Harris v. State

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
JORDAN O. HARRIS, §
§ No. 415, 2017
Defendant Below, §
Appellant, § Court Below—Superior Court
§ of the State of Delaware
v. §
§ Cr. ID No. 1607020376 (K)
STATE OF DELAWARE, §
§
Plaintiff Below, §
Appellee. §
Submitted: February 8, 2019
Decided: April 16, 2019
Before STRINE, Chief Justice; VAUGHN and SEITZ, Justices.
ORDER
Upon consideration of the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, it appears
to the Court that:
(1) The defendant below-appellant, Jordan O. Harris, filed this appeal from
his convictions for Possession of a Firearm by a Person Prohibited (“PFBPP”),
Possession of Firearm Ammunition by a Person Prohibited (“PABPP”), and other
crimes. After careful consideration of the parties’ arguments, we affirm the Superior
Court’s judgment.
(2) The evidence presented at trial showed that, on the night of July 26,
2016, several members of the Delaware State Police Governor’s Task Force went to
the reported residence of a probationer (not Harris) in Milford with outstanding
capiases. As the police approached, a 1988 Dodge Aries with two people inside
pulled up to the residence. Harris was the driver. A police officer, who was wearing
a tactical vest identifying her as a State trooper, and a probation officer approached
the car and shone a flashlight inside to determine if one of the occupants was the
probationer. The passenger looked back and then the car pulled way. The police
officer switched the flashlight to strobe, but the car continued to drive away. The
police officers, who were in three vehicles, activated their lights and sirens and
followed the car.
(3) As the police followed, the car sped up, ran a stop sign, failed to signal
as it turned onto Church Street, and veered from side to side. Detective Christopher
Donaldson, who had a police dog with him, saw Harris was reaching into the back
seat with his right hand and rummaging around. Detective Donaldson suspected that
Harris might be preparing to throw something out of the car. The car turned left,
without signaling, onto a gravel road between two cornfields. After Detective
Donaldson hit the car, it came to a stop.
(4) Detective Donaldson and another officer approached the car with their
guns raised and demanded that the occupants raise their hands. Both occupants
initially raised their hands, but then Harris put his hands down and refused to raise
them after being ordered to do so. Unable to see Harris’ hands and fearing that he
had a weapon, Detective Donaldson directed the police dog to apprehend Harris by
2
biting him. Harris held onto the steering wheel and still refused to exit the car.
Detective Donaldson pulled him out of the car, but Harris still refused to show his
hands. Once Detective Donaldson could see both of Harris’ hands and had subdued
him, he ordered the police dog to release Harris.
(5) After Detective Donaldson read Harris his Miranda rights, he was taken
to the hospital for treatment of his dog bite wounds. The police officer who
accompanied Harris to the hospital noticed that Harris was swaying at the scene,
smelled of alcohol, and had glassy, bloodshot eyes. Harris could not recite the
alphabet correctly and would not count backwards. The police officer obtained a
search warrant for a blood sample. Harris’ blood alcohol level was .06 and his blood
tested positive for marijuana.
(6) The police searched the path of the car chase and found a loaded .40
caliber black handgun. The police were unable to recover any fingerprints from the
gun, but they did collect DNA. The swab from the handgun trigger contained DNA
that was consistent with Harris’ DNA. Harris was charged with PFBPP, PABPP,
Tampering with Physical Evidence, Conspiracy in the Second Degree, Resisting
Arrest, Driving a Vehicle While Under the Influence of Drugs, Driving Without a
License, Fictitious of Cancelled Registration, Operation of an Unregistered Motor
Vehicle, Failure to Stop at a Stop Sign, Stopping or Suddenly Decreasing Speed
3
Without Giving a Proper Signal, Inattentive Driving, and two counts of No Turn
Signal.
(7) Before jury deliberations, the State dismissed the Conspiracy in the
Second Degree, No Valid License, and Operation of an Unregistered Motor Vehicle
charges. The jury found Harris guilty of all the remaining charges, except
Tampering with Physical Evidence, Fictitious or Cancelled Registration, and
Stopping or Suddenly Decreasing Speed Without Giving a Proper Signal. The
Superior Court sentenced Harris to 25 years of Level V incarceration, suspended
after 7 years for decreasing levels of supervision. This appeal followed. On appeal,
Harris exercised his right to represent himself.
(8) Harris argues that: (i) the flight, constructive possession, and
unanimous verdict jury instructions as well as the stipulation that he was a person
prohibited were confusing, speculative, and prejudicial; (ii) the Superior Court erred
by failing to hold a hearing on a juror’s admission that he ignored the admonition
not to talk to anyone about the case during the trial; (iii) the Superior Court erred by
allowing the admission of the wrong gun into evidence; (iv) the State concealed and
tampered with evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland;1 (v) he was deprived of
materials that he needed for this appeal; and (vi) the Superior Court ignored his pro
1
373 U.S. 83 (1963).
4
se filings, including a request to represent himself, and denied his request for
additional time to prepare for trial.
(9) We review a trial judge's decision to give a jury instruction over the
defendant's objection de novo.2 Jury instructions must correctly state the substance
of the law and must be reasonably informative and not misleading. 3 At trial, Harris
objected to a flight instruction as highly prejudicial and inappropriate because there
was no evidence Harris had committed any crimes at the time the police first saw
the Dodge Aries. The Superior Court found there was sufficient evidence to support
a flight instruction.
(10) This Court has held that a flight instruction is proper when “where there
is evidence of flight or concealment and the evidence reasonably supports an
inference that defendant fled because ‘of a consciousness of guilt and a desire to
avoid an accusation based thereon, or for some other reason....’” 4 There was
sufficient evidence to support a flight instruction here, including Harris’ status as a
person prohibited, testimony that he drove away when the police approached him
and was rummaging in the back seat as the police followed him, and the discovery
of a gun with his DNA along the path of the car chase. The flight instruction was a
2
Robertson v State, 41 A.3d 406, 408 (Del. 2012).
3
Lloyd v. State, 152 A.3d 1266, 1271 (Del. 2016).
4
Thomas v. State, 467 A.2d 954, 958 (Del.1983) (quoting Tice v. State, 382 A.2d 231, 233 (Del.
1977)).
5
correct statement of law and was not confusing or speculative. As to Harris’ claim
of prejudice, the Superior Court gave a limiting instruction to the jury. This Court
has repeatedly upheld flight instructions when supported by the evidence.5
(11) Because Harris only objected to the flight instruction, we review the
other instructions for plain error.6 Plain error “is limited to material defects which
are apparent on the face of the record; which are basic, serious and fundamental in
their character, and which clearly deprive an accused of a substantial right, or which
clearly show manifest injustice.”7 “When reviewing for plain error it is important to
note that [a] defendant is not entitled to a particular instruction, but has an
unqualified right to a correct statement of the substance of the law.” 8 Harris does
not identify, and we do not find, any misstatements of law in the jury instructions on
constructive possession and the unanimous verdict requirement. There is no plain
error.
(12) As to the stipulation, the parties stipulated that Harris had a felony
conviction for purposes of the PFBPP and PABPP charges. The Superior Court
noted the stipulation in the jury instructions and further instructed the jury to limit
5
See, e.g., Robertson, 41 A.3d at 409 (“This Court has repeatedly upheld the propriety of flight
instructions where there is evidence of flight supporting an inference that defendant fled out of
consciousness of guilt.”); Thomas v. State, 467 A.2d 954, 958 (Del. June 16, 1983) (upholding
flight instruction where the defendants ran from the police several hours after the robbery).
6
Supr. Ct. R. 8.
7
Wainwright v. State, 504 A.2d 1096, 1100 (Del. 1986).
8
Lowther v. State, 104 A.3d 840, 846 (Del. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
6
their consideration of the previous felony conviction to the PFBPP and PABPP
charges and not to infer that Harris was a bad person or more likely to have
committed the alleged crimes. A trial court may not exclude a stipulated fact from
the jury’s consideration when the stipulated fact is an element of the crime as it was
here.9 If Harris wishes to challenge his counsel’s agreement to the stipulation, he
will need to assert an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a motion for
postconviction relief under Superior Court Criminal Rule 61.10
(13) Harris next contends that the Superior Court should have held a hearing
on a juror’s admission that he ignored the Superior Court’s direction not to speak to
anyone about the trial. Harris did not raise this claim below so we review for plain
error.11 At the beginning of the third day of trial, the Superior Court judge asked the
jurors if they had abided by his previous admonitions, which included not talking to
anyone about the case.
(14) When one of the jurors indicated that he had not abided by the
admonitions, the Superior Court asked him if he had abided by the admonitions and
the juror stated no. The Superior Court judge thought the juror then indicated yes
and continued with the proceedings. The parties asked for a sidebar and requested
9
Robinson v. State, 2013 WL 5782929, at *2 (Del. Oct. 25, 2013) (citing United States v. Higdon,
638 F.3d 233, 242 (3d Cr. 2011)).
10
Desmond v. State, 654 A.2d 821, 829 (Del. 1994) (declining to consider ineffective assistance
of counsel claim on direct appeal).
11
Supr. Ct. R. 8.
7
clarification of the juror’s response. The jury was excused and the juror in question
appeared before the court. When asked if he had spoken to anyone about the case
or done any research, the juror said no. The juror stated that he had abided by the
Superior Court’s admonitions. In response to the Superior Court’s inquiry regarding
whether either party wished to make an application, both parties stated no. Under
these circumstances, there is no plain error. When there was confusion regarding
the juror’s response to whether he had abided by the admonitions, the Superior Court
investigated the matter further. The juror clearly stated that he abided by the
Superior Court admonitions and had not spoken to anyone about the case. Further
action was not required.
(15) Harris next argues that the Superior Court should not have admitted the
gun into evidence because it was identified as a Hi-Point firearm in pretrial
proceedings and as a Smith & Wesson firearm at trial. We review for plain error
because Harris did not raise this claim below.12 The arrest warrant referred to the
recovery of a black .40 caliber semi-automatic handgun. The handgun was also
described as a Hi-Point Arms firearm.
(16) At trial, the police officer who recovered the weapon described it as a
Hi-Point Arms JCP .40 caliber black handgun and as a black JCP .40-caliber Smith
& Wesson firearm. According to the State, the handgun is manufactured by Hi-Point
12
Supr. Ct. R. 8.
8
Arms and holds .40 caliber Smith & Wesson cartridges. The police officer who
recovered the handgun on July 26, 2016 identified the handgun shown to her at trial,
in an evidence bag with her handwriting, as the handgun she had found on July 26th.
The police officer who tested the gun for fingerprints and DNA testified that the gun
admitted into evidence was the gun he tested. Under these circumstances, the
references to different brand names did not make admission of the handgun plain
error.
(17) Harris next claims that the State concealed and tampered with evidence
that was favorable to his defense. He did not raise this claim below so we review
for plain error.13 In making this claim, Harris fails to identify the evidence, how it
was helpful to him, or how it was tampered with or concealed. Under these
circumstances, there is no plain error.
(18) Harris also argues that he was deprived of materials he needed for this
appeal. He does not identify these materials, but it appears he filed motions for
additional discovery. The record on appeal is limited to the Superior Court record.14
Harris has not shown a basis for additional discovery or that the Superior Court or
State were obligated to provide him additional materials for this appeal.15
13
Supr. Ct. R. 8.
14
Supr. Ct. R. 9.
15
Harris’ appendix includes transcript pages from each day of trial showing that he did receive the
transcripts.
9
(19) Finally, Harris contends that the Superior Court ignored his pro se
filings, including a request to represent himself, and denied his request for additional
time to prepare for trial. Under Superior Court Criminal Rule 47, “[t]he court will
not consider pro se applications by defendants who are represented by counsel unless
the defendant has been granted permission to participate with counsel in the
defense.” Harris was represented by counsel through pretrial proceedings, trial, and
sentencing. The record does not reflect that he was granted permission to participate
with his counsel in the defense. Thus, the Superior Court was not required to
consider Harris’ pro se filings.
(20) As to Harris’ claim that he sought to represent himself, the record
reflects that Harris did not file a motion to represent himself in the Superior Court
until after sentencing. Harris was permitted to represent himself in this appeal.
There was no error by the Superior Court. Nor did the Superior Court err in denying
Harris’ request for a continuance of trial on the first day of trial. Harris’ counsel did
not make such a request and Harris has not identified any reason a continuance was
necessary.
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior
Court is AFFIRMED.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ James T. Vaughn, Jr.
Justice
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