United States v. Seefried

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v. Case No. 1:21-cr-00287 (TNM)
KEVIN SEEFRIED,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM ORDER
After a bench trial, Kevin Seefried was convicted of a felony and four misdemeanors.
See Judgment, ECF No. 141. He has since appealed his conviction and sentence to the D.C.
Circuit, and he now moves for release pending the Circuit’s resolution of that appeal. For the
reasons below, the Court grants his motion, but not immediately.
I.
In early 2023, the Court found Seefried guilty of one felony and four misdemeanors
stemming from his participation in the riot at the U.S. Capitol Building on January 6, 2021. See
generally Judgment. Seefried was found guilty of Obstruction of an Official Proceeding, under
18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2) (his felony conviction), and four trespass-related misdemeanors under
18 U.S.C. § 1752(a) and 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2). Id. Following those convictions, the Court
sentenced Seefried to 36 months’ incarceration on the § 1512(c) felony count, twelve months’
incarceration on each of the § 1752(a) misdemeanor counts, and six months’ incarceration on
each of the § 5104(e)(2) misdemeanor counts. Id. at 3. All sentences were concurrent to one
another. Id.
Seefried promptly appealed his conviction and sentence to the D.C. Circuit. Notice of
Appeal, ECF No. 144. Once he did, he moved in this Court for release pending appeal based on
the Circuit’s consideration of United States v. Miller, D.C. Cir. Case No. 22-3041. Miller
concerned whether § 1512(c) applied outside the context of “evidence impairment,” i.e., when a
defendant had not taken acts “intended to affect the availability or integrity of evidence.” United
States v. Fischer, 64 F.4th 329, 338 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (case consolidated with Miller).
Concluding that this was a “substantial question” and that the Circuit’s disposition of the appeal
might result in a significantly lesser sentence, the Court granted Seefried’s motion for release
pending appeal. See Order on Mot. for Bond (Release Order), ECF No. 151.
A few weeks after the Court ordered Seefried released pending appeal, the D.C. Circuit
decided Fischer. A fractured panel held that § 1512(c) does apply to “assaultive conduct,
committed in furtherance of an attempt to stop Congress from performing a constitutionally
required duty.” Fischer, 64 F.4th at 332. Thus, if the Circuit’s opinion were the last word,
Seefried’s felony conviction would be valid. So the Court ordered Seefried to surrender to the
custody of the Attorney General to begin serving his sentence. ECF No. 158.
Seefried’s current motion is déjà vu all over again. Last December, the Supreme Court
issued a writ of certiorari, agreeing to hear Fischer. Fischer v. United States, 144 S. Ct. 537, 537
(2023) (Mem.). That means that at least four justices were interested in deciding the question
presented by that case. Rogers v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 352 U.S. 521, 527 (1957) (Frankfurter, J.,
dissenting). That is, whether “§ 1512(c) (‘Witness, Victim, or Informant Tampering’), which
prohibits obstruction of congressional inquiries and investigations, . . . include[s] acts unrelated
to investigations and evidence.” Pet. for a Writ of Cert. at i, Fischer v. United States (No. 23-
5572) (U.S. pet. for cert. filed Dec. 13, 2023). Now that this issue is again live, and Seefried’s
felony conviction may again be vitiated, Seefried asks this Court to order him released while his
appeal is decided.
2
II.
In 18 U.S.C. § 3143(b), Congress gave defendants an avenue to secure their release from
federal custody pending disposition of their appeals. Except in cases in which the defendant has
been convicted of certain crimes listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(1), a District Judge “shall order the
release” of a defendant whose appeal is pending before the Circuit or the Supreme Court if two
conditions are met. First, the Court must find “by clear and convincing evidence that the person
is not likely to flee or pose a danger to the safety of any other person or the community if
released.” 18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1)(A). And second, the Court must find “that the appeal is not
for the purpose of delay and raises a substantial question” that is “likely to result in” reversal, a
new trial, a noncustodial sentence, or a custodial sentence which will have fully expired by the
time the appeal is decided. Id. § 3143(b)(1)(B). When those conditions are met, the statute
leaves no discretion: The Court “shall order” that the defendant be released. Id. § 3143(b)(1)
(emphasis added).
Seefried has appealed both his conviction and sentence to the D.C. Circuit. Notice of
Appeal; Docketing Statement at 1, United States v. Seefried, D.C. Cir. Case No. 23-3023. So he
falls within the ambit of § 3143(b)(1) and must be released if the Court finds that he satisfies the
two conditions discussed above.
A.
The first prong of the § 3143(b)(1) analysis is whether, “by clear and convincing
evidence,” the Court finds that Seefried “is not likely to flee or pose a danger to . . . the
community if released.” 18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1)(A). He is not.
To begin, the Court has already found that Seefried does not pose a flight risk or a risk of
harm to the community. Release Order at 2. Indeed, at the time of Seefried’s prior motion, the
3
Government “concede[d] [that] the defendant does not pose a danger to the community or a risk
of flight.” Opp’n to Mot. for Release Pending Appeal (First Opp’n) at 1, ECF No. 148. Without
some intervening change of facts, that Court’s prior finding is conclusive here. After all, one of
“the most basic principle[s] of jurisprudence” is that “the same issue presented a second time in
the same case in the same court should lead to the same result.” LaShawn A. v. Barry, 87 F.3d
1389, 1393 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (emphasis omitted). So the question is whether some fact has
changed, such that the Court should revisit its earlier ruling.
The Government identifies two. First, it says that Seefried “now knows the day-to-day
reality of confinement in prison” and is therefore “more likely” to “flee[] rather than returning to
prison.” Opp’n at 4. Second, it says that this is an election year, involving “what will likely be
another fiercely contested presidential election.” Id. So the Court “would be releasing defendant
into the same political maelstrom that led him to commit his crimes in the first place.” Id. These
arguments are unavailing.
The Government’s first argument proves too much. Taken to its logical end, it would
mean that a defendant may never be released pending appeal once he has spent time in jail and
learned the “day-to-day reality of confinement in prison.” Opp’n at 4. No such limitation
appears in the text of § 3143(b)(1). And the Court will not constructively amend the statute to
eviscerate its intent.
The Government’s second argument fares little better. The Government claims that
because it is “the year of what will likely be another fiercely contested presidential election,”
defendants like Seefried cannot be released from custody. Opp’n at 4. To be sure, if the
Government points to facts suggesting Seefried is likely to reoffend, he cannot be released.
4
18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1)(A). But the Government must actually point to “evidence” supporting
that assertion. See id. And it has not done so here.
The riot on January 6th was the culmination of a unique—indeed, never-before-seen—
confluence of events. The Government provides the Court no evidence suggesting that any of
the events that led to that riot are reasonably likely to recur. Nor does it point to any evidence
that Seefried would participate in another riot if they did. Instead, the Government invokes
general atmospherics about a “fiercely contested presidential election” and a “political
maelstrom.” Opp’n at 4. It then leaves the Court to speculate that this “maelstrom” will
ultimately result in Seefried reoffending. This fact-free approach does not enable the Court to
conclude that Seefried is “likely to flee or pose a danger to the safety of any other person or the
community.” 18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1)(A).
Ultimately, none of the Government’s arguments involve any facts specific to Seefried.
Instead, they are purely class-based. People who have already gone to prison, as a class, cannot
be released. January 6th defendants, as a class, cannot be released during an election year. In
the end, if specific facts about Seefried lead the Government to believe that he is imminently
likely to engage in criminal conduct, options remain open to the Government. But without those
facts, the Court cannot deprive a citizen of his liberty based on guesswork alone.
Because the Government has presented no reason to believe that its previous concession
about Seefried’s flight risk is no longer valid, the Court reaffirms its previous finding. By clear
and convincing evidence, Seefried is not likely to flee the jurisdiction or pose a harm to the
community during his release.
5
B.
That leaves the second factor: whether “the appeal is not for the purpose of delay” and
“raises a substantial question of law or fact likely to result in” Seefried’s release from custody.
18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1)(B). The Government previously conceded that Seefried’s appeal is “not
for the purposes of delay,” First Opp’n at 1, and its new Opposition does not recant that
concession. Instead, it focuses entirely on the second component, whether Seefried’s appeal
raises a substantial question likely to result in his release. Opp’n at 5–7. The Court therefore
asks two questions: “(1) Does the appeal raise a substantial question?” and “(2) If so, would the
resolution of that question in the defendant’s favor be likely to lead to [one of the
§ 3143(b)(1)(B) outcomes]?” United States v. Perholtz, 836 F.2d 554, 555 (D.C. Cir. 1987).
Seefried’s appeal presents a substantial question. The Government makes scant mention
of this requirement in its brief. See Opp’n at 4 (sole mention of this requirement). Still, the
Court must address it. The question at issue in Fischer is identical to that raised by Seefried in
his appeal. So the Supreme Court’s grant of the Fischer petition necessarily means that
Seefried’s appeal raises a substantial question. After all, a substantial question is “a close
question or one that very well could be decided the other way.” Perholtz, 836 F.2d at 555
(internal quotation marks omitted). And when the Supreme Court issues a writ of certiorari to
answer a question, it will usually be the case that this standard is met.
Consider for a moment why. The Supreme Court uses something called “the rule of
four” to decide which cases to review. Rogers, 352 U.S. at 527 (Frankfurter, J., dissenting).
That rule is based on the theory “that if four Justices find that a legal question of general
importance is raised, that is ample proof that the question has such importance.” Id. at 529; see
also id. at 560 (Harlan, J., concurring). So when the Court issues a writ of certiorari, it must be
6
true that at least four Justices agree that “a legal question of general importance” has been raised.
Id. at 529 (Frankfurter, J., dissenting); see also S. Ct. R. 10 (reaffirming this standard). And
where, as here, there is no circuit split to motivate the Court’s review, the decision to issue a writ
of certiorari will ordinarily indicate that reasonable minds could (and perhaps are inclined to)
decide the question “the other way.” Perholtz, 836 F.2d at 555. So, at least on the facts here, the
grant of review in Fischer necessarily means that Seefried’s appeal, which involves the same
issue, presents a “substantial question of law.” 18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1)(B).
That leaves only whether “resolution of that question in [Seefried’s] favor [is] likely to
lead to” his release from custody. Perholtz, 836 F.2d at 555. It is. If the Supreme Court decides
Fischer in Fischer’s favor, it will almost certainly mean that Seefried’s analogous conduct did
not violate § 1512(c). In that case, Seefried will be left serving only his sentences for the four
misdemeanor convictions. But, by the time his appeal has concluded, those custodial sentences
will have likely concluded.
Seefried surrendered to the custody of the Attorney General on or before May 31, 2023.
See ECF No. 158. So his one-year custodial sentence on the misdemeanor charges will end on or
before May 31, 2024. See Judgment at 3 (ordering that all custodial sentences are to be served
concurrently). In that case, the question for the Court is whether Seefried’s appeal is likely to
conclude before or after May 31, 2024. See 18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1)(B)(iv).
The Supreme Court has scheduled the oral argument in Fischer for April 16, 2024. See
February 16, 2024 Docket Entry, Fischer v. United States, S. Ct. Case No. 23-5572. And the
median time “from oral argument to decision” in the Supreme Court is 75 days. Lee Epstein,
William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, The Best for Last: The Timing of U.S. Supreme Court
Decisions, 64 DUKE L. J. 991, 993 n.5 (2015). That easily puts the likely date of the Court’s
7
opinion into the last week of June. Then, the Circuit will take still more time to decide
Seefried’s case, applying Fischer. On that timeline, there is next to no likelihood that Seefried’s
appeal will be over before May 31. And in that case, he has satisfied the second Perholtz step.
The Government does not contest much of this. Instead, it argues that Seefried’s
misdemeanor sentences would not be reduced if his felony conviction were vacated. Opp’n at 5.
But the Court’s analysis so far has proceeded on the assumption that Seefried will have to serve
the maximum prison term possible on his misdemeanor counts—one year. Incidentally, that is
the exact term the Court sentenced him to. So the Government is left to rely on the speculative
claim that, without the felony conviction, the Court would convert Seefried’s concurrent
sentences to consecutive ones. Id. at 6; see infra at 10.
Finally, the Government appears to downplay the risk that Seefried would spend more
time in prison than necessary. If the Court denies Seefried’s motion, the Government says, he
would serve “at most a few weeks” longer in prison than he should. Opp’n at 6. But “[i]n our
society liberty is the norm,” not the exception. United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 755
(1987). And every day that a man’s liberty is wrongfully withheld extracts a dear cost. So it is
no answer for the Government to tell the Court that the cost of denying this motion is just “a few
weeks” more detention than warranted.
In sum, the Court concludes that Seefried has satisfied the second § 3143(b)(1) prong,
too. His appeal presents a “substantial question” and, if that question were decided in his favor,
his sentence would likely be reduced to a term of imprisonment that is less than what he will
have served by the time his appeal is over. 18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1)(B)(iv). In so deciding, the
Court joints with other courts in this district that have likewise found appeals raising the Fischer
issue to warrant release pending appeal. See, e.g., United States v. Adams, 21-cr-00354 (APM),
8
2024 WL 111802, at *1–3 (D.D.C. Jan. 10, 2024); United States v. Sheppard, 21-cr-00203
(JDB), 2024 WL 127016, at *2–3 (D.D.C. Jan. 11, 2024).
C.
All this means that Seefried has a right to release pending the disposition of his appeal.
But that leaves a final question: when? Section 3143(b)(1)(B) provides the answer. When a
court orders a defendant released under § 3143(b)(1)(B)(iv), that release shall not take effect
until “the expiration of the likely reduced sentence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1)(B). So the Court
must determine what that “likely reduced sentence” would be. This analysis is inherently
speculative—the Court is not resentencing Seefried today. Instead, it is simply looking ahead
and assessing what Seefried’s probable sentence might be if he were to win on appeal.
The Court concludes that Seefried’s misdemeanor sentence likely would not change: It
would remain one year on the two § 1752(a) convictions and six months on the two § 5104(e)(2)
convictions, all to run concurrently. Those sentences—each the statutory maximum—would
account for the severity of Seefried’s criminal conduct. At the same time, running the sentences
concurrently would account for the overlap in the relevant conduct and his lack of criminal
history.
Seefried disagrees. He notes that “[i]n other cases involving misdemeanor-only January
6 defendants[,] . . . this Court has consistently imposed sentences of less than a month of
incarceration or probation only.” Mot. at 8. But the cases he points to are meaningfully different
from this one. As the Court noted in sentencing Seefried, “among the January 6th rioters I’ve
sentenced thus far for nonassaultive conduct, [Seefried’s] actions are at the most egregious end.”
Sentencing Tr. at 39, ECF No. 143. Seefried was “one of the very first rioters to break into the
Capitol,” id. at 38, and his early actions likely inspired those who followed him. He carried a
9
Confederate battle flag into the Capitol—something that did not happen even during the Civil
War—and used the flag to strike at a black police officer before chasing him through the
building. Id. at 38–39. And, of course, Seefried went to trial rather than accepting responsibility
for his actions. He is therefore unlike other defendants whom the Court has sentenced to brief
terms of incarceration or noncustodial sentences. Contra Mot. at 8.
Likewise, though, the Court is unpersuaded by the Government’s claim that Seefried’s
sentence would be increased on remand. Opp’n at 6. Because the Court issued Seefried the
statutory maximum sentence, his sentence could only increase if the Court converted his terms of
imprisonment from concurrent to consecutive sentences.
“When a federal court imposes multiple prison sentences, it can typically choose whether
to run the sentences concurrently or consecutively.” Lora v. United States, 599 U.S. 453, 455
(2023). But consecutive sentences are generally the exception, rather than the rule. That is
because “[f]or many defendants, the difference between consecutive and concurrent sentences is
more important than a jury verdict of innocence on any single count: Two consecutive 10–year
sentences are in most circumstances a more severe punishment than any number of concurrent
10–year sentences.” Oregon v. Ice, 555 U.S. 160, 174 (2009) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
The Court is not persuaded that it would likely sentence Seefried to consecutive terms of
imprisonment on remand. Where “the sentence imposed on the count carrying the highest
statutory maximum,”—here, one year—“is adequate to achieve the total punishment, . . . the
sentences on all counts shall run concurrently.” U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(c). Here, that one-year
sentence is likely adequate. As the Court noted during the first sentencing, Seefried has no
criminal history. Sentencing Tr. at 40. He willingly surrendered himself to the authorities, both
on arrest and also after sentencing. Id. at 40–41. And he has shown remorse for his crimes. Id.
10
at 41. As the Court noted before, there is little risk of recidivism or need for specific deterrence
here. Id. at 42. More, consecutive sentences are generally inappropriate where the offenses
involve overlapping relevant conduct. Cf. United States v. Heard, 359 F.3d 544, 549–51 (D.C.
Cir. 2004). So consecutive sentences would likely be “greater than necessary[] to comply with
the purposes” of sentencing, and would thus be inappropriate. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a), 3584(b).
To be clear, this conclusion turns on the specific facts of this case and this Defendant.
Other courts in this district—in cases like Adams and Sheppard—have concluded that they
would likely reduce the defendants’ misdemeanor sentences if their felony convictions were
vacated. But each sentencing decision turns on the specific facts of the defendant before the
Court. So the Court’s divergence from those decisions reflects only a case-specific evaluation of
the Defendant before the Court.
The Court therefore concludes that Seefried’s likely reduced sentence is a total of one
year of incarceration. Heeding Congress’s command, the Court thus orders that Seefried be
released on the expiration of that likely reduced sentence—in other words, one year to the day
after he surrendered to the custody of the Attorney General.
* * *
Accordingly, the Court ORDERS that Defendant’s Motion for Release Pending Appeal
is GRANTED. The Bureau of Prisons is ORDERED to release Seefried one year after the day
on which he surrendered to custody. The parties are ORDERED to file a Joint Status Report no
later than 14 days following the Supreme Court’s release of an opinion in Fischer.
SO ORDERED.
2024.03.26
12:28:37 -04'00'
Dated: March 26, 2024 TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.
11