Jackson v. State

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
GIGERE JACKSON, §
§
Defendant Below, § No. 73, 2019
Appellant, §
§ Court Below—Superior Court
v. § of the State of Delaware
§
STATE OF DELAWARE, § Cr. ID No. 1707014544 (N)
§
Plaintiff Below, §
Appellee. §
Submitted: August 22, 2019
Decided: October 8, 2019
Before VAUGHN, SEITZ, and TRAYNOR, Justices.
ORDER
After consideration of the brief and motion to withdraw filed by the
appellant’s counsel under Supreme Court Rule 26(c), the State’s response, and the
Superior Court record, it appears to the Court that:
(1) On July 19, 2017, a member of the Wilmington Police Department
Drug, Organized Crime, and Vice Division submitted an application for a warrant to
search Gigere Jackson’s residence. The affidavit of probable cause alleged facts that
gave the officer probable cause to believe that there would be cocaine in the property,
including that a confidential informant had made two controlled purchases of crack
cocaine from Jackson outside the residence.1 The officers who executed the warrant
did not find any drugs, but in a cooler in Jackson’s bedroom they found two loaded
handguns, along with some mail that was addressed to Jackson.
(2) The officers arrested Jackson and then obtained a second search warrant
to obtain a DNA sample from Jackson. The results of an analysis of Jackson’s DNA
sample and DNA that was obtained from one of the guns indicated a very high
probability that the DNA on the gun belonged to Jackson.
(3) Following a Superior Court bench trial, Jackson was convicted of two
counts of Possession of a Firearm by a Person Prohibited (“PFBPP”) and two counts
of Possession of Ammunition by a Person Prohibited (“PABPP”). The court
sentenced Jackson to consecutive ten-year terms of imprisonment—the minimum
mandatory sentence—for the two counts of PFBPP, followed by six months of
probation. The court suspended the sentence on the PABPP charges. This is
Jackson’s direct appeal.
(4) On appeal, Jackson’s counsel has filed a brief and a motion to withdraw
under Supreme Court Rule 26(c). Jackson’s counsel asserts that, based upon a
conscientious review of the record, he has concluded that the appeal is without merit.
Counsel informed Jackson of the provisions of Rule 26(c) and provided him with a
1
In a “controlled buy,” the police provide money to a buyer who is searched before and after
making contact with the seller. During the actual sale, the police observe as much of the
transaction as possible. Santini v. State, 1995 WL 420802 (Del. July 7, 1995).
2
copy of the motion to withdraw and the accompanying brief. Counsel also informed
Jackson of his right to supplement counsel’s presentation. Jackson responded with
points that he wanted to present for the Court’s consideration, which counsel
included with the Rule 26(c) brief. The State has responded to the Rule 26(c) brief
and argues that the Superior Court’s judgment should be affirmed.
(5) When reviewing a motion to withdraw and an accompanying brief
under Rule 26(c), this Court must be satisfied that the appellant’s counsel has made
a conscientious examination of the record and the law for arguable claims.2 This
Court must also conduct its own review of the record and determine “whether the
appeal is indeed so frivolous that it may be decided without an adversary
presentation.”3
(6) Jackson has enumerated fourteen issues for the Court’s consideration.
Many of Jackson’s arguments raise claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. In
general, the Court does not consider on direct appeal claims of ineffective assistance
of counsel and does not do so here.4 For the reasons discussed below, we conclude
2
Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75, 83 (1988); McCoy v. Court of Appeals of Wisconsin, 486 U.S. 429,
442 (1988); Anders v. California, 386 U.S.738, 744 (1967).
3
Penson, 488 U.S. at 81.
4
Desmond v. State, 654 A.2d 821, 829 (Del. 1994). See also Woods v. State, 2019 WL 643862,
at *3 (Del. Feb. 14, 2019) (“Typically an ineffective counsel claim is pursued through a motion
for postconviction relief under Superior Court Criminal Rule 61 and is adjudicated on the basis of
the record developed during the postconviction proceeding.”).
3
that Jackson’s other claims are without merit. We therefore affirm the Superior
Court’s judgment.
(7) First, Jackson argues that the search warrant was invalid because the
State did not present any evidence of drugs. We understand Jackson to be arguing
that the evidence of the guns should have been suppressed because they were found
during a search that was conducted under a warrant that authorized the officers to
search Jackson’s residence for drugs, not guns. Although Jackson was represented
by counsel at trial, the Superior Court allowed Jackson to address the court
concerning this issue. After reviewing the warrant and hearing Jackson’s concern,
the court stated:
Generally, once a search warrant is issued, the police then have the
authority to search anyplace within the confines of the warrant, here
being the residence and your person, that may, in fact, have drug
evidence.
The fact that they may not find it, but find other evidence, or
other contraband, or such things, generally that is permitted by law, Mr.
Jackson.5
(8) The Superior Court correctly summarized the law and its application in
this case. The warrant authorized the search of Jackson’s residence for drugs, and
drugs could be concealed in the cooler that they found in the residence; the officers
5
Appendix to Opening Brief, at A-21-22. See also id. at A-22 (“I’ve seen the cooler itself. Clearly,
that could hold drug evidence, if, in fact, there were drugs in the house. So it wouldn’t be invalid
for the police to look there.”).
4
therefore acted within the scope of the warrant when they looked in the cooler.6
Upon lawfully looking in the cooler, the contraband nature of the guns would have
been immediately apparent to the officers, who knew that Jackson was a person
prohibited from possessing firearms. They therefore were permitted to seize the
guns without obtaining another warrant.7
(9) Second, Jackson contends that the State violated his rights by arresting
him and then obtaining a second search warrant “for guns/person prohibited.”8
Jackson does not elaborate on his argument, and he seems to misapprehend the
purpose of the second warrant, which was to collect DNA evidence, not to search
for guns. Jackson cites no authority for his argument, and we conclude that Jackson
has not identified an arguable appellate issue concerning the second warrant.
(10) Third, Jackson asserts that the State violated his constitutional right to
a speedy trial because he was arrested on July 20, 2017 and trial did not begin until
6
See Santini, 1995 WL 420802 (holding that the police did not exceed the scope of a warrant
authorizing a search of the defendant’s house for drugs when they opened a safe in his bedroom).
See also United States v. Ross 456 U.S. 798, 820-2 (1982) (“A lawful search of fixed premises
generally extends to the entire area in which the object of the search may be found and is not
limited by the possibility that separate acts of entry or opening may be required to complete the
search.”).
7
See Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 142 (1990) (“In this case the items seized from
petitioner’s home were discovered during a lawful search authorized by a valid warrant. When
they were discovered, it was immediately apparent to the officer that they constituted incriminating
evidence. . . . The search was authorized by the warrant; the seizure was authorized by the ‘plain-
view’ doctrine.”).
8
As with the first warrant, the Superior Court at trial allowed Jackson to address the court
regarding the second warrant. Appendix to Opening Brief, at A-22. The court explained to
Jackson that the second warrant authorized the police to obtain a DNA sample and began to inquire
further about the nature of Jackson’s contention, when Jackson indicated that he understood. Id.5
August 7, 2018. Jackson did not raise this issue in the Superior Court, and we
therefore review for plain error.9 It appears that the court originally scheduled trial
for January 25, 2018, but the trial was rescheduled because defense counsel had
another trial that day. When determining whether a defendant’s right to a speedy
trial has been violated, the courts consider four factors: (i) the length of the delay;
(ii) the reason for the delay; (iii) the defendant’s assertion of the right to a speedy
trial; and (iv) prejudice to the defendant.10 In this case, we find no plain error: the
length of time between Jackson’s arrest and his trial, while relatively long in a fairly
straightforward case, was not presumptively prejudicial; a single rescheduling
because defense counsel had a scheduling conflict was not unreasonable; Jackson
did not raise this issue at trial; and there is no indication that the delay caused Jackson
any prejudice.11
(11) Finally, citing Marbury v. Madison,12 Jackson argues that “a law
repugnant to the Constitution is void,” that “courts as well as other dep[artments] are
bound by that instrument,” and “the rule must be disregarded.” This argument is not
ripe for appellate review, because Jackson did not raise it before the Superior
9
Page v. State, 934 A.2d 891, 896 (Del. 2007).
10
Id.11
See Ringgold v. State, 2012 WL 983199, at *2 (Del. Mar. 20, 2012) (reviewing speedy trial
claim).
12
5 U.S. 137 (1 Cranch) (1803).
6
Court.13 In any event, we cannot discern what law or rule Jackson claims is
unconstitutional, and we find no grounds for reversal on this point.
(12) The Court has carefully reviewed the record and concluded that
Jackson’s appeal is wholly without merit and devoid of any arguably appealable
issue. We also are satisfied that counsel made a conscientious effort to examine the
record and the law and properly determined that Jackson could not raise a
meritorious claim on appeal.
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior
Court is AFFIRMED. The motion to withdraw is moot.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ Collins J. Seitz, Jr.
Justice
13
DEL. SUPR. CT. R. 8.
7