Flete-Garcia v. U.S. Department of Justice

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
FULVIO FLETE-GARCIA,
Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 19-2382 (RDM)
v.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,1
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
In the summer of 2019, Plaintiff Fulvio Flete-Garcia sought to file five Freedom of
Information Act (“FOIA”) requests with Defendant the Department of Justice, Executive Office
for the United States Attorneys (“EOUSA”). Dkt. 1 at 2–3 (Compl.); see also 5 U.S.C. § 552.
After EOUSA failed to respond to any of his requests. Plaintiff brought this action. EOUSA now
moves to dismiss, or in the alternative, for summary judgment. Dkt. 20. Although Plaintiff has
failed to respond to that motion, the Court must nonetheless determine for itself whether the
undisputed material facts support granting summary judgment in favor of EOUSA. See Winston
& Strawn, LLP v. McLean, 843 F.3d 503, 508–09 (D.C. Cir. 2016).
For the reasons set forth below, the Court will GRANT in part and DENY in part
EOUSA’s motion.
1
Plaintiff names both the Department of Justice and EOUSA as defendants, but “the Department
of Justice, as the parent agency of EOUSA . . . is the proper defendant in this FOIA case.”
Corley v. Sessions, 280 F. Supp. 3d 164, 166 n.2 (D.D.C. 2017).
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Plaintiff, a federal prisoner who is proceeding pro se, seeks records related to the court
proceedings leading up to his criminal conviction. Because Plaintiff has not responded to
EOUSA’s motion, let alone offered evidence controverting its factual allegations, the Court
relies primarily on EOUSA’s statement of undisputed material facts, Dkt. 20-1 (SUMF), and the
declaration of Natasha Hudgins, an Attorney-Advisor with the EOUSA component that
administers FOIA, Dkt. 25-1 at 1 (Hudgins Decl. ¶ 1). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1) (establishing
that “[a] party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed must support th[at]
assertion”); Husain v. Barsa, No. 15-708, 2021 WL 663206, at *1 (D.D.C. Feb. 19, 2021)
(relying on the defendant’s statement of undisputed material facts because the plaintiff had not
controverted them in her opposition). The Court, however, also relies on the documents attached
to Plaintiff’s complaint, the authenticity of which EOUSA does not dispute.
1. Request No. 1
On June 12, 2019, Plaintiff mailed a FOIA request to EOUSA seeking “a complete copy
of the discovery related to” the criminal case brought against him by the United States in the
U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Dkt. 1-1 at 2–4 (Compl. Ex. 1). EOUSA
acknowledged receipt of this request on June 19, 2019 and assigned it a tracking number. Dkt.
20-1 at 1 (SUMF ¶ 4). On July 18, 2019, EOUSA wrote to Plaintiff, advising him that his
request concerned “material previously requested” from EOUSA and that, as a result, EOUSA
was treating the request “as a duplicate of” his earlier request (which is not at issue in this
litigation). Dkt. 25-1 at 11 (Hudgins Decl. Ex. B). Although the letter also stated (in some
2
tension with that determination) that EOUSA would release “[a]ll non-exempt responsive
records . . . as soon as practicable,” the letter concluded as follows:
This is the final action on this above-numbered request. If you are not satisfied
with [the] response to this request, you may administratively appeal by writing
to the Director, Office of Information Policy (OIP), United States Department
of Justice, Suite 11050, 1425 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20530-
0001, or you may submit an appeal through OIP’s FOIAonline portal by creating
an account on the [designated] web site. . . . Your appeal must be postmarked
or electronically transmitted within ninety (90) days of the date of my response
to your request. . . .
You may contact our FOIA Public Liaison at the telephone number listed above
for any further assistance and to discuss any aspect of your request. . . . .
Id. at 12 (Hudgins Decl. Ex. B). Plaintiff never filed an administrative appeal, and the duplicate
FOIA request is the subject of litigation in another FOIA lawsuit that Plaintiff is pursuing. Id. at
3 (Hudgins Decl. ¶¶ 9–10).
2. Request Nos. 2, 3, and 5
According to EOUSA, it has no record of Request Nos. 2, 3, and 5, and it thus did not
process or respond to any of those requests. The undisputed evidence shows the following:
Request No. 2, a copy of which is attached to Plaintiff’s complaint, is dated June 21,
2019.2 Dkt. 1-1 at 7–8 (Compl. Ex. 2). That request sought various written, audio, and video
records relating to his criminal case before the U.S. District Court for the District of
Massachusetts. Id. Also attached to the complaint is a U.S. Postal Service Certified Mail
Receipt, showing that Plaintiff mailed this FOIA request to “United States Attorneys’ Office,
U.S. Department of Justice, 600 E Street, NW, Room 7300, Washington, D.C. 20530” on June
25, 2019. Id. at 10 (Compl. Ex. 2). The Return Receipt, which contains the same item number,
2
The date following Plaintiff’s signature reads “June 21, 2015,” in contrast to the date at the top
of the letter, Dkt. 1-1 at 7–8 (Compl. Ex. 2), but Plaintiff alleges that the letter was sent in 2019,
Dkt. 1 at 2 (Compl.).
3
reflects that the request was sent to “U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Executive Attorney”
at the same address reflected above, and it shows that the mailing was signed for on July 1, 2019.
Id. at 11 (Compl. Ex. 2). The surname of the signatory is apparently “Sase” or “Sass.” Id.A copy of Request No. 3 is also attached to the complaint, and that request is dated June
24, 2019. Id. at 13–14 (Compl. Ex. 3). This request sought the following materials:
(1) All orders that reflect the [c]ommencement, [t]ermination, and any
extensions of the [g]rand [j]ury[] that heard evidence in this matter;
(2) Transcripts of the instructions and charges given to any [g]rand [j]ury
that heard evidence in this matter;
(3) All [g]rand [j]ury voting records from all [g]rand [juries] that heard
evidence in this matter; and[]
(4) All [g]rand [j]ury attendance records including names, times, and dates,
of all [g]rand [j]urors that heard evidence in this matter.
Id. at 13 (Compl. Ex. 3). Plaintiff also requested “a copy of the applicable rules and regulations
of” EOUSA, “as provided for the FOIA/[Privacy Act].” Id. As with Request No. 2, the Certified
Mail Receipt shows that the request was sent on June 25, 2019. Id. at 16 (Compl. Ex. 3). But,
unlike Request No. 2, this receipt shows that the request was sent to “EOUSA—Dept. of Justice,
175 N Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20530.” Id. The Return Receipt uses this same address,
but adds a reference to the “3CON BLDG.” Id. at 17 (Compl. Ex. 3). That receipt shows that
the request was signed for on July 1, 2019 by the same individual who signed for Request No. 2,
and, indeed, the signature appears to be a stamp that was used in both cases. Id.Finally, a copy of Request No. 5 is also attached to the complaint. Id. at 25 (Compl. Ex.
5). This request is nearly identical to Request No. 3, but it seeks records relating to a
superseding indictment against Plaintiff, with a different indictment number: 15-cr-10381. Id.As with Request No. 3, the request itself (as opposed to the envelop or receipts) includes the
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following address: “Executive Office for United States Attorneys, Department of Justice, 175 N
Street, NE, Room 5400, 3 CON BLDG, Washington, D.C. 20530.” Id. Plaintiff has not
provided the Court with a copy of his Certified Mail Receipt, but the Return Receipt refers to
“EOUSA—Dept. of Justice, 175 N Street, NE, 3 CON BLDG, Washington, D.C. 20530.” Id. at
26 (Compl. Ex. 5). The receipt bears the same signature as that used to acknowledge receipt of
Requests Nos. 2 and 3, and it shows that the item was received on July 2, 2019. Id.According to the Hudgins declaration, “EOUSA does not have a record of receiving these
three FOIA requests.” Dkt. 25-1 at 4 (Hudgins Decl. ¶ 14). Hudgins further explains that
members of the pubic may submit FOIA requests to EOUSA either online or by mailing their
requests “to EOUSA [at] 175 N Street, NE, Suite 5400, Washington, D.C. 20530-0001.” Id.(Hudgins Decl. ¶ 16). “All mail to EOUSA goes through two screening locations before being
distributed to the proper office,” and “[c]ertified mail is signed for outside of the EOUSA FOIA
office.” Id. at 5 (Hudgins Decl. ¶ 18). EOUSA’s mail logs, which “track[] all incoming mail
received in the FOIA/PA office,” contain no reference to Request Nos. 2, 3 or 5. Id. (Hudgins
Decl. ¶¶ 19–20).
3. Request No. 4
Request No. 4 sought the same grand jury materials and regulations as Request Nos. 3
and 5, but for the “[o]riginal [i]ndictment” associated with “indictment [number] 15-cr-10381.”
Dkt. 1-1 at 19 (Compl. Ex. 4). It was mailed to the same address as Request Nos. 3 and 5, and it
was signed for by the same individual. Id. at 19–23 (Compl. Ex. 4). It arrived, however, the day
before Request No. 5 arrived, compare id. at 23 (Compl. Ex. 4) with id. at 26 (Compl. Ex. 5),
and, mysteriously, it—unlike Requests No. 3 and 5—was received by EOUSA’s FOIA office
and was processed. Dkt. 25-1 at 3–4 (Hudgins Decl. ¶ 11).
5
In late July 2019,3 EOUSA sent Plaintiff a final response to the request, asserting that
“any records responsive to [his] request for grand jury material are exempt pursuant to[] 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(b)(3), which concerns matters specifically exempted from release by statute (in this
instance, Rule 6(e) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, which pertains to the secrecy of
grand jury proceedings).” Id. at 16 (Hudgins Decl. Ex. D). EOUSA further noted that the grand
jury orders related to Plaintiff’s case were sealed by the court. Id. Even though EOUSA
asserted that this letter represented the “final action” with respect to Plaintiff’s request and
provided the same instructions for administrative appeal previously described, the letter also said
that the “EOUSA [was] conducting a search for all other records requested.” Id. It is not clear if
EOUSA was referring to the copy of “applicable rules and regulations” that Plaintiff sought or if
it was referring to other pending FOIA requests from Plaintiff, or if the sentence was accidentally
included. In any event, EOUSA offers no evidence that it released any records in response to
Request No. 4.
Plaintiff filed an administrative appeal, and in a letter dated December 12, 2019, the
Office of Information Policy (“OIP”) “affirmed EOUSA’s determination that the materials
requested were exempt from disclosure pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3).” Dkt. 20-1 at 2–3
(SUMF ¶ 13); Dkt. 25-1 at 18–19 (Hudgins Decl. Ex. E). Echoing the reasoning of EOUSA,
OIP explained that “[b]ecause any such records responsive to [Plaintiff’s] request would be
categorically exempt from disclosure [under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e)], EOUSA
was not required to conduct a search for the requested records.” Dkt. 25-1 at 18 (Hudgins Decl.
Ex. E). OIP’s decision, like EOUSA’s response, failed to mention Plaintiff’s request for a copy
3
Although Hudgins asserts that this response was sent on or about July 18, 2019, Dkt. 25-1 at 4
(Hudgins Decl. ¶ 12), the letter is dated July 30, 2019, id. at 16 (Hudgins Decl. Ex. D).
6
of the applicable rules and regulations of EOUSA, “as provided for the FOIA/PA Acts.” Id.;
Dkt. 1-1 at 19 (Compl. Ex.4).
B. Procedural Background
Plaintiff filed this action on August 6, 2019. Dkt. 1 (Compl.).4 For each of the five
FOIA requests, he alleges that at least 20 days have elapsed since his filing the request and that,
with respect to each request, EOUSA has not responded. Id. at 2–3 (Compl.). On March 6,
2020, EOUSA moved to dismiss or for summary judgment, arguing that each of Plaintiff’s
claims (corresponding to each of these FOIA requests) fails, albeit for varying reasons:
Plaintiff’s claim with respect to Request No. 1 fails, according to EOUSA, because Plaintiff
never exhausted his administrative remedies; his claims with respect to Request Nos. 2, 3, and 5
fail because EOUSA never received them; and his claim with respect to Request No. 4 fails
because EOUSA properly withheld records pursuant to Exemption 3 of FOIA and Federal Rule
of Criminal Procedure 6(e). See generally Dkt. 20.5
On March 9, 2020, the Court issued a Fox/Neal order instructing Plaintiff to respond to
EOUSA’s motion on or before April 10, 2020. Dkt. 21. On May 14, 2020, Plaintiff alerted the
Court that he had been transferred to a different prison; that he had been “on [a] COVID[-]19
4
Although Plaintiff styles his complaint as a “petition for preliminary injunction,” Dkt. 1 at 1
(Compl.), the Court and EOUSA have treated the filing as Plaintiff’s complaint, and the Court
will continue to do so here. (Plaintiff subsequently filed a motion for preliminary injunction,
which the Court denied as premature and which Plaintiff has not renewed. Dkt. 6; Minute Order
(Dec. 5, 2019)). In any event, Plaintiff has not shown irreparable injury and would therefore not
prevail on a motion for preliminary injunction, if the complaint were treated as such. See Flete-
Garcia v. U.S. Marshals Serv., No. 18-2442, __F. Supp. 3d__, 2020 WL 1695127, at *2 n.1.
5
EOUSA seems to confuse the request numbers in the headings of its brief, which state that
Request No. 5 is exempt from disclosure and that Request Nos. 2, 3, and 4 were never received.
Dkt. 20 at 8, 10. The Court assumes, based on the substance of EOUSA’s arguments, that it
intends to argue that Request No. 4 is exempt, and that Request Nos. 2, 3, and 5 were never
received.
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prevention lockdown for around 30 days;” and that these conditions were “a big obstacle for
[him] to timely and properly file the brief and appendix for [his] case records.” Dkt. 23 at 2.
The Court, accordingly, extended the deadline for Plaintiff to respond until July 1, 2020. Minute
Order (June 5, 2020). Subsequently, EOUSA notified the Court that it could not confirm that it
had served the Hudgins declaration on Plaintiff, a suspicion raised by EOUSA’s failure to file a
copy of the declaration with the Court. Dkt. 25. EOUSA, then, filed and served the declaration,
and the Court extended Plaintiff’s time to respond until July 21, 2020. Minute Order (June 25,
2020). Having received no response from Plaintiff by August 18, 2020, the Court sua sponte
extended his time to respond until September 15, 2020. Minute Order (Aug. 18, 2020).
Over a year has now passed since EOUSA filed its motion (and over nine months have
passed since EOUSA served the Hudgins declaration), and Plaintiff has yet to file a response.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
EOUSA moves for dismissal or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. On a motion
to dismiss, the Court “must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the
complaint.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 555–56 (2007)). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Twombly, 550 U.S.
at 570.
FOIA cases are more frequently resolved on motions for summary judgment. See
Shapiro v. Dep’t of Justice, 153 F. Supp. 3d 253, 268 (D.D.C. 2016). To prevail on a motion for
summary judgment, the moving party must demonstrate “that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that [it] is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
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477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “In a FOIA action, the Court may
award summary judgment to an agency solely on the basis of information provided in affidavits
or declarations that describe ‘ . . . the justifications for nondisclosure [of records] with reasonably
specific detail . . . and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by
evidence of agency bad faith.’” Thomas v. FCC, 534 F. Supp. 2d 144, 145 (D.D.C. 2008)
(quoting Mil. Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 728 (D.C. Cir. 1981)). The Court reviews
the agency’s decision de novo, and the agency bears the burden of sustaining its action. 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(4)(B).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Request No. 1
The Court begins with Plaintiff’s claim regarding Request No. 1. EOUSA maintains that
this claim fails as a matter of law because Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies,
as required under FOIA. Dkt. 20 at 7. The Court agrees.
“Under FOIA, an agency generally must notify a requester of its ‘determination and the
reasons therefore’ within 20 business days of receiving the request.” Khine v. DHS, 943 F.3d
959, 964 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i)). “If the agency meets the 20-day
deadline[,] . . . then the ‘requester is required to administratively appeal that determination before
bringing suit.’” Id. (quoting Crew v. FEC, 711 F.3d 180, 182 (D.C. Cir. 2013)); see also
Ogelsby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 61–62 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (“Courts have consistently
confirmed that . . . FOIA requires exhaustion of [the administrative] appeal process before an
individual may seek relief in the courts.”). Moreover, even if the agency does not timely
respond, so long as it responds before the FOIA requester files suit, the requester must exhaust
administrative remedies. Ogelsby, 920 F.2d at 63–64.
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“Although exhaustion of a FOIA request ‘is not jurisdictional because the FOIA does not
unequivocally make it so,’ . . . still ‘as a jurisprudential doctrine, failure to exhaust precludes
judicial review if the purposes of exhaustion and the particular administrative scheme support
such a bar.’” Wilbur v. CIA, 355 F.3d 675, 677 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (quoting Hidalgo v. FBI, 344
F.3d 1256, 1258–59 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). The key inquiry is whether “permitting [the plaintiff] to
pursue judicial review without benefit of prior [agency] consideration would undercut ‘the
purposes of exhaustion, namely, preventing premature interference with agency processes, . . .
afford[ing] the parties and the courts the benefit of [the agency’s] experience and expertise, . . .
[or] compil[ing] a record which is adequate for judicial review.’” Hidalgo, 344 F.3d at 1259(quoting Ryan v. Bentsen, 12 F.3d 245, 247 (D.C. Cir. 1993)). “[W]hen a court concludes that
(1) a plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies; and (2) reviewing his claim
would undermine the purposes of exhaustion, the court should dismiss the claim under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).” Hull v. United States Attorney, 279 F. Supp. 3d 10, 13
(D.D.C. 2017); see also Bayala v. DHS, Office of Gen. Counsel, 827 F.3d 31, 35 n.1 (D.C. Cir.
2016); Hidalgo, 344 F.3d at 1260.
Here, the uncontroverted record shows that EOUSA responded to Request No. 1 “within
twenty business days (June 19, 2019 to July 18, 2019, not counting July 4, 2019), in accordance
with 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i).” Dkt. 20 at 7. And, in any event, EOUSA responded to
Plaintiff’s FOIA request before Plaintiff brought this action. Plaintiff was, therefore, required to
exhaust his administrative remedies before bringing suit. Ogelsby, 920 F.2d at 63–64. The
Court is unaware of any circumstances, moreover, that might justify disregarding the exhaustion
requirement in this case. The only possibility that occurs to the Court is that Plaintiff might have
been misled by EOUSA’s response, which rejected Request No. 1 as duplicative but also
10
indicated that the office would release “[a]ll non-exempt responsive records . . . as soon as
practicable.” Dkt. 25-1 at 11 (Hudgins Decl. Ex. B). The Court is thus left to wonder whether,
perhaps, Plaintiff did not appeal because he was waiting for EOUSA to release those records.
This possibility, however, offers insufficient basis to deny EOUSA’s motion for two
reasons. First, and most importantly, Plaintiff has had ample opportunity to respond to
EOUSA’s motion for summary judgment and, in particular, to its exhaustion defense, yet he has
failed to do so. Under those circumstances, the Court should not be left to guess about whether
Plaintiff might have been misled; if he was misled, he could have, and should have, submitted a
declaration explaining what happened and why he did not appeal. Second, when read in context,
EOUSA’s denial of his claim would not have confused a reasonable person. EOUSA told
Plaintiff that its decision was final, and it explained that Plaintiff would need to lodge any
administrative appeal within 90 days. That was enough to put Plaintiff on clear notice of his
obligation to exhaust administrative remedies before bringing suit.
The Court will, accordingly, grant summary judgment in favor of EOUSA with respect to
Request No. 1.
B. Request Nos. 2, 3, and 5
EOUSA contends that it is also entitled to prevail with respect to Request Nos. 2, 3, and 5
because it never received those requests. Dkt. 20 at 10–11. “An agency’s disclosure obligations
[under FOIA] are not triggered . . . until it has received a proper FOIA request in compliance
with its published regulations.” Mitchell v. Samuels, 160 F. Supp. 3d 8, 11 (D.D.C. 2016)
(quoting Antonelli v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 591 F. Supp. 2d 15, 26 (D.D.C. 2008)). More
specifically, the twenty-day period for an agency to respond begins to run “on the date on which
the request is first received by the appropriate component of the agency, but in any event not
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later than ten days after the request is first received by any component of the agency that is
designated in the agency’s regulations under [FOIA] to receive requests.” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(6)(A)(ii). “If no FOIA request is received, an agency has no reason to search” for or to
produce records. Mitchell, 160 F. Supp. 3d at 12; see also West v. Jackson, No. 6-5281, 2007
WL 1723362, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Mar. 6, 2007) (per curiam); Banks v. Lappin, 539 F. Supp. 2d 228,
235 (D.D.C. 2008); Schoenman v. FBI, No. 04-2202, 2006 WL 1126813, at *13 (D.D.C. Mar.
31, 2006); Hutchins v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 00-2349, 2005 WL 1334941, at *1–2 (D.D.C. June
6, 2005). A FOIA requester must offer evidence “sufficient to establish the existence of an
element essential to his case (i.e., proper filing and receipt) to survive [a] dispositive motion[].”
Schoenman, 2006 WL 1126813, at *13.
Here, Plaintiff has done all one might reasonably ask of a FOIA requester, at least with
respect to Request Nos. 3 and 5: he has submitted documentary evidence showing that the
requests were, in fact, mailed to “EOUSA” at the correct address (175 N Street, NE), Dkt. 1-1 at
16–17 (Compl. Ex. 3); id. at 26 (Compl. Ex. 5); see also Dkt. 25-1 at 4 (Hudgins Decl. ¶ 16)
(agreeing that this is the correct address), and that the mailings were signed for upon receipt,
Dkt. 1-1 at 17 (Compl. Ex. 3); id. at 26 (Compl. Ex. 5). EOUSA, for its part, answers that
“EOUSA staff checked the mail logs” for its FOIA/PA office and were “unable to locate any
correspondence from Plaintiff regarding these . . . requests.” Dkt. 25-1 at 5 (Hudgins Decl.
¶ 20). But that still leaves an evidentiary gap.
The uncontroverted evidence establishes only the following facts: (1) that the FOIA
requests were properly addressed and that they, in fact, arrived at one of the “screening
locations” used by EOUSA for processing its mail, id. (Hudgins Decl. ¶ 18), and (2) that the
requests were never entered into the EOUSA FOIA logs, id. (Hudgins Decl. ¶¶ 19–20). What
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the Court cannot discern on the present record is whether the requests never made it to
EOUSA—that is, the “component of the agency that is designated in the agency’s regulations
under [FOIA] to receive requests,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(ii)—or whether they were delivered
to EOUSA but never made it into the EOUSA FOIA log. The fact that two (and perhaps three)
requests that Plaintiff submitted were all lost adds to the mystery and raises questions about the
procedures the Department of Justice and EOUSA employ for purposes of receiving and logging
incoming FOIA requests. Notably, EOUSA offers very little information about what did
happen—or, indeed, even about what might have happened—here. It does not identify who
signed for the mailings, and it did not, as far as the Court can discern, investigate what happened
to the requests, beyond merely concluding that they were never logged. EOUSA also says
nothing about who is responsible for ensuring that mail received at the screening location is
delivered to the appropriate component. Without additional information—and perhaps an
evidentiary hearing—the Court cannot conclude that EOUSA has carried its summary judgment
burden of demonstrating that there is no material issue in dispute.6
Granted, it seems unlikely that EOUSA would have released the information sought by
Plaintiff in Request Nos. 3 and 5, even if those requests had been received; presumably, EOUSA
would have denied the requests on the same grounds that it denied Request No. 4, which sought
the same grand jury materials, albeit for a different indictment number. But EOUSA has not
6
To be sure, Plaintiff’s failure to oppose EOUSA’s motion means that the Court must accept all
reasonably supported and uncontroverted facts proffered by EOUSA. Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d
453, 456–57 (D.C. Cir. 1992); Lewis v. Faulkner, 689 F.2d 100, 102 (7th Cir. 1982). But, the
only relevant fact that EOUSA proffers is that it lacks a record of receiving the mailings; it does
not, and based on the record before the Court, cannot, make the affirmative representation that it
never actually received the mailings. Another question not answered by the briefing to date is
whether the individual who signed for the mailings served as EOUSA’s agent, such that the
requests should be deemed received by EOUSA.
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argued that a rule akin to the rule of prejudicial error applies under FOIA, and the Court can
decide only the question that is before it based on the record that it is before it. The Court will,
accordingly, deny EOUSA’s motion for summary judgment with respect to Request Nos. 3
and 5.
This, then, leaves Request No. 2. The difficultly with respect to this request is that it was
at least arguably misaddressed, thus providing some explanation for why the request was never
logged. Although that may well explain what happened, the Court will refrain from granting
summary judgment in favor of EOUSA with respect to this claim because, while plausible, this is
not the defense EOUSA has presented, and the Court cannot determine on the present record
whether the address that Plaintiff used was sufficient. It is not the Court’s role, for example, to
search Department of Justice directories to see which office, if any, is located at 600 E Street,
NW, Room 7300. And, again, EOUSA does nothing to address what actually happened to this
mailing, which was apparently signed for by a Department of Justice representative. The Court
will, accordingly, deny EOUSA’s motion for summary judgment with respect to Request No. 2
as well.
C. Request No. 4
Finally, EOUSA claims that “[a]ll of the grand jury materials requested by Plaintiff [in
Request 4] were appropriately deemed exempt by EOUSA” pursuant to FOIA Exemption 3.
Dkt. 20 at 9; 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). In relevant part, Exemption 3 protects information that is
“specifically exempted from disclosure by statute . . . if that statute . . . requires that the matters
be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue,” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(b)(3). Here, EOUSA claims that Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) is a qualifying
statute that shields “‘matter[s] occurring before a grand jury.’” Dkt. 20 at 8 (quoting Labow v.
14
Dep’t of Justice, 831 F.3d 523, 529 (D.C. Cir. 2016)); see also Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e). The Court
agrees. As the D.C. Circuit has explained, Rule 6(e)’s “ban on disclosure is for FOIA purposes
absolute and” leaves no discretion on the issue. Fund for Const. Gov’t v. Nat’l Archives & Recs.
Serv., 656 F.2d 856, 868 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
“Consequently, the sole question before [the Court] is whether the documents withheld
from disclosure fall within Rule 6(e).” Labow, 831 F.3d at 529. That question, however,
requires a more detailed, case-specific analysis than the categorial responses offered by EOUSA
and OIP. Instead, to determine whether information related to a grand jury is protected by Rule
6(e) and Exemption 3, the Court must consider “whether disclosure of the information requested
would ‘tend to reveal some secret aspect of the grand jury’s investigation, such matters as the
identities of witnesses or jurors, the substance of testimony, the strategy or direction of the
investigation, the deliberations or questions of jurors, and the like.’” Lopez v. Dep’t of Justice,
393 F.3d 1345, 1349 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (quoting Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v.
Dep’t of Justice, 823 F.2d 574, 582 (D.C. Cir. 1987)); see also Murphy v. EOUSA, 789 F.3d 204,
206 (D.C. Cir. 2015); Hodge v. FBI, 703 F.3d 575, 580 (D.C. Cir. 2013); 1 Charles Alan Wight
& Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Criminal Procedure § 106 (4th ed. 2020) (hereinafter
Wright & Miller). In addressing this question, moreover, the Court must bear in mind the
justifications for grand jury secrecy—that is:
(1) To prevent the escape of those whose indictment may be contemplated; (2)
to insure the utmost freedom to the grand jury in its deliberations, and to prevent
persons subject to indictment or their friends from importuning the grand jurors;
(3) to prevent subornation of perjury or tampering with the witnesses who may
testify before [the] grand jury and later appear at the trial of those indicted by it;
(4) to encourage free and untrammeled disclosures by persons who have
information with respect to the commission of crimes; [and] (5) to protect [an]
innocent accused who is exonerated from disclosure of the fact that he has been
under investigation, and from the expense of standing trial where there was no
probability of guilt.
15
United States v. John Doe, Inc. I, 481 U.S. 102, 109 n.5 (1987); In re Grand Jury
Investigation, 903 F.2d 180, 183 (3d Cir. 1990); Wight & Miller § 106.
In Request No. 4, Plaintiff sought: (1) orders reflecting the commencement, termination,
and extensions of the grand jury; (2) transcripts of the instructions and charges given to any
grand jury; (3) “[a]ll [g]rand [j]ury voting records;” and (4) attendance records, “including
names, times, and dates, of all [g]rand [j]urors.” Dkt. 1-1 at 19 (Compl. Ex. 4). “Grand jury
transcripts” are, of course, “the prototypical grand jury material exempt from disclosure under
Rule 6(e)[] and are thus protected from disclosure by Exemption 3.” Borda v. Dep’t of Justice,
Crim. Div., 306 F. Supp. 3d 306, 317 (D.D.C. 2018). Similarly, for the attendance records that
Plaintiff seeks, their disclosure would require revealing “‘the identities of . . . jurors,’” which is
also foreclosed by Rule 6(e). See Boyd v. EOUSA, 87 F. Supp. 3d 58, 83 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting
SEC v. Dresser Indus., Inc., 628 F.2d 1368, 1382 (D.C. Cir. 1980)) (discussing the possibility of
revealing juror identities as a benchmark test for whether withholding is appropriate). And,
Plaintiff’s request for grand jury voting records would also require disclosure of core, protected
information. Voting records clearly constitute a “secret aspect” of the grand jury’s investigation
and are thus shielded from disclosure pursuant to Rule 6(e). Lopez, 393 F.3d at 1349 (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also Liounis v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 17-1621, 2018 WL 5817352,
at *4 (D.D.C. Nov. 7, 2018) (observing that records concerning grand jury and attendance
records would likely be exempt from disclosure), rev’d in part, vacated on other grounds,
Liounis v. Krebs, No. 18-5351, 2019 WL 7176453 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 19, 2019); Flores v. EOUSA
Freedom of Info./Priv. Act Unit, 121 F. Supp. 2d 14, 16–17 (D.D.C. 2000) (finding grand jury
voting ballots, transcripts, and exhibits exempt from disclosure). For these reasons, the Court
concludes that the information sought by Plaintiff in line items 2–4 of Request No. 4 is subject to
16
Rule 6(e) and that, accordingly, the corresponding records were properly withheld under
Exemption 3. To this extent, EOUSA is entitled to summary judgment.
The Court, however, is unconvinced—at least on the present record—that EOUSA has
shown that it is entitled to summary judgment with respect to the remaining portions of Request
No. 4. Most notably, Plaintiff asked EOUSA to release “orders that reflect the [c]ommencement,
[t]ermination, and any extensions of the [g]rand [juries] that heard evidence in” his case. Dkt. 1-
1 at 19 (Compl. Ex. 4). Unlike the other grand jury information sought by Plaintiff, it is not
immediately evident why such orders would “tend[] to reveal some secret aspect of the grand
jury’s investigation.” Abakporo v. EOUSA, No. 18-846, 2019 WL 1046661, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar.
5, 2019) (quoting Lopez, 393 F.3d at 1349). Indeed, in a case much like this one—also brought
by a federal prisoner against EOUSA seeking “records about the dates on which the term of the
grand jury that returned an indictment against him [were] extended”—Judge Kelly granted
summary judgment in favor of the plaintiff on almost the identical question. Id. at *1. As Judge
Kelly explained, in that case, the records at issue “appear[ed] to concern the grand jury’s
administrative procedures, as opposed to the substance of any specific investigation;” EOUSA
offered “no explanation as to how [the] dates [at issue], or the orders reflecting them, would tend
to reveal a secret aspect of the grand jury’s investigation;” and “the limited case law on this
subject does not suggest that the dates a grand jury’s term was extended would tend to reveal a
secret aspect of its investigation.” Id. at *3.
In reaching this conclusion, Judge Kelly relied on the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Murphy
v. EOUSA, yet another FOIA action brought against EOUSA seeking information relating to the
grand jury that indicted the plaintiff. Id. at *3–4 (discussing Murphy, 789 F.3d 204). In that
case, the court of appeals held that EOUSA properly withheld records reflecting the specific
17
“dates and times of day the grand jury convened to consider” the plaintiff’s case, but only
because, on the facts of that case, the disclosure risked revealing the identity of grand jury
witnesses. Murphy, 789 F.3d at 209. Importantly, however, the D.C. Circuit contrasted the
disclosure of “the dates and times of day the grand jury [met] to consider a specific case,” which
risked disclosure of specific witnesses, with a mere disclosure of “when ‘the grand jury’s work
began and ended,’” which EOUSA had voluntarily released to the plaintiff. Id. at 212 (quoting
Hill v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 11–273, ECF No. 29, at 8 (D.D.C. Dec. 19, 2011)). Indeed, in the
Murphy case, EOUSA had voluntarily released records reflecting “‘the date on which the grand
jury was convened.’” Id. at 207.
Even more on point is the Third Circuit’s decision in In re Grand Jury Investigation,
where the court observed “that disclosure of the commencement and termination dates of the
grand jury does not disclose the essence of what took place in the grand jury room,” nor does it
“violate the freedom and integrity of the deliberative process of the grand jurors;” and that none
of the reasons that the Supreme Court has identified for maintaining grand jury secrecy—which
are described above—“weighs against disclosure of the termination date.” 903 F.2d at 182–83.
Indeed, at least as of 1990, “the vast majority of United States District Courts” revealed “the
commencement and termination dates of the[ir] grand jur[ies] [as] matters of public record.” Id.
at 184. The Third Circuit, accordingly, held that Rule 6(e) did not preclude disclosure of the
termination date for the grand jury at issue. Id. at 185. Although In re Grand Jury Investigation
did not involve FOIA, the relevant question for present circumstances is the scope of protection
under Rule 6(e), which is controlling here for purposes of Exemption 3. Labow, 831 F.3d at 529
(defining the operative question in such situations as whether the materials withheld pursuant to
Exemption 3 fell within Rule 6(e)).
18
To be sure, the discussion of commencement and termination dates in Murphy was dicta,
since EOUSA had voluntarily released that information, and In re Grand Jury Investigation is an
out-of-circuit precedent. But a clear picture nonetheless emerges from the text of Rule 6(e)
itself—which protects matters relating to a grand jury only to the extent “necessary to prevent
the unauthorized disclosure of a matter occurring before a grand jury,” Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(6)
(emphasis added); from these precedents; and from other precedents: records that disclose the
commencement and termination dates for grand juries are protected from disclosure, if at all,
only when disclosure risks revealing the substantive work of the grand jury, including the
identity of grand jury witnesses or the details of a specific grand jury investigation.
Here, Plaintiff sought orders reflecting the commencement, extension, and termination of
the specified grand juries. EOUSA, in turn, offers no justification for withholding those records,
beyond its categorical assertion of protection under Rule 6(e). Dkt. 20 at 9. This broad reliance
on Rule 6(e), particularly in light of EOUSA’s release of similar records in the past, is
insufficient. In short, the Court is left to wonder how, if at all, disclosure of those records would
“reveal some secret aspect of the grand jury’s investigation.” Lopez, 393 F.3d at 1349 (internal
quotation marks omitted). This does not mean, however, that Plaintiff is entitled to summary
judgment with respect to these records for two reasons. First, he has not cross-moved for
summary judgment. And, second, it is possible that EOUSA may have some (yet-to-be-voiced)
rationale for withholding even this limited range of records relating to the grand juries. If so,
however, EOUSA needs to offer a declaration or other evidence explaining why disclosure
would “tend to reveal some secret aspect of the grand jury’s investigation, such matters as the
identities of witnesses or jurors, the substance of testimony, the strategy or direction of the
investigation, the deliberations or questions of jurors, and the like.” Id.19
Finally, EOUSA’s motion also falls short because it neglects altogether Plaintiff’s request
for “a copy of the applicable rules and regulations” of EOUSA “as provided for the FOIA/PA
Acts.” Dkt. 1-1 at 19 (Compl. Ex. 4); see also Dkt. 25-1 at 13–17 (Hudgins Decl. Ex. C, D). It
is not entirely clear what Plaintiff is seeking or that he is entitled to it. But absent any argument
from EOUSA, the Court cannot grant summary judgment in its favor of this unaddressed issue.
In sum, the Court will grant summary judgment in favor of EOUSA on Request No. 4 as
to withholding line items 2–4 of Plaintiff’s request but will deny summary judgment without
prejudice as to withholding orders, if any, relating to the commencement, termination, or
extension of the grand jury and the regulations sought by Plaintiff in that request. Although the
Court has already denied summary judgment on other grounds as to Request Nos. 3 and 5, the
Court notes that those requests raise the same issues, and similar withholdings would, absent
further explanation from EOUSA, likewise fail.
CONCLUSION
The Court, accordingly, GRANTS EOUSA’s motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 20, as
to Request No. 1, and as to all of the grand jury materials in Request No. 4, except orders
relating to the commencement, termination, and extensions of the grand jury. In all other
respects, the Court DENIES EOUSA’s motion.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Randolph D. Moss
RANDOLPH D. MOSS
United States District Judge
Date: March 25, 2021
20