United States v. Hopkins

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES,
V. ) Criminal No. 13-CR-00109 (ESH)
TREVOR HOPKINS,
Defendant. )
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Defendant Trevor Hopkins, proceeding pro se, has filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
2255 to vacate, set aside or correct his sentence based on his claims of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel and sentencing error. (See Mot. Under § 2255 at 4 [ECF 167].) For the
reasons stated herein, the petition will be denied.
BACKGROUND
Hopkins was originally sentenced by this Court on December 12, 2013, to a term of 80
months’ imprisonment following his guilty plea to a charge of interference with commerce by
threat or violence, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1951. He appealed, and the Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia remanded the case to this Court for re-sentencing in consideration of the
potential application of sentencing entrapment. See United States v. McKeever, 824 F.3d 1113,
11125 (D.C. Cir. 2016). On remand, this Court concluded that while sentencing entrapment did
not apply, it would vary downward and reduce Hopkins’ sentence to 72 months’ imprisonment,
because although Hopkins was “perfectly comfortable with the idea of using weapons,” it was
nevertheless “[t]he police [who] brought up the weapons.” (See Jan. 4, 2017 Sent. Tr. at 69:22—
70:6 [ECF 160].)
Again, Hopkins appealed. The Court of Appeals denied his appeal on March 14, 2018,
concluding that (1) the Court “clearly understood the difference between sentencing entrapment
and sentencing manipulation,” and applied that understanding in varying downward by less than
the “gun bump”; (2) Hopkins’ unpreserved claim regarding the Court’s explanation of its
sentencing choice failed, because he had not shown any error in the Court’s explanation, let
alone plain error; and (3) the 72-month sentence was not an abuse of the Court’s discretion. See
United States v. Hopkins, 715 F. App’x 20 (D.C. Cir. 2018).
Hopkins filed the instant motion pro se on October 11, 2019, claiming that his sentence
should be vacated because his appellate attorney “did not raise sentencing entrapment properly,”
and because the Court did not grant him a sufficiently large downward variance in light of the
sentencing entrapment. (See Mot. to Vacate at 4 [ECF 167].) On November 7, 2019, the Court
requested that the United States respond to Hopkins’ motion, which it did on December 2, 2019.
(See Gov’t Resp. [ECF 169].)
ANALYSIS!
I. Ineffective Assistance
A habeas petitioner such as Hopkins “may bring a claim of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel in federal district court.” Peete v. United States, 942 F. Supp. 2d 51, 53
(D.D.C. 2013). To analyze such a claim in an appellate context the Court uses the formula
articulated in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), which the Supreme Court has more
recently articulated as requiring a petitioner show: (1) “his counsel was objectively unreasonable
' At the outset, the government argues that, as Hopkins filed his motion more than one year after
his conviction was final, it is untimely and should be dismissed on that ground alone. (See Gov’t
Resp. at 5 [ECF 169].) As discussed below, the Court concludes that the arguments made in
Hopkins’ motion are meritless or otherwise procedurally barred, and thus it need not consider
time limitations under § 2255.
... in failing to find arguable issues to appeal,” and (2) “a reasonable probability that . . . he
would have prevailed on his appeal” but for his counsel’s conduct. Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S.
259, 285 (2000).
Here, Hopkins claims his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to properly raise
sentencing entrapment on appeal. (See Mot. at 4.) The Court disagrees. Hopkins’ counsel did
not fail to raise sentencing entrapment; to the contrary, she argued that sentencing entrapment
applied in Hopkins’ case and that this Court failed to appropriately apply the Circuit’s mandate
in not reducing his sentence further. See, e.g., App. Br. at 18-19, D.C. Cir. Docket No. 17-3003
(Sept. 18, 2017) (“In light of the state of the record, the district court’s findings of fact, and the
law of the Circuit on sentencing entrapment, appellant asks this Court to remand the cause to the
district court with instructions to impose a sentence in the range of 46-57 months.”). The Court
of Appeals rejected this argument. See Hopkins, 715 F. App’x at 21 (“While the District Court
ruled that Hopkins had failed to establish sentencing entrapment, . . . it did find that the
government’s conduct constituted sentencing manipulation, and accordingly granted Hopkins’s
request for a variance by sentencing him as if his Guidelines range had been enhanced by three
levels rather than five.”). As a result, the Court concludes that Hopkins has failed to
demonstrative constitutionally ineffective conduct, as is required under Strickland. See Peete,
942 F. Supp. 2d at 54 (rejecting habeas claim for ineffective assistance when appellate counsel
explicitly addressed the argument with which petitioner took issue).
Il. Sentencing Error
Hopkins next argues that his motion should be granted because “law enforcement
provided guns to [him],” and thus “a five[-]level downward variance equivalent to the gun bump
is warranted.” (See Mot. at 4.) The Court of Appeals has already considered and rejected this
argument. See Hopkins, 715 F. App’x at 21 (upholding new sentence while noting that this
Court “expressly considered sentencing entrapment .. . [and] clearly understood the difference
between sentencing entrapment and sentencing manipulation”); see also id. at 22 (concluding
that this Court’s decision to sentence Hopkins to 72 months’ imprisonment was not substantively
unreasonable). “[C]laims that were already raised and rejected on direct appellate review will
not be entertained on a § 2255 motion absent extraordinary circumstances... .” United States v.
Palmer, 902 F. Supp. 2d 1, 16 (D.D.C. 2012) (citing United States v. Greene, 834 F.2d 1067,
1070 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). Hopkins has not provided the Court with any such extraordinary
circumstance, nor can the Court discern one. As a result, Hopkins’ argument regarding this
Court’s decisions that sentencing entrapment did not apply and only a smaller downward
variance was warranted are procedurally barred.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, and for the reasons stated above, the Court will deny Hopkins’ § 2255
motion. A separate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
ELLEN S. HUVELLE
United States District Judge
Date: February 7, 2020