Cannon v. State

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
ALONZO CANNON, §
§ No. 68, 2015
Defendant Below, §
Appellant, § Court Below: Superior Court
§ of the State of Delaware,
v. § in and for Sussex County
§
STATE OF DELAWARE, § Cr. ID. No. 0010006075
§
Plaintiff Below, §
Appellee. §
Submitted: October 28, 2015
Decided: November 9, 2015
Before HOLLAND, VALIHURA, and SEITZ, Justices.
Upon appeal from the Superior Court. AFFIRMED.
J. Brendan O’Neill, Esquire, Nicole M. Walker, Esquire, and Elliot Margules,
Esquire, Office of the Public Defender, Wilmington, Delaware, for Defendant
Below, Appellant, Alonzo Cannon.
Elizabeth R. McFarlan, Esquire, Chief of Appeals, Department of Justice,
Wilmington, Delaware, for Plaintiff Below, Appellee, State of Delaware.
SEITZ, Justice:
I. Introduction
In 2001, a Superior Court jury convicted Alonzo Cannon of offenses related
to possession of cocaine and marijuana. At trial, the State introduced evidence that
after being read his Miranda rights, Cannon confessed to police that the drugs were
his and also where he obtained them. The trial judge sentenced Cannon to eighteen
years unsuspended jail time followed by decreasing levels of supervision. This
Court affirmed his convictions and sentence on direct appeal. The Superior Court
denied Cannon’s first motion for postconviction relief, and this Court dismissed his
appeal from the first motion as untimely filed.
On January 8, 2015, with the assistance of counsel, Cannon filed a second
motion for postconviction relief, claiming that the State’s failure to disclose
misconduct in the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (“OCME”) violated the
State’s obligation under Brady v. Maryland,1 and that an evidentiary hearing was
required to explore the Brady issue further. The motion was a lengthy form motion
filed in a number of cases raising misconduct at the OCME. 2 The Superior Court
summarily dismissed the motion, and found there was no evidence to support
Cannon’s contention that the misconduct at the OCME was ongoing during his
1
373 U.S. 83 (1963).
2
For instance, the motion contained an argument section addressing guilty pleas, which has no
relevance here because Cannon went to trial. App. to Opening Br. at 111-18 (Second Mot. for
Postconviction Relief).
2
trial in 2001, or that the misconduct involved false chemical analysis reporting as
opposed to theft.3
On appeal, Cannon has for the first time tailored his arguments to his case,
and claims that the Superior Court erred because he raises a substantial issue about
whether the OCME misconduct was ongoing at the time of his trial. The State has
responded that Cannon’s motion is barred by amended Superior Court Criminal
Rule 61, and in any event, Cannon admitted to the crimes, and the drugs field
tested positive for illegal substances, so the motion should be denied.
After careful review of the record, we find that the issues on appeal were not
fairly raised before the Superior Court, and Rule 61 bars Cannon’s claims because
he does not allege actual innocence. Even if we reached the merits of his claims,
they would be barred due to the overwhelming evidence of guilt presented at trial.
Therefore we affirm the Superior Court’s judgment.
II. Facts and Procedural History
On October 10, 2000, Alonzo Cannon, in violation of probation conditions,
spent the night at the Little Creek Apartments in Laurel. Two probation officers,
as well as Delaware State Police Corporals Wayne Warren and Rodney Layfield,
knew Cannon frequented the residence and attempted to locate him there. The
3
Ex. A. to Opening Br. (Letter Opinion).
3
officers knocked on the door of the apartment and Priscilla Barnes opened the
door.
Barnes told the officers that she did not believe Cannon was in the apartment
but permitted the officers to perform a search. The officers discovered Cannon
inside Barnes’ daughter’s locked room, naked in bed with Barnes’ underage
daughter. Corporal Warren observed Cannon’s clothes at the foot of the bed and a
man’s jacket to the right of the bedroom doorway.
The officers searched the jacket and found eleven individually wrapped bags
of marijuana and twelve individually wrapped bags of cocaine. The bags tested
positive for the drugs using a field test. 4 The police read Cannon his Miranda
rights. Cannon first denied, but then admitted to owning the jacket. 5 He also
admitted to using marijuana, but denied using cocaine.6 In a subsequent interview,
Cannon admitted the narcotics belonged to him, and he told Corporal Layfield that
he obtained them in Wilmington.7
At trial, Cannon stipulated to the qualifications of Farnam Daneshgar, a
forensic chemist employed by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner
(“OCME”), as an expert narcotics analyst. Daneshgar testified that he tested five
4
App. to Answering Br. at 4 (Prelim. Hearing Test. of Cpl. Rodney Layfield).
5
Id. at 10 (Suppression Hearing Test. of Officer Timothy Jones).
6
Id. at 8.
7
Id. at 19 (Suppression Hearing Test. of Cpl. Rodney Layfield).
4
random bags of each substance and determined the contents to be marijuana and
cocaine. After a three-day trial, the jury found Cannon guilty of possession with
intent to deliver marijuana, possession with intent to deliver cocaine, two counts of
possession of contraband within 1,000 feet of a school, possession of drug
paraphernalia, and criminal impersonation. He was sentenced to eighteen years of
unsuspended jail time followed by decreasing levels of supervision.
This Court affirmed Cannon’s conviction on direct appeal.8 In May, 2003,
the Superior Court denied Cannon’s first motion for postconviction relief. 9
Cannon appealed, and this Court dismissed the appeal as untimely. 10 In 2005,
Cannon filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District
Court for the District of Delaware. The district court denied the petition as
untimely and declined to issue a certificate of appealability. 11
On January 8, 2015, fourteen years after his conviction, Cannon filed a
second motion for postconviction relief based on the OCME misconduct
allegations. On January 16, 2015, the Superior Court denied the motion. The
court reasoned that Cannon failed to present evidence that the “mischief” in the
8
Cannon v. State, 790 A.2d 475 (Del. 2002) (Table).
9
State v. Cannon, 2004 WL 1551500 (Del. Super. June 16, 2004).
10
Cannon v. State, 858 A.2d 960 (Del. 2004) (Table).
11
Cannon v. Carroll, 2006 WL 2949302 (D. Del. Oct. 17, 2006).
5
OCME was ongoing at the time of his trial. 12 The court also found that the OCME
investigation did not involve false chemical reporting (the claim raised in Cannon’s
case), relying on the Superior Court’s decision in State v. Irwin.13
III. Analysis
For the first time on appeal, Cannon argues that the Superior Court erred in
denying his motion because evidence existed at the time of his conviction in 2001
that misconduct was occurring at the OCME, specifically involving Farnam
Daneshgar, the expert witness who testified at Cannon’s trial. Because this
argument was not presented to the Superior Court, and the interests of justice are
not served by departing from the rule, we would ordinarily not consider it for the
first time on appeal.14
Even if the interests of justice required us to reach Cannon’s newly raised
argument, he has failed to meet the procedural requirements of Rule 61(i).15 Under
12
Ex. A. to Opening Br. (Letter Opinion).
13
2014 WL 6734821 (Del. Super. Nov. 27, 2014) (noting that the OCME investigation revealed
serious issues relating to the storage of evidence and security at the lab, drug evidence that was
sent for testing but was never actually tested, and pilfering of drugs in evidence, though there
was no evidence that any employee planted drugs to obtain false convictions).
14
Supr. Ct. R. 8 (“Only questions fairly presented to the trial court may be presented for review;
provided, however, that when the interests of justice so require, the Court may consider and
determine any question not so presented.”).
15
Maxion v. State, 686 A.2d 148, 150 (Del. 1996); Younger v. State, 580 A.2d 552, 554 (Del.
1990). Cannon filed his motion six months after Rule 61 was amended on June 4, 2014, so the
new Rule applies to his motion. See Order Amending Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61 (“This amendment
shall be effective on June 4, 2014 and shall apply to postconviction motions filed on or after that
date.”).
6
Rule 61, the Superior Court will summarily dismiss a second postconviction
motion unless the movant was convicted after a trial and the movant either:
(i) pleads with particularity that new evidence exists that creates a
strong inference that the movant is actually innocent in fact of the acts
underlying the charges of which he was convicted; or
(ii) pleads with particularity a claim that a new rule of constitutional
law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the United
States Supreme Court or the Delaware Supreme Court, applies to the
movant’s case and renders the conviction or death sentence invalid. 16
Cannon pled with particularity that there was new evidence involving the
OCME, but did not plead with particularity how that evidence affected his
conviction. This misstep was a function of filing a boilerplate motion. Cannon
also did not plead in the trial court that the new evidence created a strong inference
that he was actually innocent of the drug charges. Therefore, Cannon’s motion
fails to meet the requirements of Rule 61 and should have been dismissed by the
Superior Court on this ground.
Cannon’s motion would fail on the merits as well. Cannon claims that the
Superior Court erred in two respects when it summarily dismissed his motion for
postconviction relief. First, the Superior Court dismissed the motion without
determining whether there was a need for an evidentiary hearing; and second, the
16
Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(d)(2) (2014).
7
court relied on an inapplicable factual finding in State v. Irwin that the misconduct
involved “pilfering and theft of drugs, not false chemical analysis reporting.” 17
On the evidentiary hearing point, whether to hold an evidentiary hearing is
within the discretion of the trial judge. 18 Because of the boilerplate nature of
Cannon’s motion, there was nothing for the trial court to consider other than the
recent well-publicized allegations of misconduct by the OCME, and Cannon failed
to link those allegations to his conviction over a decade ago. In addition, as we
have found in prior opinions dealing with OCME problems, to date nothing has
surfaced to suggest that the OCME was falsifying evidence. Instead, the OCME
problems involved theft or drylabbing. 19 Therefore, general allegations of OCME
17
Ex. A to Opening Brief (Letter Opinion).
18
Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(h) (2014) (the judge shall determine whether an evidentiary hearing is
“desirable”); Getz v. State, 77 A.3d 271 (Del. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1958 (2014) (“Rule
61 does not mandate the scheduling of an evidentiary hearing in every case, but, rather, leaves it
to the Superior Court to determine whether an evidentiary hearing is needed.”); Shelton v. State,
744 A.2d 465, 510 (Del. 2000) (“Given the trial judge’s extensive familiarity with the
background of this case, we are unable to conclude that he abused his discretion in determining
that an evidentiary hearing was not necessary.”); Maxion, 686 A.2d at 151 (“If the Superior
Court determines in its discretion that an evidentiary hearing is unnecessary, such as in
[appellant’s] case in which all of the issues raised were barred by the procedural requirements of
Rule 61(i), then summary disposition of the motion is entirely appropriate.”).
19
See Aricidiacono v. State, -- A.3d --, 2015 WL 5933984 (Del. Oct. 12, 2015) (no evidence of
evidence tampering); Anzara Brown v. State, 117 A.3d 568, 581 (Del. 2015); Ira Brown v. State,
108 A.3d 1201, 1204–05 (Del. 2015) (“There is no evidence to suggest that OCME employees
tampered with drug evidence by adding known controlled substances to the evidence they
received for testing in order to achieve positive results and secure convictions. That is, there is
no evidence that the OCME staff ‘planted’ evidence to wrongly obtain convictions.”); Brewer v.
State, 2015 WL 4606541, at *1–3 (Del. July 30, 2015); Patrick L. Brown v. State, 2015 WL
3372271, at *1–2 (Del. May 22, 2015); State v. Ringgold, 2015 WL 3580742, at *3 (Del. Super.
June 2, 2015) (“There was no evidence to suggest that OCME employees planted evidence to
8
misconduct would not warrant an evidentiary hearing for a conviction dating back
to 2001.
The Superior Court also found there was “absolutely no evidence that the
mischief in the M.E.O. was ongoing fifteen years ago” when Cannon was tried.20
For the first time on appeal, Cannon argues that an internal audit report prepared
by the Delaware Department of Justice and Delaware State Police found that
certain employees had accused Daneshgar, the State’s expert witness at Cannon’s
trial, of drylabbing since 2006.21 The Report found that Daneshgar may have left
the OCME in 1990 after allegations of drylabbing. The Report also says
Daneshgar did not work for the OCME in 2001. This conflicts with the fact that
Daneshgar testified as a chemist on behalf of the OCME at Cannon’s 2001 trial
and at least one other time in 2005. 22 The record does not reflect whether
Daneshgar was working as an expert witness but not employed by OCME, or if the
Report is inaccurate.
Cannon has made no claim of actual innocence. “The mere existence of the
ongoing scandal at the OCME does not ipso facto create a colorable claim that
there was a miscarriage of justice nor does it create a strong inference that the
wrongly obtain convictions. Nor was there evidence that the substances actually tested by the
chemist were false.”).
20
Ex. A. to Opening Br. (Letter Opinion).
21
See App. to Opening Br. at 42 (Investigation of Missing Drug Evid. Prelim. Findings).
22
See Hicks v. State, 913 A.2d 1189 (Del. 2006).
9
defendants are actually innocent.” 23 Furthermore, the fact that the Report singled
out Daneshgar as having been accused by fellow employees of drylabbing in 1990
and 2006 does not mean that the State had any evidence or knowledge of the
drylabbing at the time of Cannon’s trial in 2001. 24 We have previously held that
because the wrongdoing at the OCME was not known until 2014, incidents not
falling within the relevant time period fail to qualify as Brady violations. 25
Therefore, the Superior Court’s finding that no evidence supported Cannon’s
petition was not an abuse of discretion.
Finally, the overwhelming evidence of Cannon’s guilt would neutralize any
possible Brady violation. 26 Cannon admitted to possessing the illegal drugs, which
23
State v. Anderson, 2015 WL 2067158, at *3 (Del. Super. Apr. 20, 2015), reargument denied
sub nom. State v. Banks, 2015 WL 4400130 (Del. Super. June 17, 2015).
24
See Liu v. State, 103 A.3d 515 (Del. 2014) (Table) (“There are three components of a Brady
violation: (1) evidence exists that is favorable to the accused, because it is either exculpatory or
impeaching; (2) that evidence is suppressed by the State; and (3) its suppression prejudices the
defendant.”); Starling v. State, 882 A.2d 747 (Del. 2005) (holding that suppression is required to
constitute a Brady violation).
25
See Hickman v. State, 116 A.3d 1243 (Del. 2015) (Table) (“The alleged misconduct by OCME
employees was not revealed until 2014, and thus did not raise a concern that the State concealed
material impeachment evidence, as required to find a Brady violation.”); see also United States
v. Reyeros, 537 F.3d 270, 281 (3d Cir. 2008) (prosecution has a duty to disclose evidence within
its and its agents’ actual knowledge and possession).
26
See Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 435 (1995) (“One does not show a Brady violation by
demonstrating that some of the inculpatory evidence should have been excluded, but by showing
that the favorable evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different
light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.”); Thompson v. State, 919 A.2d 562 (Del. 2007)
(“Reversal under Brady is required only when the defendant is able to show ‘that the favorable
evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to
undermine confidence in the verdict.’”); Jackson v. State, 770 A.2d 506, 517 (Del. 2001)
(confidence in guilty verdict in capital murder prosecution was not undermined by Brady
violation).
10
was corroborated by a witness at the scene. Moreover, Cannon told police, in a
Mirandized statement, that the drugs in the jacket were his, and that he bought
them in Wilmington.27 He admitted he possessed cocaine and marijuana.28 Police
found the jacket in the locked room where Cannon was found. Finally, the drugs
found in Cannon’s jacket field-tested positive for cocaine and marijuana. The
evidence taken as a whole does not cast Cannon’s conviction in a different light
such that it undermines confidence in the verdict. Cannon’s claim would fail even
if we ignored the procedural bars to his claims.
NOW THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior
Court is AFFIRMED.
27
App. to Answering Br. at 73, 79 (Trial Test. of Cpl. Rodney Layfield). Possession with intent
to deliver requires possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver it. Morales v. State,
696 A.2d 390, 394 (Del. 1997). To prove intent, the prosecution must provide expert testimony
that the packaging and quantity of the heroin found in is consistent with an intent to sell the
drugs rather than to use them personally. Id. The crime of possession with intent to deliver was
repealed in 2011. 16 Del. C. § 4751 (Repealed).
28
App. to Answering Br. at 73 (Trial Test. of Cpl. Rodney Layfield).
11