Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
LAWRENCE BELKIN, Individually, )
and as next of kin of Gail Belkin, )
)
Plaintiff, )
) Civil Action No. 06-0711 (PLF)
v. )
)
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
____________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Pending before this Court is Plaintiff Lawrence Belkin’s Motion to Renew
Judgment and Points and Authorities in Support (“Mot. to Renew”) [Dkt. No. 34]. Mr. Belkin
moves to renew his judgment against the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iran’s Ministry of
Information and Security, pursuant to Rule 69(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28
U.S.C. § 1962, and D.C. Code § 15-103. Mot. to Renew at 1.
On October 9, 2009, Mr. Belkin was awarded compensatory damages of
$10,000,000 for solatium, wrongful death damages of $380,558, and prejudgment interest of
$8,145,205. Judgment [Dkt. No. 27]. He contends that this Judgment has not been released,
paid, or otherwise discharged by defendants despite proper notice of the Complaint and
Judgment. Id. at ¶ 5. Mr. Belkin’s motion is unopposed by defendants, who have remained in
default at all times in this proceeding and have thus far failed to appear or respond in any
terrorism case in this district for over twenty years. Id. at ¶¶ 6-7. For the reasons that follow, the
Court will grant Mr. Belkin’s motion to renew the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2006, Mr. Belkin brought an action under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities
Act (“FSIA”) against the defendants. Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d
at 11. Under the FSIA, foreign states are immune from suits in United States courts subject to
certain statutory exceptions to immunity for certain categories of cases. Id. at 18. The “state-
sponsored terrorism” exception, set forth at 28 U.S.C. § 1605A, “remove[s] a foreign state’s
immunity from suits for money damages brought in U.S. courts where plaintiffs seek damages
against the foreign state for personal injury or death caused by ‘an act of torture, extrajudicial
killing, aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or the provision of material support or resources’ for
such an act if such act or provision of material support ‘is engaged in by an official, employee, or
agent of such foreign state while acting within the scope of his or her office, employment or
agency.’” Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d at 18 (quoting 28 U.S.C. §
1605A(a)(1)) (citing Estate of Heiser v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 466 F. Supp. 2d 229, 304
(D.D.C. 2006)). In order to subject a foreign sovereign to suit under Section 1605A, a plaintiff
must show that: “(1) the foreign sovereign was designated by the State Department as a ‘state
sponsor of terrorism’ when the acts occurred and remains so designated when the matter was
refiled, 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(2)(A)(i)(I); (2) that the victim or claimant was a U.S. national at
the time the acts took place, see 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I); and (3) that the foreign
sovereign engaged in conduct that falls within the ambit of the statute. 28 U.S.C. §
1605A(a)(1).” Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d at 19. The Court determined
that each requirement was met in this case and that it had subject matter jurisdiction. Id.
On July 27, 2007, Mr. Belkin moved for default judgment under Rule 55 of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d at 11-12;
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see Fed. R. Civ. P. 55. “In an action over which subject matter jurisdiction exists by virtue of the
‘terrorism exception’ of 28 U.S.C. § 1605A, ‘[n]o judgment by default shall be entered by a
court of the United States . . . unless the claimant establishes his claim or right to relief by
evidence satisfactory to the court.’” Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d at 20
(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1608(e)) (citing Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 333 F.3d 228, 232-33
(D.C. Cir. 2003)). In the present case, the Court accepted and credited the uncontested evidence
and testimony submitted by Mr. Belkin as true, determining that “[n]ot only have the defendants
in this action not objected to such evidence or even appeared to contest it, but the Court finds the
evidence submitted by plaintiff to be relevant and highly probative of the claims
asserted.” Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d at 20.
On October 9, 2009, following defendants’ default for failing to respond and the
subsequent presentation of evidence in support of Mr. Belkin’s claims that was satisfactory to the
Court, the Court entered a default judgment. Judgment; see Belkin v. Islamic Republic of
Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d at 24-25. On April 6, 2020, Mr. Belkin filed a motion with this Court
seeking the revival of his judgment against defendants. See Mot. to Renew.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
The life of a judgment issued by a federal district court is determined by the
law of the state jurisdiction wherein the federal court is located. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 69(a)(1);
Kutsushi v. Gov’t of D.C., Civil Action No. 05-814, 2018 WL 8261145, at *1 (D.D.C.
May 1, 2018). Under District of Columbia law, final judgments of the United States
District Court for the District of Columbia are enforceable for a period of twelve years. D.C.
Code § 15-101; see Blackman v. District of Columbia, 239 F. Supp. 3d 22, 23 (D.D.C. 2017)
(citing Mayo v. Mayo, 508 A.2d 114, 115 (D.C. 1986)). A court may issue an order of revival
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“during the period of twelve years . . . from the date of [the] order, extend[ing] the effect and
operation of the judgment or decree . . . for a period of twelve years from the date of the
order.” D.C. Code § 15-103; see Kutsushi v. Gov’t of D.C., 2018 WL 8261145, at *1;
Order, Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran, Civil Action No. 01-2094 (D.D.C. June 4, 2019),
[Dkt. No. 589] (granting motion to revive plaintiff’s default judgment); Order Granting Motion
for Renewal of Judgment, Flatow v. Islamic Republic of Iran, Civil Action No. 97-396 (D.D.C.
Mar. 3, 2010), [Dkt. No. 187] (same).
If the revival motion is timely, “[t]he D.C. Court of Appeals has stated that courts
should grant an order of revival if the defendant offers ‘no other defense or cause why the
judgment should not be revived.’” Blackman v. District of Columbia, 239 F. Supp. 3d at 24
(quoting Nat’l Bank of Wash. v. Carr, 829 A.2d 942, 945 (D.C. 2003)).
While service of a motion on every party is normally required under Rule 5(a) of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(a)(1)(D), if there is a party in default for
failing to appear, the service requirement is waived unless a new claim for relief has been
asserted against such a party, Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(a)(2) (“No service is required on a party who is in
default for failing to appear. But a pleading that asserts a new claim for relief against such a
party must be served on that party . . . .”); see Barry v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 437 F.
Supp. 3d 15, 41 n.31 (D.D.C. 2020) (“As relevant here, Rule 5 states that ‘no service is required
on a party who is in default for failing to appear.’ Defendant Iran has not appeared in this suit,
and the Clerk of the Court has entered default as to Iran with respect to the . . . Plaintiffs. Thus,
the . . . Plaintiffs need not take further action, beyond filing a motion, to comply . . . .”) (internal
citations omitted); Baker v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahirya, 775 F. Supp. 2d 48, 73
n.7 (D.D.C. 2011) (“When [the] Judge . . . ordered that the . . . complaint could be amended to
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include plaintiffs’ § 1605A claims, she also ordered that no separate service was necessary, as no
new claims were asserted.”) (internal citation omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
Mr. Belkin’s motion to renew has fulfilled the statutory requirements because it
was properly filed on April 7, 2020 – approximately one year and six months before the twelve-
year statutory period, commenced on October 9, 2009, expires on October 9, 2021. See Mot. to
Renew at 1-3; Judgment. In addition, the defendants have remained in default at all times in this
proceeding and have thus far failed to offer any defense or cause as to why Mr. Belkin’s
judgment against them should not be revived. See Mot. to Renew at 2-3; Belkin v. Islamic
Republic of Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d at 20; see also Blackman v. District of Columbia, 239 F.
Supp. 3d at 24 (holding that, because defendants “have offered no reason why this Court should
deny this motion”, plaintiff’s motion to revive should be granted); Nat’l Bank of Wash. v.
Carr, 829 A.2d at 945 (reversing the trial court’s order of dismissal and remanding for
consideration of appellant’s motion to revive the judgment with instructions that “[i]f appellees
offer no other defense or cause why the judgment should not be revived, the trial court should
grant appellant’s motion.”).
As a procedural matter, Mr. Belkin contends that, because defendants have
remained at default at all times in this proceeding, service of this motion is not required pursuant
to Rule 5(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Mot. to Renew ¶ 7; see Fed. R. Civ.
P. 5(a)(2). In the present case, the Court previously waived the service requirement for the filing
of the Amended Complaint because defendants have remained in default at all times in this
proceeding. Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d at 20 (citing Fed. R. Civ.
P. 5(a)(2); Blais v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 459 F. Supp. 2d 40, 46 (D.D.C. 2006); Dammarell
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v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 370 F. Supp. 2d 218, 224 (D.D.C. 2005)) (holding that the Court will
not require Mr. Belkin to serve the amended complaint on defendants because (1) defendants are
in default and (2) the cause of action in the Amended Complaint is “essentially the same” as the
cause of action in the original Complaint and therefore no new claim for relief was
asserted). Because no new claim has been asserted by Mr. Belkin in this motion and defendants
have remained in default, service on defendants is not necessary; only the proper filing of the
motion was required for compliance with Rule 5. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(a)(2); Barry v. Islamic
Republic of Iran, 437 F. Supp. 3d at 41 n.31; Baker v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab
Jamahirya, 775 F. Supp. 2d at 73 n.7.
To allow Mr. Belkin additional time to enforce the judgment, the Court will grant
his motion and revive his judgment for an additional twelve years. For the foregoing reasons, it is
hereby
ORDERED that plaintiff’s Motion to Renew [Dkt. No. 34] is GRANTED; and it
is
FURTHER ORDERED that the Judgment [Dkt. No. 27], entered herein on
October 9, 2009, is hereby RENEWED and enforceable for another twelve years.
SO ORDERED.
/s/
PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
United States District Judge
DATE: July 23, 2020
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