Akel v. United States Department of Justice

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ANTONIO U. AKEL,
Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 20-3240 (RDM)
v.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is the Court’s third opinion in this garden variety Freedom of Information Act
(“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, case. The dispute started when Plaintiff, Antonio Akel, submitted a
FOIA request to the Department of Justice (“Department”), seeking “[a]ll ex parte
communications between the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Florida and the
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida utilizing the official Dept. of Justice email
accounts as to it pertains to [himself] and [his] case.” Dkt. 55-1 at 2–3 (3d Wilkinson Dec. ¶ 6).
In the first opinion, the Court granted in part and denied in part the Department’s motion for
summary judgment and granted in part and denied in part Akel’s cross-motion for summary
judgment. Akel v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 578 F. Supp. 3d 88, 100 (D.D.C. 2021) (“Akel I”). In
particular, the Court upheld the Department’s search for responsive records, “except with respect
to the email communications of former AUSA Thomas Swaim.” Id. at 95. With respect to
Swaim’s email communications, the Court explained that the Department’s search was deficient
because “Swaim was one of the two prosecutors in Plaintiff’s criminal case;” although he no
longer worked in the U.S. Attorney’s office, his email had been archived; yet the Department had
failed to search those archived emails. Id. at 96–97. With respect to the other attorneys who
worked on Akel’s case, however, the Court was satisfied that a search of their still-active email
systems was sufficient. Id. at 97–99. Among other things, those attorneys, who still worked in
the office, indicated that they had “saved every email related to Plaintiff’s case, searched those
files, and found that there were no ex parte communications with chambers.” Id. at 98.
Two events of relevance occurred after the Court issued its decision in Akel I. First, the
Department “conducted a search of AUSA Swaim’s [a]rchived [e]mails, as ordered by [t]he
Court.” Dkt. 39 at 7. That search covered the period from January 1, 2007 to June 19, 2008. Id.The Department subsequently determined, however, that the search period should run from
January 1, 2007 to the date of the search. Dkt. 54 at 2. Neither search located any responsive
records. Second, Akel sought leave to add a second FOIA request to his complaint, Dkt. 33 at 1,
and the Court granted that motion in July 2022, Min. Order (July 13, 2022). The second FOIA
request was broader than the first; it requested “[a]ll email communications pertaining” to Akel
or to his case, as opposed to first request, which sought only ex parte communications with the
court. Dkt. 55-1 at 4 (3d Wilkinson Decl. ¶ 10).
These events, then, led up to the Court’s second opinion in this case, in which the Court
granted in part and denied in part the Department’s second motion for summary judgment and
denied Akel’s cross motion. Akel v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. 20-cv-3240, 2023 WL 2585667,
at *9 (D.D.C. March 21, 2023) (“Akel II”). This time, the Court held that the Department’s
search of Swaim’s emails with respect to both the first and second FOIA requests was adequate
and thus granted summary judgment in favor of the Department in that respect. Id. at *6. That
decision, in combination with the Court’s prior decision, fully resolved Akel’s claims with
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respect to his first FOIA request—and partially resolved Akel’s claims with respect to his second
FOIA request.
Akel argued, however, that other deficiencies remained with respect to the Department’s
handling of the second request. In particular, he argued that “the Department had failed to offer
sufficient detail to establish that it [had] conducted an adequate search” because the Department
did not indicate (1) who performed the search of the five email accounts identified in the request;
(2) whether the terms “Akel” and “3:07-cr-136-LAC” were used in the search; and (3) whether
the search spanned from November 2007 through the present. Id. With one exception, the Court
was unpersuaded. The Court first rejected Akel’s contention that the Department had failed to
identify who had conducted the search; as explained in the third Wilkinson declaration, the
search was conducted by the AUSAs who were still employed (they searched their own email
systems) and by the Cyber Security Staff (“CSS”) of the Executive Office of the United States
Attorneys (which searched Swaim’s archived email). Id. Nor was the Court convinced that the
Department had failed to identify the relevant search range; as explained in the third Wilkinson
declaration, CSS used the date range of January 1, 2007 to the present, and the others searched
for all materials “up to the date of the search.” Id. at *7.
As to Akel’s second objection, however, the Court agreed that the Department needed to
do more to carry its burden on summary judgment. As the Court explained, the third Wilkinson
declaration did not indicate whether the assistant United States attorneys who still worked in the
office had received a copy of Akel’s second FOIA request; it stated only that they had received a
“mass email” asking them to “search for potentially-responsive material.” Id. In the Court’s
view, that assertion lacked the detail necessary to assess the adequacy of the search, and the
Court, accordingly, denied the Department’s motion in part. Id. at *7–8.
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That, then, leads to the pending motions and the Court’s third opinion in the case. Before
turning to the handful of issues that remain, the Court pauses to note that this is not how FOIA is
supposed to work. Had the Department exercised greater care in conducting and describing its
prior searches, the case could—and should—have been resolved long ago. The type of iterative
process represented by this case—and all too many FOIA cases—constitutes a burden on the
time of resources of all involved, and, more importantly, it is at odds with the statutory design,
which attempts to foster expedition. Cf. Shteynlyuger v. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Servs., No. 20-cv-2982, 2023 WL 6389139, at *32 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2023).
Turning to the remaining issues in dispute, three motions are now before the Court:
(1) the Department’s third motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 64; (2) Akel’s renewed cross-
motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 67; and (3) Akel’s motion for leave to withdraw any
complaint pertaining to his first FOIA request (#EOUSA-2020-3734), Dkt. 66. For the reasons
explained below, the Court will GRANT the Department’s third motion for summary judgment,
will DENY Akel’s third cross-motion for summary judgment, and will DENY as moot Akel’s
motion for leave to withdraw his (already adjudicated) claims relating to his first FOIA request.
A.
The Court starts with Akel motion to withdraw his claims relating to his first FOIA
request (#EOUSA-2020-3734), Dkt. 66 at 1, because it merits only brief discussion. As
explained above, the Court has already granted summary judgment to the Department in full with
respect to Akel’s first request. As a result, no claim remains to withdraw. The Court will,
accordingly, deny Akel’s motion to withdraw his claims relating to his first FOIA request as
moot.
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B.
The Department moves a third time for summary judgment, arguing that it has finally
demonstrated the adequacy of its searches. Dkt. 64 at 1. To establish that it, in fact, used the
relevant terms—including “Akel” and “3:07-cr-136-LAC”—in its searches, the Department
offers the fifth Wilkinson declaration. Wilkinson attests that on June 14, 2021, when the U.S.
Attorney’s Office’s FOIA contact, Anthony Garner, emailed all staff in the Northern District of
Florida and directed them to search for responsive material, he “copied and pasted items (1) and
(2) of the [FOIA] request—i.e.[,] the subject matter sought by Plaintiff” into his email. Dkt.
64-2 at 4 (5th Wilkinson Decl. ¶ 12). Sections (1) and (2) describe Akel’s request for email
communications pertaining to himself, Antonio Akel, or his case number, 3:07-cr-136-LAC.
Dkt. 33 at 9. Wilkinson also attests that each assistant United States attorney involved with
Akel’s prosecution and/or appeal searched a segregated database of their emails and that these
segregated databases were created from criteria that included Akel’s name and case number,
further ensuring that the search was adequate. Dkt. 64-2 at 4–5 (5th Wilkinson Decl. ¶ 14).
Finally, Wilkinson declares that the office certified that the search of its internal database,
CaseView, emails of relevant parties, and public databases employed the term “CR#07cr-136-
LAC-MCR.” Dkt. 64 at 3; Dkt. 64-2 at 5 (5th Wilkinson Decl. ¶ 17).
In response, Akel argues that the search was still inadequate because, even if the
Department searched for his name and case number in the segregated email accounts, CSS did
not search the archival database for emails with those terms for the four assistant United States
attorneys other than Swaim. Dkt. 68 at 2–3. Akel is mistaken. To be sure, his FOIA request
“ask[ed] the agency personnel to not arbitrarily or capriciously withhold . . . and to [conduct a]
search in accord with the EOUSA’s ARCHIVAL and RETRIEVAL policy surrounding
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Government email accounts.” See Dkt. 74 at 2. But that does not mean that any search that
failed to include the archived email of current employees was inadequate. The Court already
rejected a similar version of this argument that Akel raised with respect to his first FOIA request.
See Akel I, 578 F. Supp. 3d at 97–99. Although a search of the archival database may be
necessary to locate the records of former employees, like Swaim, the same is not true of the four
current employees, who maintain active email databases that contain all emails related to Akel’s
prosecution and appeal. For these employees (Forbes, Register, Acosta, and Davies), a search of
their segregated email databases “can be reasonably expected to produce the information
requested.” Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). Akel offers no
reason to believe otherwise.
The Court will, accordingly, grant summary judgment to the Department on this issue.
C.
Akel’s cross-motion for summary judgment raises one additional argument. He
maintains that the Department did not, in fact, search Swaim’s archived emails and that, instead,
it mistakenly directed CSS to search the archival database for “Swain” (ending with an “n” rather
than an “m”). Dkt. 67 at 2–3. Akel previously raised this objection in a filing submitted shortly
after the Court filed its opinion on the prior round of summary judgment motions, see Dkt. 59 at
2. In response, the Department filed an errata, explaining that the misspelling was a
“typographical error” that was “limited entirely to paragraph 19 of . . . Wilkinson’s Third
Declaration and had no effect on any search related to this matter.” Dkt. 61 at 1. Wilkinson
attests in his fourth declaration that he has “since located the internal search requests sent to the
CSS staff to initiate both of the ProofPoint searches for Thomas Swaim” and confirmed that
“[h]is name was spelled correctly in each document, which confirms that the correct record
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custodian was searched and the results were accurate.” Dkt. 61-1 at 1–2 (4th Wilkinson Decl.
¶ 3).
Akel’s cross-motion points to various places in the Department’s second motion for
summary judgment, Dkt. 39, and the Department’s opposition to Akel’s second cross-motion for
summary judgment, Dkt. 52, where the Department misspelled Swaim’s name in a similar
manner, also mistakenly using an “n” rather than an “m” at the end of his name. Dkt. 67 at 2.
The problem with Akel’s argument, however, is that a lack of care by litigation counsel does not
show that CSS made the same mistake, and, indeed, the evidence now shows that CSS did not do
so. The fourth Wilkinson declaration attests, under the penalty of perjury, that he reviewed the
search terms and confirmed that “Swaim” was spelled correctly. Dkt. 61-1 at 1–2 (4th
Wilkinson Decl. ¶ 3). Once again, Akel offers no reason to question that evidence or to
disregard the presumption of good faith that typically applies to agency declarations in FOIA
cases.
The Court, accordingly, concludes that the uncontroverted record establishes that the
Department conducted an adequate search for records responsive to Akel’s second FOIA request.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will DENY as moot Plaintiff’s motion to partially
withdraw his complaint, Dkt. 66, GRANT Defendant’s third motion for summary judgment,
Dkt. 64, and DENY Plaintiff’s cross-motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 67.
A separate order will issue.
/s/ Randolph D. Moss
RANDOLPH D. MOSS
United States District Judge
Date: March 4, 2024
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