Dixon v. Dejoy

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ANDRE DIXON,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 19-2998 (TSC)
LOUIS DEJOY,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Andre Dixon, proceeding pro se, has sued the U.S. Postal Service’s (“USPS”)
Postmaster General for the Capital Metro Area, now Louis DeJoy, for violations of the Family
and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) allegedly carried out by USPS officials. The parties have
cross-moved for summary judgment. For the reasons set forth below, the court will GRANT
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 34, and DENY Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion
for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 37.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Procedural history
Plaintiff, a USPS employee for over 30 years, filed this case in October 2019. Compl.
¶ 3. He claims Defendant violated FMLA in three ways during 2017. First, USPS allegedly
denied him a promotion because he used FMLA leave to obtain treatment for stress, anxiety, and
depression. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 5–6. Plaintiff claims that those mental health problems were the result
of his supervisors’ treatment of him in retaliation for him seeking union representation after
experiencing unfair treatment in the workplace. Id. ¶¶ 5–6. Second, he contends that USPS
placed him in Leave Without Pay (“LWOP”) status despite having approved his FMLA leave.
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Id. ¶ 19. And third, he claims that his supervisors “indirectly forced [him] to perform duties of a
higher pay grade,” id. ¶ 5, and “modif[ied]” his “working hours and schedule” in retaliation for
taking FMLA leave, id. ¶ 27.
This is the second round of summary judgment motions. The first time, the court granted
Defendant’s motion with respect to Plaintiff’s third claim—“that his supervisors indirectly
forced him to perform duties of a higher pay grade, modified his working hours and modified his
work schedule in retribution for taking leave”—but denied the motion in all other respects, and
denied Plaintiff’s cross-motion in full. Order, ECF No. 28. In explaining its decision, the court
specifically noted Plaintiff’s failure to comply with Local Rule 7(h) and Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 56, which require that a motion for or opposition to a summary judgment be
accompanied by a statement asserting which material facts are or are not disputed, with
corresponding citations to the record. Tr. of January 31, 2022 Status Hr’g at 8, ECF No. 30. The
court had previously warned Plaintiff that failure to do so could result in the court “treating the
Post Office’s facts as conceded” and “granting [its] motion for summary judgment.” Id. (citing
prior warning in Order, ECF No. 23). Plaintiff was told that any future summary judgment
briefing must “respond to the Post Office’s Statement of Undisputed Facts paragraph by
paragraph,” explaining any disagreement with those proffered facts and citing evidence. Id. at
13. The court told Plaintiff that if he “fail[ed] to provide support for [his] position or fail[ed] to
respond,” it would “treat the Post Office’s version of events of the facts as conceded, and grant
any renewed summary judgment motion at that time.” Id. at 14.
Plaintiff did not heed that warning. The party seeking summary judgment “bears the
initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying
those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
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together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue
of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (quotation omitted). To
dispute a fact, “the non-movant must rely on evidence—i.e., its opposition must consist of more
than mere unsupported allegations or denials and must be supported by affidavits, declarations,
or other competent evidence, setting forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for
trial.” Rochon v. Lynch, 139 F. Supp. 3d 394, 401 (D.D.C. 2015) (quotation omitted), aff’d, 664
F. App’x 8 (D.C. Cir. 2016). Plaintiff has again failed to identify any disagreement with the
specific facts set forth in Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts Not in Genuine Dispute, ECF
No. 34-1 (“SMF”), much less cite evidence for that disagreement. And he has not proffered a
statement of his own to support his cross-motion for summary judgment. 1 Consequently, the
court relies mainly on Defendant’s SMF in setting forth the relevant facts.
B. Undisputed facts
In June 2017, USPS posted a job vacancy for the Supervisor Customer Services
Specialist position at a post office located in Greenbelt, Maryland. SMF ¶ 6. The hiring process
was overseen by Dawn Johnson, Greenbelt’s Postmaster, but Delante Mouton, her supervising
Manager, Post Office Operations, had authority as the “concurring official” to confirm or deny
the hiring decision. Id. ¶ 9. Plaintiff was interviewed for the position on July 1, 2017, and on
1
Plaintiff attached ten exhibits to his combined cross-motion and opposition. ECF No. 36-1.
Seven of the ten exhibits are messages between Plaintiff and other individuals reflecting his
efforts to seek advice and relief for his grievances. Id. at Exs. 1, 2, 5–9. The remaining three
are USPS forms reflecting certain assignments Plaintiff received during 2017. Id. at Exs. 3, 4,
10. But Plaintiff’s only citation to those exhibits is in reference to his claim that Defendant
modified his working schedule in retaliation for using FMLA leave, see Memo. in Support of
Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summary Judgment and Opp’n to Def’s. Mot. for Summary Judgment at
7–8, ECF No. 36 (“Opp’n”)—a claim on which the court has already awarded summary
judgment to Defendant, see Order, ECF No. 28, and on which Plaintiff has not requested
reconsideration. Moreover, Plaintiff’s exhibits do not contradict Defendant’s statement of
undisputed facts, so provide no basis for rejecting Defendant’ proffered facts.
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July 6 Johnson verbally offered him the job. Id. ¶ 11–12. Afterward, Johnson conferred with
Mouton regarding Plaintiff’s selection, and Mouton advised her to “ensure that she did all
appropriate due diligence” to confirm that Plaintiff “truly met all of the qualifications.” Id. ¶ 15.
Before deciding whether he would concur with or reject Johnson’s selection, Mouton
reviewed Plaintiff’s “Absence Analysis” documents for 2016 and 2017. Id. ¶ 16. An Absence
Analysis, also known as “PS Form 3972,”
provides detailed information regarding an employee’s absences from work,
including (but not limited to) reflecting dates the employee took leave, the type of
leave taken (e.g., annual leave, sick leave), the hours charged to each leave type,
whether the leave consisted of leave without pay (“LWOP”), whether the leave was
scheduled or unscheduled, and whether the leave was FMLA-protected leave.
Id. ¶ 4. Mouton discovered that “between January 7, 2017, and Plaintiff’s interview on July 1,
2017, Plaintiff had incurred approximately 12 unscheduled absences that were not FMLA-
protected absences.” Id. ¶ 13 (emphasis removed); see id. ¶ 17.
“Mouton was concerned that, because Plaintiff had many unscheduled absences that
were not FMLA-related absences, Plaintiff would have equally unreliable work attendance if
awarded the Greenbelt Supervisor Position.” Id. ¶ 18. Because the Greenbelt Post Office is
“allotted only one supervisor and one postmaster . . . regular, reliable attendance was a critical
requirement for a candidate to successfully perform the duties” of that position. Id. ¶ 10. Given
Plaintiff’s attendance issues, therefore, Mouton denied his selection for the position, and Johnson
called Plaintiff to rescind the offer. See Def’s. Ex. 3 at 6, ECF No. 34-3; Compl. ¶ 11.
Over the next few months, Plaintiff took several FMLA-protected leave days. FMLA
permits eligible employees to take up to 12 weeks of leave each year because of certain family or
medical exigencies, like the birth of a child or a serious health condition. See 29 U.S.C.
§ 2612(a)(1). Employees may be required to submit documentation supporting their need for
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leave to their employer. Id. § 2613(a). In May 2017, Plaintiff requested, and USPS found him
eligible, to take FMLA-protected “leave once every four months, four days per episode, for his
health.” SMF ¶ 5. As relevant here, Plaintiff took FMLA-protected leave on July 15, August 19,
and November 18, 2017. 2 See id. ¶¶ 29–31.
FMLA-protected absences from work “may consist of unpaid leave.” 29 U.S.C.
§ 2612(c). USPS accordingly does not automatically pay its employees on FMLA-protected
leave. Rather, it uses a separate process for requests for paid sick leave when employees are
“incapacitated for the performance of duties because of illness, injury, pregnancy and
confinement, and medical (including dental or optical) examination or treatment.” SMF ¶ 22
(quoting USPS Employee Manual § 513.11). “An employee requesting FMLA-covered time off
. . . must satisfy the documentation requirements for sick leave . . . in order to receive paid leave
during the absence.” Id. ¶ 25 (quoting Employee Manual § 513.533). “Except for unexpected
illness or injury situations, sick leave must be requested on PS Form 3971 and approved in
advance by the appropriate supervisor.” Id. ¶ 22 (quoting Employee Manual § 513.331). If the
paid sick leave period requested is fewer than three days, a supervisor may require “medical
documentation or other acceptable evidence of incapacity for work,” without which “the absence
may be charged to annual leave, LWOP, or AWOL.” Id. ¶¶ 23–24 (quoting Employee Manual
§§ 513.36, 513.365).
When USPS approved Plaintiff’s FMLA-protected leave in 2017, it reminded him that he
would still need to satisfy the “[a]pplicable conditions for use of paid leave” as set forth in the
2
These dates are the only ones reflecting both FMLA-protected leave and LWOP status in
Plaintiff’s 2017 Absence Analysis. See Def.’s Ex. 12 at 2–3. They are thus the only potential
dates relevant to Plaintiff’s allegation that USPS “choosing not to pay [him]” while “under
FMLA” (on unspecified days) was “a violation.” Compl. ¶ 19.
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Employee Manual. Id. ¶ 26. Upon reviewing Plaintiff’s “increased number of unscheduled
absences” in 2017, Plaintiff’s supervisor Vincent L. Clark decided to exercise his discretion to
require “substantiation of incapacitation before approving a request from Plaintiff for paid sick
leave.” Id. ¶¶ 27–28. Consequently, when Plaintiff requested paid sick leave on July 15, August
19, and November 18, 2017, Clark required him to provide evidence that he was incapacitated
for each of those days. Id. ¶¶ 29–32. Plaintiff refused. Id.; see also Compl. ¶ 19. As a result,
his absences were designated as LWOP for all three days. SMF ¶¶ 29–31.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no disputed genuine issue of material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex, 477
U.S. at 322–23. “A genuine issue of material fact exists if the evidence, viewed in a light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, could support a reasonable jury’s verdict for the non-moving
party.” Brooks v. Grundmann, 748 F.3d 1273, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (citing Hampton v. Vilsack,
685 F.3d 1096, 1099 (D.C. Cir. 2012)). “Where the nonmoving party is proceeding pro se,
courts in this jurisdiction will construe the non-moving party’s filings liberally.” Cunningham v.
U.S. Dep’t of Just., 40 F. Supp. 3d 71, 82 (D.D.C. 2014) (citing Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519,
520 (1972)). “However, a pro se litigant still has the burden of establishing more than ‘the mere
existence of a scintilla of evidence’ in support of his position.” Id. (quoting Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986)). Mere speculation does not suffice, Morris v. McCarthy,
825 F.3d 658, 674 (D.C. Cir. 2016), nor do conclusory, “unsupported allegations or denials,”
Rochon, 139 F. Supp. 3d at 401.
III. ANALYSIS
The undisputed facts in this case compel judgment against Plaintiff. His claims that
USPS interfered with or retaliated against him for the exercise of his rights under FMLA are
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fatally rebutted by the evidence that USPS had legitimate reasons for both rescinding his
Greenbelt Supervisor job offer and denying his requests for paid sick leave. Defendant is
therefore entitled to summary judgment in full. 3
A. Legal framework
Under the FMLA, it is illegal for an “employer to interfere with, restrain, or deny the
exercise of or the attempt to exercise, any right” under the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1), or to “in
any other manner discriminate against any individual for opposing any practice made unlawful”
by the statute, id. § 2615(a)(2). Correspondingly, an employer
may be held liable for violating the FMLA under two distinct claims: (1) an
interference claim under § 2615(a)(1), in which the employer has restrained,
denied, or interfered with the employee’s substantive rights under the Act, and (2)
a retaliation claim under § 2615(a)(2), in which the employer has taken adverse
action against the employee because the employee took leave or otherwise engaged
in activity protected by the Act.
Roseboro v. Billington, 606 F. Supp. 2d 104, 107–08 (D.D.C. 2009).
Interference and retaliation claims require different showings. An interference claim
requires “facts sufficient to show, among other things, that (1) [the plaintiff] was entitled to take
leave because he had a ‘serious health condition,’ (2) he gave his employer adequate notice of
his intention to take leave, and (3) his employer denied or otherwise interfered with his right to
take leave.” Hodges v. D.C., 959 F. Supp. 2d 148, 155 (D.D.C. 2013). “To prove retaliation
under FMLA, [the plaintiff] must ‘show that []he engaged in a protected activity under this
statute; that []he was adversely affected by an employment decision; and that the protected
3
Defendant also argues that Plaintiff’s non-selection and two of his LWOP-designated, FMLA-
protected leave dates fall outside of the statute of limitations. See Renewed Mot. for Summary
Judgment at 3–6, ECF No. 34-2. Because the court concludes that Defendant is entitled to
summary judgment under FMLA in any event, it does not reach the issue whether some of
Plaintiff’s claims are time-barred.
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activity and the adverse employment action were causally connected.’” Cooper v. D.C., 279 F.
Supp. 3d 156, 166–67 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Gleklen v. Democratic Congressional Campaign
Comm., Inc., 199 F.3d 1365, 1368 (D.C. Cir. 2000)).
Plaintiff’s Complaint expressly articulates an interference claim, but not a retaliation
claim. See Compl. ¶ 27 (“Defendant interfered with Plaintiff’s FMLA rights” in violation of “29
U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1)”). However, his allegations that USPS officials rescinded his Greenbelt job
offer and denied his requests for paid sick leave because he had used FMLA-protected leave
more closely resemble retaliation claims. And his briefing contends that “Defendant retaliated
and interfered against” him. Opp’n at 7. Ultimately, however, under either claim there is no
genuine dispute of material fact and judgment must be granted to Defendant as a matter of law.
B. Job offer rescission
Beginning with the rescission of the job offer, Plaintiff has cited no evidence that
Defendant denied his right to take FMLA leave, or that USPS officials rescinded the offer
because Plaintiff had taken FMLA leave in the past. To the contrary, the undisputed evidence in
this case indicates that Plaintiff’s non-selection was because of his “many unscheduled absences
that were not FMLA-related absences.” SMF ¶ 18. Those non-FMLA absences caused concern
that “Plaintiff would have equally unreliable work attendance if awarded the Greenbelt
Supervisor Position, which would make him unable to effectively perform the functions” of that
job. Id. That uncontested, legitimate reason for Plaintiff’s non-selection undercuts any claim
that it was an act of interference or retaliation under FMLA.
Plaintiff argues that he “was actively exercising protected FMLA” when the offer was
rescinded, apparently referring to the fact that he had been approved to take FMLA leave during
2017. Opp’n at 7. But his mere eligibility for FMLA leave around the time the offer was
rescinded does not establish the required causal connection between his taking that leave and the
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adverse action against him. See Long v. Endocrine Soc’y, 263 F. Supp. 3d 275, 283 (D.D.C.
2017) (“While temporal proximity between an employment action and protected activity is
evidence of pretext, it alone is not enough . . . . Thus, the fact that Plaintiff was on FMLA leave
when she was fired, by itself, is not enough to get past summary judgment.”). Defendant is
therefore entitled to summary judgment with respect to its rescission of Plaintiff’s job offer.
C. Denials of paid sick leave
As for Plaintiff’s denied requests for paid sick leave, undisputed evidence also precludes
any claim of interference or retaliation. As explained above, FMLA allows employers to require
that employees produce evidence of family or medical emergencies. 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1).
Pursuant to his request, Plaintiff was approved for one four-day period of FMLA leave every
four months to address a “Chronic Condition Req[uiring] Treatment,” Def.’s Ex. 13 at 7–8,
which he describes as mental health issues including “stress, anxiety, and depression” that
warranted him seeking professional help, Compl. ¶¶ 6, 19. In Plaintiff’s view, the
documentation he provided to obtain that approval also satisfied his obligation to, at Clark’s
request, submit any additional evidence in support of his request for paid sick leave. Id. ¶ 19.
He therefore contends that the fact that his requests were denied for failure to submit additional
documentation is evidence that those denials were in retaliation for him exercising his FMLA
rights. Id. ¶¶ 18–20.
Here, too, however, Plaintiff has not marshalled sufficient evidence to support his claim
at the summary judgment stage. To begin, he identifies no causal connection between the
denials of his paid sick leave requests and the exercise of his FMLA rights. As already noted,
temporal proximity alone is not enough. See Long, 263 F. Supp. 3d at 283. Moreover, the
denials were in keeping with USPS internal procedures, which require certain evidence for paid
sick leave in addition to documentation provided for FMLA approval. SMF ¶ 25. Plaintiff’s
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case illustrates at least one possible rationale for that policy. Documentation of chronic issues
like mental health challenges might establish that Plaintiff needs to take a certain amount of time
off every year to remain productive in the long run. But it might not demonstrate that he is
“incapacitated for the performance of duties” or actually receiving “medical . . . examination or
treatment” on any given day—as internal policies state an employee may be required to prove in
order to be paid during sick leave. Id. ¶¶ 22–23. And USPS procedures expressly set forth the
consequences for refusal to provide that additional documentation: designation of an absence as
LWOP. Id. ¶ 24. In any event, there is no evidence that the denials of Plaintiff’s paid sick leave
requests were caused by or otherwise interfered with his taking FMLA leave. The court will
therefore grant summary judgment to Defendant with respect to this issue as well.
IV. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the court will GRANT Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment,
ECF No. 34, and DENY Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 37. A
corresponding Order will accompany this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: August 9, 2023
Tanya S. Chutkan
TANYA S. CHUTKAN
United States District Judge
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