Rowe v. Pchange Protective Services LLC

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
MICHAEL ROWE,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 22-3098 (JEB)
PCHANGE PROTECTIVE SERVICES,
LLC, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Michael Rowe alleges that a group of Special Police Officers employed by
defendant PChange Protective Services assaulted and handcuffed him as he exited the parking
garage of his mother’s apartment building where they worked. In this lawsuit, Rowe brings
myriad causes of action arising from those events against PChange, Vesta Management (the
apartment building’s management company), and eight of PChange’s officers. Plaintiff seeks
monetary damages and also asks the Court to enjoin Defendants from further depriving him of
his rights in the future. Several Defendants now move to dismiss that claim for injunctive relief
for lack of standing. Agreeing, the Court will grant the Motion.
I. Background
The Court draws the facts from Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint and for purposes of this
Motion presumes them to be true. On October 26, 2021, Rowe drove his mother, sister, and
three children to the Park Southern apartment complex in Washington, D.C., where his mother
lives. See ECF No. 19 (Amended Complaint), ¶ 28. He entered the building’s parking garage
and dropped off his mother and sister, and he then turned around to drive towards the garage
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exit. Id., ¶ 29. As Rowe approached the exit, he noticed that it was blocked by several Special
Police Officers — privately hired security officers whom the city empowers to act as police on
an individual’s or company’s property. Id., ¶¶ 15–18, 30–31. Rowe lightly honked his horn and
then (when the officers did not move) honked again. Id., ¶ 32. The officers moved slightly out
of the way and Rowe navigated past them. Id.
As he drove by, Rowe apparently offered the SPOs some choice words. Id., ¶ 33 (he
“shouted at the group out of frustration with their behavior”). In response, one of the officers
stopped him and demanded identification; Plaintiff refused to provide it. Id., ¶ 34. Several
officers then approached the car, and one reached for his firearm and asked another officer for
pepper spray. Id., ¶ 35. The officers forced open the car door and dragged Rowe from the
vehicle, ripping his clothing and grabbing his throat in the process. Id., ¶¶ 38–41. One officer
handcuffed Rowe so tightly that his wrists and hands went numb, and he shoved Rowe’s back
against the car. Id., ¶¶ 42 – 45. Several other SPOs stood by laughing while this scene unfolded.
Id., ¶ 46.
As Plaintiff stood handcuffed against the car, an officer pepper-sprayed him directly in
the face. Id., ¶¶ 49–50. Rowe nonetheless continued to decline the officers’ request to search
him. Id., ¶ 51. In response, they slammed him into a wooden fence and then onto the ground.
Id., ¶¶ 52–54. With Rowe on the ground, the officers threatened that his three young children,
screaming in the back seat of the car, would be taken away and Rowe would never see them
again. Id., ¶ 56. Apartment management staff with access to cameras monitoring the parking
garage confirmed that the SPOs had called the Metropolitan Police Department to the scene but
otherwise did nothing to stop the assault. Id., ¶¶ 60–63, 67.
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On their arrival, MPD officers removed Rowe’s handcuffs and determined that there was
not probable cause to arrest him. Id., ¶¶ 73–74. They also told the SPOs that they could not
detain individuals for failing to provide identification and that they could use physical force only
to defend themselves or others. Id., ¶ 77. Rowe’s Amended Complaint notes several provisions
in particular that prohibit SPOs from using excessive force and bar them from threatening or
using force to retaliate against others. Id., ¶¶ 78–81.
As a result of this incident, Plaintiff suffered physical harm to his wrist, neck, back, and
leg, as well as emotional trauma that leaves him anxious every time he sees SPOs at the
apartment complex. Id., ¶¶ 85–89. He also fears that another incident will happen every time he
is with his children at the complex. Id., ¶ 89.
Rowe accordingly filed this suit against PChange, the apartment complex’s management
company, and eight individual SPOs. Id., ¶¶ 5–14. His Complaint contains 19 counts under
federal and district law. Id., ¶¶ 90–214. Rowe seeks monetary damages and, relevant here,
injunctive relief “enjoining Defendants from further deprivations of Mr. Rowe’s constitutional
rights and rights under District of Columbia law.” Id. at 32. Defendants now move to dismiss
only Rowe’s request for injunctive relief. See ECF No. 36 (Motion to Dismiss Claim for
Injunctive Relief) at 1.
II. Legal Standard
Because Defendants move to dismiss for lack of standing, the Court will apply the
standards for Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). When a defendant seeks dismissal under
that rule, the plaintiff must show that the court has subject-matter jurisdiction to hear his claim.
See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992); US Ecology, Inc. v. U.S.
Department of Interior, 231 F.3d 20, 24 (D.C. Cir. 2000). “Absent subject matter jurisdiction
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over a case, the court must dismiss [the claim].” Bell v. U.S. Department of Health & Human
Services, 67 F. Supp. 3d 320, 322 (D.D.C. 2014).
“A Rule 12(b)(1) motion imposes on the court an affirmative obligation to ensure that it
is acting within the scope of its jurisdictional authority.” Grand Lodge of the Fraternal Order of
Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13 (D.D.C. 2001). “For this reason, ‘the [p]laintiff’s
factual allegations in the complaint . . . will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion’
than in resolving a 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim.” Id. at 13–14 (quoting 5A Charles
A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Fed. Practice & Procedure § 1350 (2d ed. 1987)) (alteration in
original). Additionally, unlike with a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court “may
consider materials outside the pleadings in deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss for lack
of jurisdiction.” Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 402 F.3d 1249, 1253
(D.C. Cir. 2005); see also Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Sciences, 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992).
III. Analysis
In seeking dismissal of the prayer for injunctive relief here, Defendants maintain that
Plaintiff lacks standing to pursue such a remedy. Article III of the United States Constitution
limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to resolving “Cases” and “Controversies.” U.S. Const.
art. III, § 2, cl. 1. A party’s standing “is an essential and unchanging part of the case-or-
controversy requirement of Article III.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560. Standing therefore represents a
“predicate to any exercise of [the court’s] jurisdiction.” Florida Audubon Soc’y v. Bentsen, 94
F.3d 658, 663 (D.C. Cir. 1996). A plaintiff must show standing separately for each form of relief
sought. City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105 (1983); see also Davis v. Fed. Election
Comm’n, 554 U.S. 724, 734 (2008).
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To maintain standing, a plaintiff must meet three criteria. She must show that she “(1)
suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant,
and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins,
578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016). The “injury in fact” must be both “(a) concrete and particularized and
(b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw
Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180 (2000).
When a plaintiff seeks injunctive relief, as Rowe does here, “past injuries alone are
insufficient to establish standing.” Dearth v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499, 501 (D.C. Cir. 2011).
Instead, he must demonstrate that he is “realistically threatened by a repetition of his experience”
such that injury is imminent. Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 910–11 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quoting
Lyons, 461 U.S. at 109). This standard obliges a plaintiff to: (1) “demonstrate [the] existence” of
a challenged policy or practice; and (2) establish that he is “likely to be subjected to the policy
again.” Id. at 911. Such pleading requires “more than a nebulous assertion of the existence of a
‘policy.’” Id. Identifying only a “pattern of past events” is not enough. See Richard H. Fallon,
Jr. et al., Hart and Wechsler’s The Federal Courts and the Federal System (7th ed. 2015) at 232
(discussing O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488 (1974)). Instead, a plaintiff must show that the
threat he faces is ultimately “immediate” in nature. Lyons, 461 U.S. at 102–106; Golden v.
Zwickler, 394 U.S. 103, 109 (1969).
In Black Lives Matter D.C. v. Trump, 544 F. Supp. 3d 15 (D.D.C. 2021), Judge Dabney
Friedrich underscored the first of these two elements — that is, that plaintiffs identify a particular
policy or practice as the basis for their claimed risk of future harm. That opinion held that
protesters lacked standing to seek injunctive relief based on their continued demonstrations in
Lafayette Square and their fear that law enforcement might in the future again disperse or attack
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them. “Significantly,” Judge Friedrich emphasized, “the plaintiffs do not rely on any alleged law
or policy as the basis for this claimed risk of future harm.” Id. at 35. Because the plaintiffs in
that case did not “claim that a law or policy has ‘ordered or authorized police officer[s] to act in
such manner’ as allegedly occurred,” id. (quoting Lyons, 461 U.S. at 106), she held that their
alleged injury was insufficiently immediate and too speculative to confer standing to seek
injunctive relief. Id.Here, Plaintiff similarly does not point to any identifiable policy or practice based on
which he seeks an injunction. His Complaint mentions only the one incident on October 26,
2021. Brutal as that interaction may have been, the Complaint does not allege that it signifies
any broader policy or custom, explicit or tacit, that Plaintiff specifically challenges. Indeed,
Rowe does not even point to repeated incidents, which might still fall short of a policy, or any
other evidence that could establish such a practice. He has just one event. While he attempts to
disaggregate his interaction with officers into multiple rights violations, see Am. Compl., ¶¶ 78–
81, the encounter was brief and all of one piece. In order to allege that future injury is imminent,
then, Plaintiff is left relying on a chain of speculation of future harm similar to (if not more
attenuated than) that Judge Friedrich held insufficient for standing in Black Lives Matter D.C..
See 544 F. Supp. 3d at 35–36.
Rowe offers no persuasive counter. His principal response is to rely on An v. City of
New York, 2017 WL 2376576 (S.D.N.Y. June 1, 2017), for the proposition that a court may find
standing where a plaintiff is likely to have future interactions with police officers. But that
case’s analysis points in precisely the opposite direction here. There, the court identified Second
Circuit caselaw requiring that a plaintiff seeking systemic relief show “both [1] a likelihood of
future harm and [2] the existence of an official policy or its equivalent,” id. at *2 (quoting Shain
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v. Ellison, 356 F.3d 211, 216 (2d Cir. 2004)) (emphasis added) — and then held that Plaintiff
“plausibly alleges the existence of an official policy or its equivalent for purposes of standing.”
Id. at *3. Here, by contrast, Plaintiff has not even tried to allege an official policy or its
equivalent. One of the necessary factors the court identified in An is thus absent here, leaving
Plaintiff unable to prevail.
Plaintiff’s other arguments do not help him clear this hurdle. He distinguishes
Defendant’s cases by arguing that he was not detained for criminal activity and that he will be
subject to policing again in the apartment complex. See Pl. Opp. at 9–11. But these arguments
do not help Rowe with his fundamental problem: in the absence of pleading any particular
challenged policy, practice, or custom, he has not explained how his risk of future injury is
imminent. He accordingly has no standing to seek injunctive relief.
* * *
Rowe alleges a deeply disturbing ordeal, and his claims for monetary damages may
proceed. The future harm he alleges as the basis for injunctive relief, however, is too speculative
to support standing. The Court will thus excise that element of his sought relief and allow his
suit to otherwise proceed.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and
dismiss Plaintiff’s claim for injunctive relief. A separate Order so stating will issue this day.
/s/ James E. Boasberg
JAMES E. BOASBERG
Chief Judge
Date: March 22, 2023
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