejects someone because
he has dark skin or because he is not Lebanese, it is hard to imagine the employer simultaneously
filling the spot with someone else with those same scorned characteristics. In any event,
Almutairi has given no explanation of why his case is the exception. The Court concludes here
that, like in Murray, “no reasonable jury could rely on this evidence to infer [color and national-
origin] discrimination.” Id. The Court will therefore grant the Government summary judgment
as to the color and national-origin claims under Title VII related to Almutairi’s March 2004
application.
Abuzaid, however, is not disabled, see Nassif Dep. at 73:22-74:1, so the Rehabilitation
Act claim survives this initial test. The question now becomes whether Almutairi can rebut
Radio Sawa’s qualifications-based explanation and show that a reasonable jury could find that
the Government instead failed to hire Plaintiff because of his disability.
As courts do not “serve as a super-personnel department that reexamines an entity’s
business decisions,” rebutting an employer’s qualifications-based explanation often proves a
22
difficult task. Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 897 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Courts “assume that a reasonable juror who might disagree with the employer’s
decision, but would find the question close, would not usually infer discrimination on the basis
of a comparison of qualifications alone.” Aka, 156 F.3d at 1294. “For this reason, a disparity in
qualifications, standing alone, can support an inference of discrimination only when the
qualifications gap is great enough to be inherently indicative of discrimination – that is, when the
plaintiff is markedly more qualified . . . than the successful candidate.” Hamilton, 666 F.3d at
1352 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, however, the Court need not resolve the parties’ clash over qualifications because
there is other evidence far more indicative of discrimination. The Circuit has “noted many times
before that one way for a plaintiff to show that an adverse employment decision was made for a
discriminatory reason is to show that the nondiscriminatory explanation the defendant proffered
for its decision was false.” Czekalski, 475 F.3d at 366 (internal quotation marks and brackets
omitted). Even apart from false explanations, moreover, “shifting and inconsistent justifications
are probative of pretext.” Geleta v. Gray, 645 F.3d 408, 413 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation
marks omitted). In addition, “independent evidence of discriminatory statements or attitudes on
the part of the employer” can cast doubt on nondiscriminatory explanations. Holcomb, 433 F.3d
at 897.
Besides the qualifications-based explanation, Nassif gave another, more questionable
basis for rejecting Almutairi’s March 2004 application. At a recent deposition, Nassif swore that
two respected Yemeni journalists, Munir Mawari and Wadea Mansour, had questioned the
veracity of Almutairi’s resume and said Almutairi was a bad journalist. See Nassif Dep. at
132:3-134:22, 139:5-141:5. The fact that Nassif’s new explanation emerged so late in the game
23
makes it dubious. In its rejection letter, Radio Sawa told Almutairi that he was “among the best
qualified applicants considered for the position.” Opp., Exh. 27 (Letter from Susan King to
Nasser Almutairi (Mar. 25, 2004)). And in a previous sworn statement, Nassif said Almutairi
was not selected because his “professional broadcasting background was not as varied and
broad” as Abuzaid’s. Nassif EEO Decl. at 4. No mention was made of a fabricated resume.
Mansour, moreover, declared under oath that Nassif’s testimony was “not true” and that he has
“nothing but the highest respect for Mr. Almutairi,” who Mansour believes is “honest and acts
with integrity.” Mansour Decl., ¶¶ 3-4. Almutairi has been unable to track down Mawari to
verify his comments. See Opp. at 40.
The Court, moreover, can also consider the shifting and false explanations that Radio
Sawa gave for its almost-simultaneous rejection of Almutairi’s June 2003 application. See Nat’l
R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113 (2002) (“Nor does [Title VII] bar an
employee from using the prior acts as background evidence in support of a timely claim.”).
Radio Sawa’s first story was that a policy prohibited relatives from working together, and the
employment of Almutairi’s son at the station therefore precluded Almutairi from employment
there. See Almutairi Decl., ¶ 16; Nasser Decl., ¶¶ 18, 21 (“Mr. Nassif explained to me that
Voice of America policies prohibited MERN/Radio Sawa from hiring relatives to work in the
same department or on the same shift.”); Answer, ¶ 20 (admitting that “Mr. Nasser was informed
by Mr. Nassif in relation to Plaintiff’s application to work as a part-time contractor that it was the
policy not to hire relatives to work together on the same shift, if the candidate was otherwise
qualified”). No such policy existed, however. See King Dep. at 47:11-18 (“[T]here is no
prohibition to hire a family member, as long as the – the new person or the old person is not
supervised by one another.”). Even though this explanation apparently came from Nassif, he
24
later admitted that this (imaginary) policy was “not a determining factor . . . [a]t all” in the
decision not to hire Almutairi. Nassif Dep. at 53:2-9.
Nassif subsequently explained that he had actually rejected the June 2003 application
because he thought Almutairi overqualified for a technical POV job. See Nassif Dep. at 57:5-19.
On this point, at least, Almutairi partially agrees. See Opp. at 20 (“The Agency’s assertion that
Mr. Almutairi applied for a part-time Technical POV position defies common sense. There
would be no reason for Mr. Almutairi to apply as a ‘part-time internet technician’ when Mr.
Nasser had encouraged him to apply as a full-time broadcaster, especially given Mr. Almutairi’s
credentials and experience.”). But even crediting that explanation, Nassif further testified that
Nasser had agreed and recommended against hiring Almutairi. See Nassif Dep. at 57:20-58:5.
Nasser contradicts that account in his sworn declaration. See Nasser Decl., ¶¶ 16, 22 (“It
remains my opinion that Mr. Almutairi should and would have been hired, but for Mr. Nassif’s
determination that Voice of America’s anti-nepotism policy precluded it.”).
As if this cascade of shifting and false justifications were not enough, Almutairi attests
that after his interview, he heard Nassif tell Nasser, “‘We don’t need more people with
disabilities here.’” Almutairi Decl., ¶ 11. Contrary to the Government’s suggestion, it makes no
difference that Nassif denied making the statement. The jury, not the judge, determines who is
telling the truth. When heaped on top of the evidence for pretext that Almutairi has already
provided, that discriminatory comment, tied directly to the decision not to hire, makes summary
judgment inappropriate for the Rehabilitation Act claim related to the March 2004 application.
One final note: The Government also asks for summary judgment on the ground that
Almutairi has shown no evidence of a disability. Its request fails. Almutairi can show a
disability if a physical impairment substantially limits his walking and standing. See 29 U.S.C.
25
§ 705(20)(B) (for purposes of 29 U.S.C. §§ 790-794f, “the term ‘individual with a disability’
means . . . any person who has a disability as defined in section 12102 of Title 42”); 42 U.S.C.
§ 12102(1) (“The term ‘disability’ means, with respect to an individual . . . a physical or mental
impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual . . . .”);
42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A) (“For purposes of paragraph (1), major life activities include . . .
walking [and] standing . . . .”). Almutairi’s declaration details his problems walking and
standing, including that he “walk[s] with a pronounced limp,” that he “must use a leg brace or a
cane to stand or walk,” and that he “can only walk approximately five steps without assistance,
after which [he] need[s] to stop and lean against something to rest.” Almutairi Decl., ¶ 2. This
would have been enough if Almutairi had stopped there. Yet he went above and beyond,
providing (under seal) medical reports and letters from doctors substantiating these problems.
See Opp., Exh. 3. Almutairi is obviously disabled under the Act.
IV. Conclusion
For the aforementioned reasons, the Court will grant in part and deny in part Defendants’
Motion for Summary Judgment. A separate Order consistent with this Opinion will be issued
this day.
/s/ James E. Boasberg
JAMES E. BOASBERG
United States District Judge
Date: March 11, 2013
26