Competitive Enterprise Institute v. Office of Science and Technology Policy

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________________________
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Competitive Enterprise Institute, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil No. 14-cv-01806 (APM)
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Office of Science and Technology Policy, )
)
Defendant. )
_________________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I. INTRODUCTION
Starting on January 8, 2014, the White House’s website hosted a video featuring the
Director of the White House Office of Science & Technology Policy (OSTP), Dr. John Holdren,
in which Holdren asserted that there was a growing body of evidence linking the weather
phenomenon known as the “Polar Vortex” to global warming. A blog post on the White House’s
website on that same date made a similar claim. Plaintiff Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI)
thereafter petitioned OSTP under the Information Quality Act to correct the two claims, asserting
that the linkage between the Polar Vortex and global warming—a connection some scientists had
questioned—was dubious. In a letter addressed to CEI dated June 6, 2014, OSTP refused to make
the requested corrections.
CEI then filed a request under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) seeking two
categories of records. First, CEI asked for documents concerning OSTP’s refusal to correct the
claims made in the video and the blog post. Second, CEI sought disclosure of documents relating
to OSTP’s production of the video. OSTP produced some documents with redactions and withheld
others in full. According to OSTP, the redacted and withheld material is subject to the deliberative
process privilege and thus exempt from production under FOIA Exemption 5, 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(b)(5).
Before the court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, along with a request
by Plaintiff for discovery regarding the adequacy of OSTP’s search. For the reasons explained
herein, Defendant’s Motion is granted in part and denied in part and Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion is
granted in part and denied in part.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
1. CEI’s Request for Correction
On January 8, 2014, a video entitled The Polar Vortex Explained in 2 Minutes, featuring
the Director of OSTP, Dr. John P. Holdren, was posted to the White House website. Def.’s Mot.
Summ. J., ECF No. 9 [hereinafter Def.’s Mot.], Exhibits [hereinafter Exs.], ECF No. 9-2, at 2.1 In
that video, Holdren stated that “[a] growing body of evidence suggests that the kind of extreme
cold [, i.e., the Polar Vortex] being experienced by much of the United States as we speak is a
pattern that we can expect to see with increasing frequency as global warming continues.” Id. at
3. That same day, OSTP Senior Communications Advisor and Web Editor Becky Fried wrote a
blog post that featured the video and asserted that “we also know that this week’s cold spell is of
a type there’s reason to believe may become more frequent in a world that’s getting warmer, on
average, because of greenhouse-gas pollution.” Id.Three months later, on April 14, 2014, CEI submitted to OSTP a request for correction of
information under the Information Quality Act (also known as the Data Quality Act) (the “Request
1
For ease of reference, the page citations to the exhibits to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment correspond
to the ECF electronic page numbers and will be cited as “Def.’s Mot., Exs. at #.”
2
for Correction”). Id. at 2-12. CEI is a “public policy research and educational institute in
Washington, D.C., dedicated to opposing overregulation and to promoting economically
sustainable environmental policy.” Compl. ¶ 7. According to CEI, OSTP guidelines “require the
agency to correct any published information that does not meet ‘basic standards of quality,
including objectivity, utility and integrity.’”2
CEI asked OSTP to correct Holdren’s and Fried’s statements positing a connection
between the Polar Vortex and global warming. CEI sought correction of these statements because
“the evidence (including the conclusions of peer-reviewed scholarly articles) indicates that the
kind of extreme cold experienced in the United States this past winter is not linked to global
warming” and that “Holdren’s claim of ‘a growing body of evidence’ is contradicted by peer-
reviewed studies.” Def.’s Mot., Exs. at 3. CEI summarized and cited numerous studies refuting
and criticizing Holdren’s claim, id. at 4-9, and requested that OSTP remove the video and the blog
post from the White House website and also take other corrective measures.
2. OSTP’s Response to CEI’s Request for Correction
On June 6, 2014, Tamara Dickinson, OSTP’s Principal Assistant Director for Environment
and Energy, sent a three-page letter to CEI denying its Request for Correction (the “OSTP Letter”).
Id. at 14-17. The OSTP Letter first acknowledged receipt of CEI’s Request for Correction and
summarized it. Id. at 14. It then summarized Holdren’s statements in the video about the possible
link between the Polar Vortex and global warming and stated that “Dr. Holdren firmly stands by
the integrity and accuracy of his statements in the polar vortex video.” Id. at 15. The OSTP Letter
continued: “The polar vortex video did not claim to present a comprehensive review of the
2
Def.’s Mot., Exs. at 2, n. 3 (citing Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Final
Guidelines for Ensuring the Quality of Disseminated Information (October 1, 2002) available at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsiftes/ostp/ostp-iqg.pdf).
3
scientific literature in its two-minute run time. Nor was it a recitation of relevant scientific
literature that failed to reference contradictory citations. Rather, it was an expression of Holdren’s
personal opinion and expert judgment on the balance of evidence.” Id. (emphasis added). The
OSTP Letter noted that Holdren had used the words “‘I believe’” as “an expression of his expert
judgment and personal opinion.” Id. (emphasis added). It characterized Fried’s blog post the
same way: “Similarly, the blog post by Ms. Becky Fried expressed a viewpoint and opinion using
language including ‘there’s reason to believe.’” Id.The OSTP Letter then informed CEI why its Request for Correction was being denied. The
Letter explained that OSTP’s “Information Quality Guidelines . . . state that opinions and policy
positions are expressly excluded from the legal definition of ‘information,’ and are not subject to
OSTP’s Information Quality Act Guidelines.” Id. It concluded: “Accordingly, OSTP has
determined that the Information Quality Act does not apply to the opinions stated by Dr. Holdren
and Ms. Fried in the polar vortex video and blog post, respectively.” Id.
3. CEI’s Appeal and OSTP’s Denial
On June 19, 2014, CEI submitted an appeal to OSTP’s General Counsel Rachael Leonard,
arguing that Holdren’s and Fried’s statements were facts, not opinions, and thus were
“information” covered by the Information Quality Act. Id. 19-29. Leonard affirmed OSTP’s
decision not to issue a correction. Id. at 31-33. She concurred that the video contained “an
expression of [Holdren’s] expert judgment and personal opinion” and concluded that his
“expression of his opinion is legally determinative here.” Id. at 33. Because “[o]pinions are
expressly excluded from the legal definition of ‘information,’ and therefore are not subject to
correction under the Information Quality Guidelines,” she wrote, OSTP was not legally required
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to correct the Director’s statements. Id. Leonard concluded the same with respect to Fried’s blog
post statement. Id.
4. CEI’s FOIA Request
On June 13, 2014, CEI submitted a FOIA request to OSTP seeking information about
(1) the production of the Polar Vortex video and (2) the OSTP Letter rejecting CEI’s Request for
Correction. Specifically, CEI sought:
(a) All documents referencing or discussing whether the above-quoted claim by
Holdren is, or should be regarded as, the position or view of OSTP, or whether
it is, or should be regarded as, the personal opinion of Holdren.
(b) All documents related to the production of the video. That includes documents
related to its cost of production, what agency resources were used in producing
it, the amount of staff time that was spent producing it, and whose time was
spent producing it.
(c) All documents referencing or discussing whether the above-quoted claim by
Ms. Fried is, or should be regarded as, the position or view of OSTP, or whether
it is, or should be regarded as, the personal opinion of Ms. Fried.
Id. at 39.
OSTP responded to the FOIA request on July 9, 2014. Id. at 46-59. OSTP explained that
it had conducted a search of its records and had located 11 pages responsive to CEI’s request. Id.
at 46. OSTP enclosed those 11 pages, but withheld selected portions of those pages under 5 U.S.C.
§§ 552(b)(5) and (b)(6). Id. at 46-58. Although OSTP’s response did not specify the basis for its
invocation of Exemption 5, it later defended the redactions on the ground that the withheld material
was subject to the deliberative process privilege. Def.’s Mot. at 10-14.
By letter dated August 4, 2014, CEI appealed OSTP’s response to Leonard, arguing that
Defendant had fallen short of its obligations under FOIA to adequately search for and produce
documents in response to CEI’s request. Id. at 61-80. In particular, CEI complained that the
production did not contain any records (1) supporting the cost of producing the video or
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(2) reflecting internal discussions concerning the conclusion that Holdren’s and Fried’s statements
were personal opinions. Id.Leonard agreed that OSTP had conducted an inadequate search. Id. at 78-96. Accordingly,
she ordered the OSTP staff to conduct an additional record search “based on [CEI’s] original”
FOIA request. Id. at 79. After the staff conducted an additional search, Leonard reported that
OSTP did not have any invoices or bills relating to the video’s production. Id. The staff did,
however, locate a copy of the original OSTP Letter, as well as a one-page calendar entry, which
OSTP produced. Id. Finally, the staff identified 47 pages consisting of drafts of the OSTP Letter.
Id. These drafts were “marked with redline edits, track changes, comments and/or notations[.]”
Id. Leonard determined that, although these pages were responsive to CEI’s FOIA request, they
were subject to the deliberative process privilege and therefore exempt from disclosure under
FOIA Exemption 5. Id. She also concluded that there was “no reasonably segregable factual or
non-deliberative information” in those 47 pages. Id.B. Procedural History
On October 29, 2014, CEI filed its complaint in this court seeking declaratory and
injunctive relief against OSTP, claiming primarily that the agency had improperly withheld the
47 draft pages of the OSTP Letter. See generally, Compl., ECF No. 1. On January 23, 2015,
OSTP filed a Motion for Summary Judgment. See generally, Def.’s Mot. OSTP supported its
Motion with a declaration from Rachael Leonard, OSTP’s General Counsel and Chief FOIA
Officer, which included as an attachment a Vaughn Index describing the 11 pages of responsive
records that OSTP had produced but had redacted in part, mainly pursuant to FOIA Exemption 5.3
3
OSTP also redacted certain portions of the 11 pages under FOIA Exemption 6, which shields from disclosure
“personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion
of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Plaintiff does not challenge OSTP’s invocation of that exemption.
See Compl. at 6-8.
6
See Def.’s Mot., Exs. at 82-96 [hereinafter Vaughn Index]. On February 23, 2015, Plaintiff filed
a Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, challenging OSTP’s invocation of Exemption 5 to
withhold responsive material. See Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No 10 [hereinafter Pl.’s
Mot.].
In its Reply, OSTP made an unexpected admission. In its Motion for Summary Judgment,
Leonard had declared that “the 47 [draft] pages [of the OSTP Letter] remained internal to the
Executive Branch,” Def.’s Mot., Decl. of Rachael Leonard [hereinafter Leonard Decl.], ECF No.
9-1, ¶ 26, leaving two distinct impressions: (1) that there were only 47 draft pages of the OSTP
Letter and (2) that only Executive Branch officials had reviewed the draft pages. Those
impressions were, in fact, incorrect. In truth, according to a supplemental declaration submitted
by Leonard, OSTP staff consulted with Holdren after filing its summary judgment motion and
learned that he “had shared one version of the draft response letter with Dr. Jennifer Francis, a
professor at Rutgers University. . . . Dr. Francis then returned the five-page draft to Dr. Holdren
with edits and comments” (the “Francis Draft”). Def.’s Reply, Suppl. Decl. of Rachael Leonard
[hereinafter Suppl. Leonard Decl.], ECF No. 12-1, ¶¶ 7, 8. Even though Dr. Francis was not
employed by the Executive Branch, OSTP nevertheless claimed that it was entitled to withhold
the Francis Draft under the consultant corollary to the deliberative process privilege. Def.’s Reply
at 6-8.
Plaintiff, for its part, vigorously contested OSTP’s attempt to apply the consultant
corollary. Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 14 at 5. Additionally, Plaintiff asserted that, in light of OSTP’s
belated disclosure of the Francis Draft, it should be entitled to discover “whether OSTP [had]
conducted an adequate search for all responsive documents, whether the relationship between
Jennifer Francis and OSTP Director Holdren qualified her as an agency consultant for purposes of
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the consultant corollary . . . and whether the remaining drafts withheld truly did remain internal to
the Executive Branch.” Id. at 23-24.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that a court shall grant summary judgment “if
the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). To make this determination, the court
must review all “evidence . . . in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 245 n.2 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” only if a reasonable
fact-finder could find for the nonmoving party, while a fact is “material” only if it is capable of
affecting the outcome of litigation. Id. at 248-49. A non-material factual dispute is insufficient to
prevent the court from granting summary judgment. Id. at 249.
Most FOIA cases are appropriately decided on motions for summary judgment. See
Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009). A court may
award summary judgment in a FOIA case by relying on the information included in the agency’s
affidavits or declarations if they are “relatively detailed and non-conclusory,” SafeCard Servs.,
Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted),
and if they describe “the documents and the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably
specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed
exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of
agency bad faith,” Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
“Unlike the review of other agency action that must be upheld if supported by substantial
evidence and not arbitrary or capricious, the FOIA expressly places the burden ‘on the agency to
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sustain its action’ and directs the district courts to ‘determine the matter de novo.’” DOJ v.
Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. 749, 755 (1989) (quoting 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(4)(B)). To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, an agency must demonstrate that
“each document that falls within the class requested either has been produced, is unidentifiable, or
is wholly [or partially] exempt from the Act’s inspection requirements.” Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d
339, 352 (D.C. Cir. 1978); see also Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828,
833 (D.C. Cir. 2001).
B. Exemption 5 and the Deliberative Process Privilege
Under FOIA Exemption 5, an agency may withhold “inter-agency or intra-agency
memorandums or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in
litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). To fall within Exemption 5, the document must
satisfy two conditions: (1) “its source must be a Government agency[,]” and (2) “it must fall within
the ambit of a privilege against discovery under judicial standards that would govern litigation
against the agency that holds it.” Dep’t of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532
U.S. 1, 8 (2001).
The deliberative process privilege is among the privileges covered by Exemption 5. That
privilege shields from disclosure “all papers which reflect the agency’s group thinking in the
process of working out its policy and determining what its law shall be.” Arthur Andersen & Co.
v. IRS, 679 F.2d 254, 257 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). To
determine whether a document is covered by the privilege, courts look to two factors. First, courts
ask whether the document is “predecisional,” that is, “whether it was generated before the adoption
of an agency policy.” Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 866 (D.C. Cir.
1980). And, second, courts ask whether the document is “deliberative,” meaning “whether it
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reflects the give-and-take of the consultative process.” Id. As with all FOIA Exemptions, an
agency invoking Exemption 5 bears the burden of establishing that it applies. Access Reports v.
DOJ, 926 F.2d 1192, 1195 (D.C. Cir. 1991).
1. Drafts of the OSTP Letter
The court first addresses whether the 47 pages of drafts of the OSTP Letter were properly
withheld under the deliberative process privilege. OSTP claims that these pages are “predecisional
inasmuch as they were generated to assist the Agency in preparing its final response to CEI’s
request” and “deliberative in that they reflect edits, comments and advice related to the content of
that response.” Def.’s Mot. at 11-12. According to declarations submitted by Rachael Leonard,
the 47 pages were drafts “of the final OSTP Data Quality Act response provided to CEI . . . [which]
remained internal to the Executive Branch. In these 47 pages, OSTP staff were engaged in
deliberative conversations and edits in order to help formulate OSTP’s response to CEI’s Request
for Correction.” Leonard Decl. ¶¶ 26-27. Moreover, “[a]ll 47 pages were marked DRAFT when
created, and several pages contain draft edits, including redlines and comment bubbles from OSTP
staff.” Id. In her supplemental declaration, Leonard identified each OSTP staff member who
reviewed at least one draft version of the Letter: “Holdren, OSTP’s Principal Assistant Director
for Environment and Energy, OSTP’s Chief of Staff, two career attorneys at OSTP, and two OSTP
communications staff.” Suppl. Leonard Decl. ¶ 4.
The Court of Appeals has recognized that drafts can be subject to the deliberative process
privilege, and thus exempt from FOIA disclosure, if the drafts are both deliberative and
predecisional. In Russell v. Department of the Air Force, the Court considered whether the
privilege applied to a draft manuscript of an Air Force historical document discussing the use of
Agent Orange and other herbicides during the Vietnam War. 682 F.2d 1045 (D.C. Cir. 1982). The
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draft manuscript, “which emerged from the [Office of Air Force History’s (OAFH)] editorial
review process, constitute[d] the Air Force’s official statement concerning the history of herbicide
use in the Vietnam conflict.” Id. at 1048. The Court of Appeals found that the draft manuscript
was “the product of creative debate and candid consideration of the alternatives within the Air
Force” as well as other agencies with which it consulted. Id. If the draft was disclosed to the
public, the Court feared that its authors in the future would be “less inclined to state their own
interpretations candidly.” Id. Disclosing the draft might also confuse the public, the Court
explained, because the public could mistakenly interpret the views within a draft as the views of
the agency. Id. at 1048-49. And, because the only difference between the final document and the
draft—the deletion of 20 pages—would reveal what material made the final cut and what was
edited out, the Court of Appeals was concerned that disclosure would contravene the purpose of
Exemption 5 to “prevent such disrobing of an agency decision-maker’s judgment.” Id. at 1049.
For these reasons, the Court of Appeals affirmed the withholding of the draft sought in that case.
In Dudman Communications Corporation v. Department of the Air Force, the Court of
Appeals applied Russell to another draft OAFH document. See 815 F.2d 1565 (D.C. Cir. 1987).
The Court held that the risks identified in Russell—that the “disclosure of editorial judgments”
would “stifle the creative thinking and candid exchange of ideas necessary to produce good
historical work”—are present even when the public cannot “segregate and specifically identify
editorial changes.” Id. at 1569. As the Court explained, “[t]he danger of ‘chilling’ arises from
disclosure that the Air Force as an institution made changes in a draft at some point[—]not from
disclosure that particular Air Force employees at particular stages in the editorial process made
such changes.” Id. (emphasis added). The Court held, therefore, that the draft at issue in that case
“falls within Exemption 5 as clearly as did the draft in Russell.” Id.; accord Arthur Anderson &
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Co., 679 F.2d at 259 (holding that drafts of IRS Revenue Ruling and accompanying notes are
protected by the deliberative process privilege); Pies v. IRS, 668 F.2d 1350, 1354 (D.C. Cir. 1981)
(holding that draft proposed regulations and related documents that were never subjected to final
review were predecisional and thus exempt under Exemption 5).
Following Russell and Dudman, courts in this District have held, in many instances, that
drafts are protected by the deliberative process privilege. See, e.g., Elec. Privacy Info. Cntr. v.
DHS, 928 F. Supp. 2d 139, 151-52 (D.D.C. 2013) (deeming numerous draft documents to be
protected under the deliberative process privilege and rejecting plaintiff’s assertion that to protect
a “draft” document, an agency must identify a corresponding final document); ViroPharma Inc. v.
DHS, 839 F. Supp. 2d 184, 193 (D.D.C. 2012) (holding that various draft documents were properly
withheld by the FDA because “[t]he choice of what factual material and prior final agency opinions
to include or remove during the drafting process is itself often part of the deliberative process, and
thus is properly exempt under Exemption 5”) (emphasis added); Techserve Alliance v. Napolitano,
803 F. Supp. 2d 16, 28 (D.D.C. 2011) (holding that a draft of the Office of the Inspector General’s
review of the Benefit Fraud Referral Process containing predecisional commentary was protected
by the deliberative process privilege); Goodrich Corp. v. EPA, 593 F. Supp. 2d 184, 189 (D.D.C.
2009) (holding that EPA was permitted to withhold the factual content and data contained within
a draft model under Exemption 5 because “evolving iterations of the model’s inputs and calibration
reflect the opinions of the staff currently developing the model, which may not represent EPA’s
ultimate opinions relating to these matters”; “[E]ven if the data plugged into the model is itself
purely factual, the selection and calibration of data is part of the deliberative process to which
Exemption 5 applies.”); Reliant Energy Power Generation, Inc. v. FERC, 520 F. Supp. 2d 194,
206 (D.D.C. 2007) (drafts of FERC report reflecting staff’s thoughts during the process of
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determining whether alleged market abuses caused the California energy crisis were protected by
the deliberative process privilege).
Applying the foregoing decisions, the court finds that the 47 draft pages of the OSTP Letter
were covered by the deliberative process privilege and thus properly withheld from production
under Exemption 5. The drafts plainly were predecisional—they preceded in time the final version
of OSTP Letter. And they were deliberative—they reflect the opinions, reactions, and comments
of OSTP employees to the OSTP Letter. See Coastal States Gas Corp., 617 F.2d at 866 (describing
as “deliberative” documents that “reflect[] the give-and-take of the consultative process” and
stating that the “exemption thus covers recommendations, draft documents, proposals,
suggestions, and other subjective documents which reflect personal opinions of the writer rather
than the policy of the agency”) (emphasis added). Moreover, the same concerns over disclosure
that animated Russell and Dudman—stifling creative thinking, confusing the public, and
“disrobing the agency decision maker’s judgment”—apply equally here. Court-ordered disclosure
of the 47 pages unquestionably would have a chilling effect on the free exchange of ideas and
viewpoints that the deliberative process privilege is meant to encourage and protect.
Plaintiff raises a handful of arguments to contest application of the deliberative process
privilege to the 47 draft pages. First, Plaintiff argues that the privilege does not apply because the
drafts do not “relate to developing agency policies or regulations[; rather, the] documents . . . relate
merely to a video that OSTP claimed was just the ‘personal opinion’ of its staff and not the agency
itself.” Pl.’s Mot. at 9. Plaintiff’s argument correctly frames the law, but misapplies it to the facts
at issue. It is true that, for the privilege to apply, “the document [at issue] must be a direct part of
the deliberative process in that it makes recommendations or expresses opinions on legal or policy
matters.” Vaughn v. Rosen, 523 F.2d 1136, 1143-44 (D.C. Cir. 1975); see also Petroleum
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Information Corp. v. Dep’t of Interior, 976 F.2d 1429, 1435 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (stating that the
deliberative process privilege “is centrally concerned with protecting the process by which policy
is formulated”). In other words, “[t]he privilege does not protect a document which is merely
peripheral to actual policy formation.” Ethyl Corp. v. EPA, 25 F.3d 1241, 1248 (4th Cir. 1994).
But the drafts at issue here are not “merely peripheral” to a legal or policy matter. On the
contrary, they relate directly to a legal matter. The OSTP Letter expressed OSTP’s legal position
on whether the Information Quality Act and implementing guidelines required it to correct
statements made in the Polar Vortex video and in the related blog post. Def.’s Mot., Exs. at 15
(“On this legal basis, OSTP denies your request for information correction under the Information
Quality Act.”) (emphasis added). Thus, Plaintiff mischaracterizes the OSTP Letter when it asserts
that the Letter simply concerns Holdren’s “‘personal opinion’ unconnected to agency policy
formulation.” Pl.’s Mot. at 12. And, although the agency came to the conclusion that the views
expressed by Holdren and Fried were expressions of their personal opinions rather than of agency
policy, the process by which the agency arrived at that legal conclusion is protected.
Next, Plaintiff argues that the agency failed to meet its burden to demonstrate that the
privilege applies, because it failed to specify the individuals who “received, reviewed or authored”
the drafts and failed to explain “what their respective positions are in the decisional hierarchy.”
See Pl.’s Reply at 11-15. The court disagrees. There is no categorical rule that an agency must
provide such detail to assert the deliberative process privilege. It is true that the lack of such
information may, in some cases, prevent a court from making a privilege determination. See, e.g.,
Ethyl Corp., 25 F.3d at 1250 (holding that because the agency did not identify the authors or
recipients, the court could not identify those “persons’ relationships to the decisionmaking
process”); Center for Biological Diversity v. Gutierrez, 451 F. Supp. 2d 57, 68 (D.D.C. 2006)
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(holding that, because the agency did not identify senders and recipients, the court could not
determine whether the withheld documents were “part of a clear process leading to a . . . decision”
(internal quotation marks omitted)). But the absence of such detail is not necessarily fatal. What
is essential is that an agency provide information sufficient to allow a court to determine that the
document is part of a deliberative process. See, e.g., SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1204 (stating
that “to carry its burden, the agency must describe not only the contents of the document, but also
enough about its context, viz. the agency’s decisionmaking process”).
Here, OSTP has met its burden. In her Supplemental Declaration, Leonard identified the
OSTP staff members who reviewed the drafts. They included “Holdren, OSTP’s Principal
Assistant Director for Environment and Energy, OSTP’s Chief of Staff, two career attorneys at
OSTP, and two OSTP communications staff.” Supp. Leonard Decl. ¶ 4. OSTP also consulted
with three Office of Management and Budget (OMB) staff members—one of whom provided
written comments—“to confirm that OSTP was correctly interpreting and applying OMB’s . . .
Information Quality Act guidelines.” Id. ¶ 5. The court agrees that Defendant could have provided
a more fulsome explanation of the drafting process, for example, by distinguishing between who
authored the original draft and who made edits or comments and by specifying the dates on which
those edits and comments were made. But the information OSTP provided is sufficient. It
identified the positions of the OSTP employees who reviewed and commented on the OSTP Letter.
From that information, the court readily can infer that the drafts were “part of the process by which
[OSTP] came to [its] final decision.” Abtew v. DHS, 808 F.3d 895, 899 (D.C. Cir. 2015).
Finally, Plaintiff argues that, even if portions of the drafts are exempt from disclosure, the
drafts in their entirety cannot be withheld because much of the OSTP Letter includes recitations
of historical facts, such as what Holdren said in the video, that are “reasonably segregable.”
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5 U.S.C. § 552(b); see also Pl.’s Mot. at 17. The court disagrees. The Court of Appeals recently
rejected a similar argument that factual material in a draft was reasonably segregable: “Our cases
have made clear that a draft agency history may not be dissected by the courts in the manner
suggested by” the plaintiff. National Sec. Archive v. CIA, 752 F.3d 460, 465 (D.C. Cir. 2014)
(citing Dudman, 815 F.2d at 1568-69; Russell, 682 F.2d at 1048-49). The Court explained that,
“[i]n producing a draft agency history, the writer necessarily must ‘cull the relevant documents,
extract pertinent facts, organize them to suit a specific purpose,’ and ‘identify the significant
issues.’” Id. (quoting Mapother v. DOJ, 3 F.3d 1533, 1538 (D.C. Cir. 1993)).
The drafts of the three-page OSTP Letter are obviously far less robust than an agency
history. But some of the same concerns with respect to segregability identified in National Security
Archive are applicable here. The deliberative process privilege protects not only the content of
drafts, but also the drafting process itself. See National Sec. Archive, 752 F.3d at 465; Dudman,
815 F.2d at 1569; see also Marzen v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 825 F.2d 1148, 1155 (7th
Cir. 1987) (stating that the “exemption protects not only the opinion, comments and
recommendations in the draft but also the process itself”). The 47 pages at issue here consisted of
10 different drafts of the OSTP Letter, reviewed by seven different people within OSTP.
Suppl. Leonard Decl. ¶ 3. Any effort to segregate the “factual” portions of the drafts, as distinct
from their “deliberative” portions, would run the risk of revealing “editorial judgments—for
example, decisions to insert or delete material or to change a draft’s focus or emphasis.” Dudman,
815 F.2d at 1569. Such differences easily could be discerned by comparing the final letter with an
earlier version. Accordingly, because even disclosure of the factual material in the OSTP Letter,
and nothing more, could reveal judgments made during the drafting process itself, the court will
not order disclosure of any portion of the drafts.
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2. The Consultant Corollary
The court turns next to the five draft pages of the OSTP Letter that Holdren shared with
Dr. Francis, a Rutgers University professor. OSTP insists that those five pages are subject to the
deliberative process privilege under the “consultant corollary” and thus are exempt from
disclosure. Def.’s Reply at 6-8.
Consistent with the statutory text, the Supreme Court has emphasized that to qualify for
protection under Exemption 5 “the communication must be ‘inter-agency or intra-agency.’” Dep’t
of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 9 (2001) (quoting 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(b)(5)). Our Court of Appeals, however, has recognized that protection under Exemption 5
can extend to some communications between agency employees and outside consultants. As the
Court of Appeals explained in Public Citizen v. Department of Justice: “[R]ecords of
communications between an agency and outside consultants qualify as intra-agency for purposes
of Exemption 5 if they have been created for the purpose of aiding the agency’s deliberative
process.” 111 F.3d at 170 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see
also Ryan v. DOJ, 617 F.2d 781, 789-90 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (“When an agency record is submitted
by outside consultants as part of the deliberative process, and it was solicited by the agency, we
find it entirely reasonable to deem the resulting document to be an ‘intra-agency’ memorandum.”).
Under what has come to be known as the “consultant corollary,” it is “‘irrelevant’ whether the
author of the document is ‘a regular agency employee or a temporary consultant.’” Public Citizen,
111 F.3d at 170 (quoting Formaldehyde Inst. v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 889 F.2d 1118,
1122 (D.C. Cir. 1989)).
In Klamath, the Supreme Court observed that a number of circuits, including ours, have
recognized the “consultant corollary.” 532 U.S. at 9. Without passing on the validity of the
17
exception itself, the Court held that it did not apply to communications exchanged between the
Bureau of Indian Affairs and certain Indian Tribes regarding the allocation of water rights. The
Court explained that in the lower court cases recognizing the corollary, “the consultant does not
represent an interest of its own . . . when it advises the agency that hires it. Its only obligations are
to truth and its sense of what good judgment calls for, and in those respects the consultant functions
just as an employee would be expected to do.” Id. at 10-11. Because the Tribes communicated
“with the Bureau [of Indian Affairs] with their own, albeit entirely legitimate, interests in mind,”
the Court held that their communications did not fall within the corollary. Id. at 12. The Court
added, “[w]hile this fact alone distinguishes tribal communications from the consultants’ examples
recognized by several Courts of Appeals, the distinction is even sharper, in that the Tribes are self-
advocates at the expense of others seeking benefits inadequate to satisfy everyone.” Id.Since Klamath, the Court of Appeals has continued to recognize the consultant corollary
in cases where the consultants were deemed not be advocating their own interests. See, e.g., Nat’l
Inst. of Military Justice v. DOD, 512 F.3d 677, 683 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (“Unlike the Indian tribes in
Klamath, the [consultants] had no individual interests to promote in their submissions[.]”);
McKinley v. Bd. of Governors of the Federal Reserve Sys., 647 F.3d 331, 337-38 (D.C. Cir. 2011)
(“Unlike the Indian tribes, the FRBNY [did] not represent an interest of its own, or the interest of
any other client, when it advise[d] the [Board]” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
OSTP asserts that the consultant corollary applies here because “Dr. Holdren sought advice
from Professor Francis because she is an expert on the climate-change issues raised by CEI’s
Request for Correction and the Response the Agency was in the process of drafting.” Def.’s Reply
at 8 (citing Leonard Supp. Decl. ¶ 8). Unlike the Indian Tribes in Klamath, OSTP argues,
18
Dr. Francis was “not advancing her own interests or seeking a government benefit.” Def.’s Reply
at 8.
In the court’s view, the issue is not so clear cut. Whether a person is self-interested in a
particular situation is not a binary question. Rather, self-interest exists on a spectrum, with altruism
at one end and greed or avarice on the other. The point at which selflessness passes into self-
interest is not demarcated by a bright line. Here, OSTP offers little more than bald assertions to
support Dr. Francis’ purported lack of self-interest in commenting on the OSTP Letter. According
to Leonard, “Dr. Francis has published numerous articles concerning climate science and weather
patterns in peer-reviewed journals. Holdren shared one draft response with Dr. Francis to seek her
outside technical expertise related to the polar vortex.” Leonard Supp. Decl. ¶ 8 (citation omitted).
Leonard then states in conclusory terms that “Dr. Francis effectively functioned as an agency
employee, providing advice to OSTP similar to what Holdren would have sought and received
from an OSTP agency employee. In addition, Dr. Francis operated as a technical science expert
solely on OSTP’s behalf, not advancing her own interests or seeking government benefit.” Id.Leonard offers no other details about the “consultancy” that Dr. Francis provided to Holdren. She
does not explain why Holdren needed to confer with Dr. Francis about the OSTP Letter; to what
portions of the letter Dr. Francis contributed her “technical science” expertise about the Polar
Vortex; or to what extent Dr. Francis has conferred with Holdren and OSTP in the past about
scientific or other issues.
Against this skeletal record, Plaintiff has amassed convincing evidence, without the benefit
of discovery and based solely on the public record, showing that Dr. Francis’ consultancy was not
as selfless as OSTP would have the court believe. Dr. Francis is not just any climate scientist.
As Plaintiff states, she is the “originator and chief proponent” of the theory that “global warming
19
is leading to more severe winter cold.” Pl.’s Reply at 5. Dr. Francis’ research is the “growing
body of evidence” that Holdren touted in his video, the very reference that Plaintiff sought to have
OSTP correct. According to various news articles cited by Plaintiff, the theory linking extreme
cold events to global warming was “first proposed” by “Jennifer Francis and her collaborators”4
and is described as “her theory.”5 Further, she is considered to be its most-known proponent.6
These articles also highlight that other climate scientists have questioned Francis’ theory, see id.
at 7, n. 19, and that she has staunchly defended it, see id. at 6-7 & n. 26. Moreover, Dr. Francis is
the recipient of federal research grants “[i]nvestigating the link between a warming Artic and
weather patterns in the continental United States.” Id. at 7, n.28.
None of the foregoing should be interpreted as a criticism of Dr. Francis. Nor should it be
interpreted as the court taking a position in the debate that her theory has provoked. That is not
the court’s purpose. Rather, the court recites the foregoing because it clearly shows that, at a
minimum, Dr. Francis had a professional and reputational stake in OSTP’s decision to reject
Plaintiff’s request to correct Holdren’s and Fried’s statements, which endorsed her climate theory.
A government consultant, of course, is permitted to have a point of view. See Klamath, 532 U.S.
at 10 (observing that “nor do we read the cases [applying the consultant corollary] as necessarily
assuming that an outside consultant must be devoid of a definite point of view when the agency
4
Pl.’s Reply at 7 (citing Jason Samenow, Scientists: Don’t make “extreme cold” centerpiece of global warming
argument: Climate scientists are pushing back against the notion global warming could mean more extreme cold,
Wash. Post (Feb. 20, 2014) (Jennifer Francis “first proposed” the hypothesis that “global warming [is] the culprit for
bone-chilling cold.”) (in Westlaw at 2014 WLNR 4759052).
5
Pl.’s Reply at 8 (citing Seth Borenstein, Scientists: Americans Are Becoming Weather Wimps, Pittsburgh Post-
Gazette, Jan. 14, 2014, at A2 (“Her theory… says melting Arctic sea ice [caused by global warming] is changing polar
weather.”) (available in Westlaw at 2014 WLNR 936324); Why Global Warming Does Not Necessarily Result in
Warmer Winter, The Economist, March 4, 2015 (citing her “controversial” theory that there is “a connection between
climate change and colder winters.”).
6
Pl.’s Reply at 8 (citing Amy Ellis Nutt, The 100+ Club: The Most Influential People in New Jersey , Star-Ledger,
June 1, 2014, at M27 (describing Francis as “one of the leading researchers into how climate-induced alterations of
the jet stream may be causing persistent extreme weather.”) (in Westlaw at 2014 WLNR 14892397).
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contracts for its services”). But here, Dr. Francis cannot be likened to a government employee
whose “only obligations are to truth and its sense of what good judgment calls for[.]” Id. at 10-
11. A decision by OSTP to correct Holdren’s and Fried’s statements would have been contrary to
Dr. Francis’ self-interest. Indeed, such an action likely would have been perceived as a rebuke of
her climate theory. Thus, Dr. Francis was not “enough like the agency’s own personnel to justify
calling [her] communications ‘intra-agency.’” Klamath, 532 U.S. at 12; see also People for the
Am. Way Found. v. Dep’t of Educ., 516 F. Supp. 2d 28, 39-40 (D.D.C. 2007) (holding that
contractors who have an interest in being awarded a subsequent contract did not fall under the
corollary).
Critical to the court’s conclusion is the context in which Dr. Francis consulted with
Holdren. See SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1204 (stating that the agency must present facts about
both the “content[]” and “context” of the document). Dr. Francis did not deliver her advice in this
case to assist OSTP with forming a policy position on the claimed connection between the Polar
Vortex and global warming. Instead, the letter that Dr. Francis reviewed concerned OSTP’s legal
response to a demand for correction made under Information Quality Act. Indeed, having carefully
read the final OSTP letter, the court is left wondering what aspect of the draft letter required
Dr. Francis’ expertise either on climate science generally or the Polar Vortex in particular. The
overwhelming majority of the OSTP Letter (1) repeats the content of CEI’s Request for Correction
and (2) reiterates Holdren’s remarks in the Polar Vortex video, before ultimately concluding that
the views expressed by Holdren and Fried are their personal opinions and therefore are not subject
to the Information Quality Act. Def.’s Mot., Exs. at 14-16. Nothing apparent on the face of the
final letter would have demanded Dr. Francis’ “technical expertise related to the polar vortex.”
See Leonard Supp. Decl. ¶ 8. Admittedly, Dr. Francis could have proposed or commented on text
21
that ultimately was cut from the final version, which might have required her technical expertise.
But, if that is the case, OSTP bore the burden of making such information known to the court. See
SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1204. It has offered nothing of the sort.
The court therefore rejects Defendant’s attempt to apply the consultant corollary in this
case and finds that the five draft pages shared with Dr. Francis are not covered by the deliberative
process privilege and cannot be withheld under Exemption 5. Those pages must be disclosed to
Plaintiff.
3. Email Communications
Turning now to the 11 pages of emails produced to Plaintiff, the court ordered that those
pages be produced in camera. See Minute Order, December 15, 2015. Based on a review of those
pages, as well as OSTP’s Vaughn Index, the court concludes that OSTP has failed to demonstrate
that the deliberative process privilege applies to the withheld material.
As explained earlier, the deliberative process privilege “is centrally concerned with
protecting the process by which policy is formulated.” Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435.
Generally speaking, the emails concern discussions within OSTP regarding the production of the
Holdren video. See generally, Vaughn Index at 83-86. But the video, and withheld
communications about it, do not concern an OSTP policy position. Rather, when OSTP rejected
Plaintiff’s request for correction, it explained that the video’s statements were “an expression of
Dr. Holdren’s personal opinion.” Def.’s Mot., Exs. at 15. If the video was an expression only of
Holdren’s personal opinion, then it follows that internal communications about the video cannot
be part of a process of formulating agency policy. The court’s review of the emails confirms that
conclusion. Accordingly, OSTP will be ordered to produce in full the 11 pages of emails, except
for those portions protected by Exemption 6. See n. 3, supra.
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C. Plaintiff’s Request for Discovery
In its final submission to this court, Plaintiff asked to take discovery based on “OSTP’s
tardy admission” that it had submitted an inaccurate declaration in support of its motion for
summary judgment and had “overlooked” a draft that had been shared outside the government.
Pl.’s Reply at 23. Permitting discovery, Plaintiff argues, would shed light on “whether OSTP
conducted an adequate search for all responsive documents” and “whether the remaining drafts
withheld truly did remain internal to the Executive Branch.” Id. at 23-24.
Discovery in FOIA cases is rare. Schrecker v. DOJ, 217 F. Supp. 2d 29, 35 (D.D.C. 2002),
aff’d, 349 F.3d 657 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Agency affidavits must be accorded a “presumption of good
faith, which cannot be rebutted by purely speculative claims about the existence and
discoverability of other documents.” SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1200 (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted). Courts must deny requests for discovery “where an agency’s declarations are
reasonably detailed, submitted in good faith, and the court is satisfied that no factual dispute
remains.” Schrecker, 217 F. Supp. 2d at 35.
Applying these principles, the court holds that OSTP’s correction of the record does not
warrant the limited discovery sought in this case. Although the initial Leonard Declaration
contained a significant error—asserting that none of the drafts were shared outside the Executive
Branch—mistakes alone do not imply bad faith. See Fischer v. DOJ, 723 F. Supp. 2d 104, 109
(D.D.C. 2010) (“To be sure, defendant has not performed its duties under FOIA perfectly, but
error-free performance is not required.”). “[T]he agency’s cooperative behavior of notifying the
court and plaintiff that it had discovered a mistake, if anything, shows good faith.” Fischer, 723
F. Supp. 2d at 109. Here, the Supplemental Leonard Declaration explains to the court’s satisfaction
23
why the draft shared with Dr. Francis was not discovered earlier. Supp. Leonard Decl. ¶¶ 6-7.
Thus, discovery is not warranted on the ground that OSTP has acted in bad faith.
Nor has Plaintiff shown through evidence that there is a factual dispute about the existence
of other drafts that were shared outside the Executive Branch. Rather, Plaintiff merely speculates
that such other drafts might exist because of the late disclosure of the draft shared with Dr. Francis.
But speculation that other documents might exist is not enough to overcome the good faith
presumption that must be accorded to agency affidavits, even those that admit error. See SafeCard,
926 F.2d at 1200. Plaintiff’s request for discovery is therefore denied.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Defendant’s Motion is granted in part and denied in part,
and Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion is granted in part and denied in part. A separate Order accompanies
this Memorandum Opinion.
Dated: February 10, 2016 Amit P. Mehta
United States District Judge
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