Washburn v. Court Ordered Benefits Section

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
CHOO WASHBURN,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 21-1281 (TJK)
U.S. OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAG-
MENT,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff sued the Office of Personnel Management, seeking to redirect federal-retirement-
benefit payments linked to her ex-husband’s federal service that it is paying to her court-appointed
guardian. But Congress has vested the exclusive power to decide such issues in other adjudicative
bodies. So the Court must dismiss most of her claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. To
the extent the Court has jurisdiction, it will dismiss her complaint for failing to state a claim.
I. Background
A. Factual Background
Plaintiff alleges that the Office of Personnel Management (“OPM”) has failed to pay her
benefits correctly. See ECF No. 27 (“Compl.”) at 5–12. She says her former husband, a retired
federal employee, has benefits payable under the Civil Service Retirement System, Compl. at 6,
and that she is entitled to roughly a third of those benefits, Compl. at 5. But OPM, she explains,
is paying her share of those benefits to a person named Robert McCarthy instead. Compl. at 5–6.
She attributes those payments to computer hack, for which she says OPM is responsible. 1 See
Compl. at 6. She asks the Court for a writ of mandamus compelling OPM to pay the annuity to
her. See Compl. at 10–11.
But Plaintiff acknowledges that McCarthy is a court-appointed guardian of her property.
See Compl. at 17 ¶ 19, 40 ¶ 9. A Maryland state court imposed that guardianship on Plaintiff after
concluding that she was “unable to manage her property and affairs effectively.” Washburn v.
McCarthy, No. 20-37, 2021 WL 4477449, at *1 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Sept. 30, 2021) (quotation
omitted). Plaintiff considers that order “absolutely WRONG.” Compl. at 17 ¶ 19.
Plaintiff further asserts entitlement to health-insurance coverage under a federal plan. See
Compl. at 21–23. She also claims that she is owed another type of benefits, in part because her
former husband did not disclose them during their divorce proceedings. See Compl. at 23–25.
Finally, Plaintiff has corresponded several times with OPM about her claims. See Compl.
at 15, 17, 19–22, 24. At first, she says it paid her benefits appropriately under what Plaintiff
describes as OPM’s decision on her approved application. Compl. at 19–20. It is thus possible to
construe her claims against OPM as being based on the agency’s mistake, inadvertence, or failure
to consider her position. But OPM says it has now rendered a final decision on her requests, insofar
as they are within the agency’s power. ECF No. 48-1 ¶ 4. OPM has concluded that it must pay
benefits owed to Plaintiff to McCarthy as her representative payee under the guardianship order of
the Maryland state court. ECF No. 48-2 at 6.
1
Specifically, she believes her former husband hacked her annuity account. See Compl. at 14
¶¶ 7–9. She faults OPM for failing to investigate her claim once she brought it to the agency’s
attention. See ECF No. 28 at 4–5.
2
B. Procedural History
Plaintiff sued what she called the “Court Ordered Benefits Section” of OPM, asking for an
order compelling the agency to record the disputed annuity as belonging to her and to make its
payments directly to her. See ECF No. 1 at 2–4. She also requested orders directing other pay-
ments to her and directing the conversion of assets managed by McCarthy into other forms. See
id. at 4–8. Plaintiff originally obtained a Clerk’s Entry of Default, ECF No. 13, but that default
was vacated with Plaintiff’s consent after OPM appeared. See ECF Nos. 22–24; Min. Order of
June 1, 2022. OPM moved to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, ECF No. 25, and
Plaintiff amended her complaint in response, ECF No. 27. Because Plaintiff had the right to amend
her pleading under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1)(B), the Court denied OPM’s first motion to dismiss as
moot. Min. Order of June 14, 2022.
Plaintiff then moved to “withdraw” part of her prior filings and to substitute new legal
authorities in place of those already asserted. ECF No. 28. The Court construes that motion as
one for further amendments of Plaintiff’s complaint. The same day, Plaintiff filed another motion
to “attach” various portions of her original complaint to her then-operative complaint, ECF No. 29,
which the Court also construes as a motion to amend her complaint.
OPM reasserted its motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. ECF No. 31.
It contends that the Civil Service Reform Act (“CSRA”) divests this Court of jurisdiction in favor
of an exhaustive administrative remedial scheme. See ECF No. 31-1 at 10–13. It also noted that—
at that time—it had not yet “rendered a final decision” on Plaintiff’s requests. Id. at 13–14. Plain-
tiff responded to that motion in part by moving for summary judgment. ECF No. 39. She also
again asked to amend her operative complaint by appending some materials she had already filed.
See ECF No. 40.
3
During further briefing on those motions, OPM notified the Court that it had rendered a
final decision on Plaintiff’s requests before the agency. ECF No. 48 at 9; see also ECF Nos. 48–1,
48-2. Seemingly based on that representation, Plaintiff moved to amend her complaint once more
to add claims arising from what she calls OPM’s false statements that it had rendered a final deci-
sion against her. See ECF No. 52 at 1–2.
II. Legal Standards
Under Rule 12(b)(1), Plaintiff has the burden to establish the Court’s subject-matter juris-
diction. DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 342 (2006). That burden includes the
obligation to “establish by a preponderance of the evidence” that a jurisdiction-stripping statute,
such as the CSRA, does not preclude the Court’s consideration of the case. See Martin v. EPA,
271 F. Supp. 2d 38, 43 (D.D.C. 2002). In evaluating its jurisdiction at the pleading stage, the Court
generally should “assume the truth of all material factual allegations in the complaint
and . . . grant[ Plaintiff] the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.”
Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). That is
particularly true here because Plaintiff proceeds pro se; the Court must “liberally construe[ ]” her
filings and hold her to a “less stringent standard.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007).
But she still has the burden to prove subject-matter jurisdiction. Bickford v. United States, 808 F.
Supp. 2d 175, 179 (D.D.C. 2011). In evaluating whether she has met that burden, the Court may
consider the allegations in her complaint, the undisputed facts in the record, and, if necessary, its
resolution of disputed facts. Coal. for Underground Expansion v. Mineta, 333 F.3d 193, 198 (D.C.
Cir. 2003).
To the extent the Court has subject-matter jurisdiction, the question is whether Plaintiff has
stated a claim for which relief may be granted. OPM has not moved to dismiss on that basis, so
the ordinary standard under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) does not apply. See Baker
4
v. Director, 916 F.2d 725, 726–27 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (per curiam). Still, after “taking all the material
allegations of the complaint as admitted and construing them in [Plaintiff’s] favor” the Court can
dismiss a complaint sua sponte. Turan Petroleum, Inc. v. Ministry of Oil and Gas, 406 F. Supp.
3d 1, 4 n.1 (D.D.C. 2019) (quotation omitted). Sua sponte dismissal is appropriate if it is “patently
obvious” that Plaintiff cannot “prevail[ ] on the facts alleged in [her] complaint.” Baker, 916 F.2d
at 727. That is so “when the established law plainly prohibits this kind of suit.” Jefferies v. District
of Columbia, 916 F. Supp. 2d 42, 47 (D.D.C. 2013).
III. Analysis
Plaintiffs’ filings are hard to decipher. She mentions several legal authorities, but their
relationship to her claims is often unclear. Because she proceeds pro se, the Court will do its best
to “infer the claims made wherever possible,” seeking to identify “all possible legal theories that
could apply.” Davis v. United States, 973 F. Supp. 2d 23, 26 (D.D.C. 2014). Moreover, the Court
will consider the material in all of Plaintiff’s filings, including her various amendment motions, in
deciding whether she has established jurisdiction or stated a claim, not just that in her complaint.
See Watson v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth., 249 F. Supp. 3d 462, 464 (D.D.C. 2017); Brown v.
Whole Foods Mkt. Grp., Inc., 789 F.3d 146, 152 (D.C. Cir. 2015).
A. To the Extent Plaintiff Seeks to Compel a Decision, Her Claim is Moot
This Court’s power to decide an issue depends on whether there is a “live” dispute in which
the parties retain a “legally cognizable interest.” See Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 721,
726–27 (2013) (quoting Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 481 (1982) (per curiam)). The dispute
must remain live “at all stages of review, not merely at the time the complaint is filed.” Arizonans
for Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 67 (1997) (quotation omitted). If a claim becomes
“moot because it no longer presents a live controversy, the court lacks jurisdiction to entertain the
claim, and must dismiss it.” Han v. Lynch, 223 F. Supp. 3d 95, 105 (D.D.C. 2016).
5
In very limited circumstances, federal courts have mandamus authority to order agencies
to render a final decision. See generally Telecomms. Rsch. & Action Ctr. v. FCC, 750 F.2d 70,
79–81 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Perhaps Plaintiff means to invoke that authority because she asks, several
times, for various mandamus orders and appears to dispute that the agency has rendered a final
decision against her. See, e.g., Compl. at 10–11; ECF No. 39 at 12 ¶ 6; ECF No. 52 at 1–2. So
construed, Plaintiff’s claim is that OPM has unreasonably delayed in acting on the information she
presented to it. See, e.g., Arab v. Blinken, 600 F. Supp. 3d 59, 68–72 (D.D.C. 2022) (applying the
standard for unreasonable-delay claims “under both the Mandamus Act and the [Administrative
Procedure Act]”).
But any such claim is now moot because OPM has rendered a final decision. 2 An unrea-
sonable-delay claim does not survive the issuance of the decision whose delay was challenged.
See, e.g., Potomac Elec. Power Co. v. ICC, 702 F.2d 1026, 1035 (D.C. Cir. 1983); Martin v.
O’Rourke, 891 F.3d 1338, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Laguatan v. Lacey, No. 99-5001, 1999 WL
504927, at *1 (D.C. Cir. June 23, 1999); Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Kempthorne, 489 F. Supp.
2d 293, 296–97 (D.D.C. 2007). The Court can no longer provide “effective relief”—even if it ever
2
Insofar as Plaintiff disputes the existence of a final agency decision, see ECF No. 52 at 1–2, the
court resolves that dispute by finding that the agency has issued a final decision. A copy of its
ruling is in the record, ECF No. 48-2, and it is explicitly a “final decision,” id. at 7, that contains
instructions for appealing the decision before the Merit Systems Protection Board, id. at 8–16. An
agency official has also declared that the decision is final. ECF No. 48-1 ¶ 4. Neither Plaintiff
nor OPM has given the Court any reason to think that OPM will take further action on her requests.
Moreover, “if subject-matter jurisdiction turns on contested facts, the trial judge may . . . review
the evidence and resolve the dispute.” Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006). The
Court resolves this dispute, if there is one, because its subject-matter jurisdiction depends on a
contested fact.
6
could—and so it must dismiss Plaintiff’s claim insofar as it seeks a final decision. See Ctr. for
Biological Diversity, 489 F. Supp. 2d at 297. 3
B. The CSRA Divests The Court of Jurisdiction Over Plaintiff’s Statutory Claims
Plaintiff’s core demand is that OPM begin paying her former husband’s annuity to her
instead of McCarthy. Ancillary to that demand are her claims related to other benefits, such as
health insurance, and McCarthy’s management of her other assets. See Compl. at 5–6, 21–25;
ECF No. 1 at 4–8. OPM notes that it has no control over several of those desired actions, see, e.g.,
ECF No. 48 at 6, 10, but its larger point is that this Court lacks jurisdiction to consider Plaintiff’s
claims because Congress has vested review over those sorts of claims elsewhere, see ECF No. 31-1
at 10–13. The Court agrees. 4
For actions within its purview, the CSRA “removes the jurisdiction given to the federal
courts” by the federal-question statute. See Whitman v. Dep’t of Transp., 547 U.S. 512, 514 (2006)
(per curiam). The CSRA “comprehensively overhauled the civil service system.” Lindahl v.
OPM, 470 U.S. 768, 773 (1985). The act created the Merit Systems Protection Board (“MSPB”),
a “quasi-judicial agency” that adjudicates some civil-service-related disputes. See Zummer v. Sal-
let, 37 F.4th 996, 1003 (5th Cir. 2022) (citing Lindahl, 470 U.S. at 773–74). In doing so, the act
3
The Court does not suggest that it had subject-matter jurisdiction over this aspect of Plaintiff’s
claim before it became moot. When a court “has no present or future jurisdiction over agency
actions assigned by statute to . . . review [elsewhere,] it can contemplate no jurisdiction that man-
damus might aid.” Telecomms. Rsch. & Action Ctr., 750 F.2d at 77. In other words, this Court
could not order OPM to render a final decision if it would not have jurisdiction to review the
decision itself. See McReady v. Breeden, No. 90-338 (JHG), 1991 WL 255590, at *8 (D.D.C. Nov.
14, 1991).
4
To the extent Plaintiff opposes the Maryland state court’s appointment of McCarthy as her guard-
ian, the Court lacks jurisdiction because it cannot “review judicial decisions by state . . . courts.”
Richardson v. D.C. Court of Appeals, 83 F.3d 1513, 1514 (D.C. Cir. 1996); see also United States
v. Choi, 818 F. Supp. 2d 79, 85 (D.D.C. 2011) (District courts “generally lack[ ] appellate juris-
diction over other judicial bodies . . . .”).
7
“centralized adjudication of those disputes and replaced a ‘patchwork’ system that was ‘lengthy,’
‘complicated,’ and heterogenous.” Id. (quoting United States v. Fausto, 484 U.S. 439, 444–45
(1988)). In that centralized system, OPM decides benefit claims, the MSPB reviews those deci-
sions, and aggrieved parties may obtain judicial review of MSPB decision in the Federal Circuit.
See Fornaro v. James, 416 F.3d 63, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2005).
That review scheme is exclusive, as the D.C. Circuit has repeatedly confirmed. E.g., For-
naro, 416 F.3d at 67; Carducci v. Regan, 714 F.2d 171, 173–75 (D.C. Cir. 1983); Graham v.
Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 931, 933– 35 (D.C. Cir. 2004). That exclusivity applies “in a variety of con-
texts.” Fornaro, 416 F.3d at 67. And the unavailability of relief for statutory claims does not alter
that conclusion. See Carducci, 714 F.2d at 174. In other words, “what you get under the CSRA
is what you get.” Fornaro, 416 F.3d at 67.
Those principles foreclose the Court’s jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s statutory claims. Plain-
tiff claims OPM must pay her directly under 5 U.S.C. § 8345(j)(1)(A). OPM has decided it must
pay her benefits, to the extent they are within its power, to McCarthy under id. § 8345(e)(1). 5 That
decision is reviewable by the MSPB under id. §§ 8347(d)(1), 8461(e)(1). A final decision of that
body is judicially reviewable by the Federal Circuit. Id. § 7703(b)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9).
This Court may not upset “the CSRA regime’s exclusivity for individual benefits determinations.”
Fornaro, 416 F.3d at 405.
5
“Payment due . . . an individual mentally incompetent or under other legal disability, may be
made to the person . . . who is constituted guardian or other fiduciary by the law of the State of
residence of the claimant or is otherwise legally vested with the care of the claimant or his estate.”
When a guardianship has been imposed by a court, OPM’s regulations provide that the agency will
make payments to the guardian until it receives “[a] certified copy of a court order restoring the
annuitant’s rights.” 5 C.F.R. § 849.602(b).
8
Plaintiff’s invocation of other statutes changes nothing. She references the Administrative
Procedure Act (“APA”), the Privacy Act of 1974, and the Mandamus Act, but in doing so, she
walks well-trodden ground. This Court has recognized before that the APA does not “open the
district court’s door” if the challenged action is covered by the CSRA. Esparraguera v. Dep’t of
the Army, No. 21-CV-421, 2022 WL 873513, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 24, 2022). The same is true for
the Privacy Act, see Kleinman v. Department of Energy, 956 F.2d 335, 338 (D.C. Cir. 1992), and
the Mandamus Act, see Carson v. U.S. Office of Special Counsel, 514 F. Supp. 2d 54, 57–58
(D.D.C. 2007).
Plaintiff must seek review of OPM’s payment decisions in the MSPB or not at all. See
5 U.S.C. § 8461(e)(1). This Court lacks jurisdiction over her statutory claims, and so it will dis-
miss them. Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 514.
C. To the Extent Plaintiff Asserts a Due-Process Violation, It Is Patently Obvious
She Has Not Stated a Claim
But Plaintiff also references her right to due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amend-
ments. See ECF No. 27 at 20 ¶ 32; ECF No. 28 at 2. 6 If she means to assert a constitutional claim
under a due-process theory, the Court has jurisdiction. But she has not stated such a claim.
The Court has jurisdiction over her due-process claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. The MSPB
and, by extension, the Federal Circuit, lack jurisdiction to hear constitutional due-process claims
in this posture. See Esparraguera, 2022 WL 873513, at *3–4 (citing Coleman v. Napolitano, 65
F. Supp. 3d 99, 105 (D.D.C. 2014)). And the Supreme Court has explained that a statute wrests
other federal courts’ jurisdiction to hear constitutional claims only if Congress’s intent to do so is
clearly expressed in the statute’s text. See Elgin v. Dep’t of the Treasury, 567 U.S. 1, 9 (2012).
6
Because Plaintiff has sued a federal agency, the Court construes this claim as having been brought
only under the Fifth Amendment. See Trazell v. Wilmers, 975 F. Supp. 2d 133, 142 (D.D.C. 2013).
9
That is because of the “‘serious constitutional question’ that would arise if a federal statute were
construed to deny any judicial forum for a colorable constitutional claim.” Id. (quoting Webster
v. Doe, 486 U.S. 592, 603 (1988)). Courts in this district, including this Court, have “determined
that the CSRA lacks the sort of heightened showing of congressional intent that would prohibit
judicial review of constitutional claims.” Esparraguera, 2022 WL 873513, at *4. Thus, it does
not preclude this Court from reviewing any due-process claim that Plaintiff asserts. 7
The elements of a due-process claim are: “(i) deprivation of a protected liberty interest or
property interest; (ii) by the government; (iii) without the process that is ‘due’ under the Fifth
Amendment.” N.B. ex rel. Peacock v. District of Columbia, 794 F.3d 31, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2015). The
first element is a threshold question. The Court must find “the deprivation of a protected interest”
before it can ask whether the “government’s procedures comport with due process.” Gen. Elec.
Co. v. Jackson, 610 F.3d 110, 117 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted and alteration adopted).
Plaintiff’s allegations patently fail to cross the threshold. She does not allege that OPM
has deprived her of the annuity without an appropriate process; she says it is making the payments
for her benefit to a person that she acknowledges has been appointed by a court as a guardian of
7
It is no jurisdictional problem that Plaintiff seeks monetary relief. A federal agency is immune
from suit, a jurisdictional defect, unless Congress says otherwise. See Loeffler v. Frank, 486 U.S.
549, 554–55 (1988); FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 475 (1994). So the Court’s power to hear
Plaintiff’s due-process claim depends on whether Congress has waived OPM’s sovereign immun-
ity. See United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983). In the APA, Congress waived agen-
cies’ sovereign immunity for claims seeking “relief other than money damages.” 5 U.S.C. § 702.
That waiver “applies to any suit whether under the APA or not.” Chamber of Commerce of the
U.S. v. Reich, 74 F.3d 1322, 1328 (D.C. Cir. 1996). And although Plaintiff seeks money, that does
not mean she seeks money damages. In this Circuit, “money damages” under the APA means
“compensatory relief”—not “specific relief,” regardless of its form. Md. Dep’t of Hum. Res. v.
HHS, 763 F.2d 1441, 1447–48 (D.C. Cir. 1985). In other words, the APA’s waiver of sovereign
immunity applies to claims asserting “specific legal entitlement to particular monies.” McKoy v.
Spencer, 271 F. Supp. 3d 25, 33 (D.D.C. 2017). That is the nature of Plaintiff’s claim; she says
she has a right to receive payments from a particular annuity. See Compl. at 20–21 ¶ 32.
10
her property. See Compl. at 6, 17 ¶ 19, 40 ¶ 9. A deprivation of property occurs when a person is
stripped of its “possession, use[,] or enjoyment.” 8 But in Maryland, a court-appointed guardian
steps into the protected person’s shoes to obtain title to “all property . . . that is held at the time of
appointment or acquired later.” See Md. Est. & Trusts Code § 13-206(c)(1)(i). And Plaintiff’s
property interest in the annuity is “defined by” Maryland law. See Bd. of Regents of State Colls.
v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972); Compl. at 19–20 ¶¶ 26–29. 9 In other words, the substance of
her right to possess, use, or enjoy those funds is Maryland’s to decide, and it has given control to
McCarthy.
Because McCarthy acts on Plaintiff’s behalf under Maryland law, OPM’s entrusting her
property to him does not strip Plaintiff of her possession, use, or enjoyment of it. That is because
any shortcomings she identifies in her control over the funds preceded and exist independently of
the federal procedures she challenges. 10 Although a state’s property-right determination is also
subject to the federal guarantee of “constitutionally adequate procedures,” see Cleveland Board of
Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 541 (1985), this Court lacks jurisdiction to consider
8
See Chrysler Corp. v. Fedders Corp., 670 F.2d 1316, 1319 (3d Cir. 1982); see also United States
v. TWP 17 R 4, Certain Real Prop. in Me., 970 F.2d 984, 990 (1st Cir. 1992); Reardon v. United
States, 947 F.2d 1509, 1518–19 (1st Cir. 1991).
9
Federal law provides only that annuity payments that “would otherwise be made” to a person
because of his federal “service . . . shall be paid . . . by [OPM] to another person if and to the extent
expressly provided for in the terms of—(A) any court decree of divorce, annulment, or legal sep-
aration, or the terms of any court order or court-approved property settlement agreement incident
to any court decree of divorce, annulment, or legal separation; or (B) any court order or other
similar process in the nature of garnishment for the enforcement of [some] judgment[s] rendered
against [the annuitant].” 5 U.S.C. § 8345(j)(1). That language creates no justified “expectation”
of receiving any property apart from an independent justification provided by state law. See Roth,
408 U.S. at 577.
10
A different situation would be presented if Plaintiff claimed that the state court had not, in fact,
appointed a guardian and challenged OPM’s procedures for determining whether one had been
appointed. But that is not Plaintiff’s claim. See Compl. at 17 ¶ 19, 40 ¶ 9.
11
whether Maryland’s procedures were constitutionally adequate, supra note 4, so it can inquire no
further. In this posture, her lack of direct control over the funds is part of her substantive property
right, not a procedure within this Court’s jurisdiction.
Because Plaintiff has not alleged that OPM “deprived” her of “property,” U.S. Const.
amend. V, it is “patently obvious” that she cannot prevail on a due-process claim. See Baker, 916
F.2d at 727. The D.C. Circuit has repeatedly held that alleging the deprivation of a protected
interest, such as property, is a required element of a due-process claim. See, e.g., Gen. Elec. Co.,
610 F.3d at 117. Thus, “established law plainly prohibits” her claim, Jefferies, 916 F. Supp. 2d
at 47, and the Court will dismiss it sua sponte. Moreover, because Plaintiff appears pro se, the
Court has already considered the materials presented in her various amendment motions in reach-
ing that conclusion, so it will deny those motions as futile. See Singletary v. Howard Univ., 939
F.3d 287, 295 (D.C. Cir. 2019). And the Court will not permit further amendment because new
allegations consistent with those pleaded could not alter the Court’s conclusions. See Firestone v.
Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1209 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (per curiam).
IV. Conclusion
For all the above reasons, the Court will grant Defendant’s motion and dismiss the case in
part for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and in remaining part for failure to state a claim. A
separate order will issue.
/s/ Timothy J. Kelly
TIMOTHY J. KELLY
United States District Judge
Date: March 11, 2023
12