McGrellis v. Bromwell

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
CYNTHIA E. MCGRELLIS, §
§
Plaintiff Below, § No. 147, 2019
Appellant, §
§
v. § Court Below—Superior Court
§ of the State of Delaware
JAMES BROMWELL and §
JENNIFER BROMWELL, § C.A. No. N17C-01-401
§
Defendant Below, §
Appellee. §
Submitted: November 8, 2019
Decided: January 31, 2020
Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA and VAUGHN, Justices.
ORDER
After consideration of the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, it appears
to the Court that:
(1) The plaintiff below-appellant, Cynthia E. McGrellis, filed this appeal
from a Superior Court decision granting the renewed motion for a directed verdict
filed by the defendants below-appellees, James Bromwell and Jennifer Bromwell.1
After careful consideration of the parties’ arguments on appeal, we affirm the
judgment of the Superior Court.
1
McGrellis v. Bromwell, 2019 WL 1422901 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 29, 2019).
(2) The trial record reflects that, on December 31, 2016, McGrellis was
walking her leashed, 100-pound bulldog in the middle of the street outside of the
Bromwells’ house. As she walked by, she noticed a white dog and a black dog
barking in the front of the house. The black dog exited the house through the front
door and ran toward McGrellis. McGrellis recalled seeing black fur and landing on
the street. She did not see the black dog around her on the street, and was unsure if
the black dog ever made contact with her or left the Bromwells’ property.
(3) The Bromwell family regularly fostered rescue dogs, including the
black dog. James Bromwell described the black dog as docile and sweet, a Border
Collie/Lab mix, and weighing about 30 pounds. On December 31st, he heard barking
and looked outside his front door to see what was going on when the black dog
pushed her way outside. According to James Bromwell, he picked the dog up before
she made it made it past the area of the front steps. He also testified that the dog
never left the property or came into contact with McGrellis or her dog.
(4) After putting the dog back in his house, James Bromwell approached
McGrellis, helped her up, and walked her back to her house. McGrellis later went
to urgent care where she was diagnosed with a serious shoulder injury that required
surgery and physical therapy. According to Bromwell and certain medical records,
McGrellis initially indicated that she fell because her dog pulled her down.
(5) At the conclusion of McGrellis’s case, the Bromwells moved for
2
judgment as a matter of law. They argued that McGrellis had not shown they had a
duty to prevent the dog from exiting their house or running around their property
and barking. The Superior Court denied the motion without prejudice. After the
second time the jury indicated they could not reach agreement on the first question
in the verdict form—whether the Bromwells were negligent in a manner that caused
McGrellis’s injuries—the Superior Court declared a mistrial.
(6) The Bromwells filed a renewed motion for direct verdict. They argued
that there was no duty to keep a dog confined inside a property where it cannot be
seen or heard by passerby. They also argued that McGrellis failed to prove their dog
caused her injuries. McGrellis opposed the motion. On March 29, 2019, the
Superior Court granted the motion, holding that the Bromwells did not owe a duty
to a passerby to keep their dogs unseen and unheard on their property. This appeal
followed.
(7) McGrellis’s arguments on appeal may be summarized as follows: (i)
the attorneys who represented her before she represented herself at trial were
unsatisfactory; (ii) the Superior Court failed to poll the jury; (iii) the Superior Court
should have given a jury instruction for unintentional infliction of emotional distress;
(iv) her case met the criteria for strict liability; (v) the Superior Court erred in
granting the renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law; and (vi) she suffered
serious and permanent injuries.
3
(8) To the extent McGrellis asserts malpractice claims against her former
attorneys, those claims are not cognizable in this appeal. McGrellis next complains
that the jury was not polled. McGrellis did not raise this claim below so we review
for plain error.2 “Under the plain error standard of review, the error complained of
must be so clearly prejudicial to substantial rights as to jeopardize the fairness and
integrity of the trial process.”3
(9) The jury twice informed the court it could not reach unanimous
agreement. When the jury was summoned to the courtroom for the last time, the
jury foreman affirmed that he believed no further progress could be made toward
overcoming the impasse or reaching a verdict. Under Superior Court Civil Rule
31(d), a jury poll is only required at the request of the party or upon the court’s own
motion. Neither party made such a request here. McGrellis has not shown that the
Superior Court was required to poll the jury or that her substantial rights were
prejudiced by the lack of jury polling. Accordingly, there is no plain error.
(10) McGrellis next contends that the Superior Court should have given a
jury instruction for unintentional infliction of emotional distress. McGrellis did not
request such an instruction in the proceedings below so we review for plain error.4
In her complaint, McGrellis asserted claims for negligence and strict liability. She
2
Supr. Ct. R. 8; Beebe Med. Ctr. v. Bailey, 913 A.2d 543, 556 (Del. 2006).
3
Wainwright v. State, 504 A.2d 1096, 1100 (Del.1986).
4
See supra n.2.
4
did not, and never did, assert a claim for infliction of emotional distress. McGrellis
has not shown that the lack of a jury instruction for a claim she never asserted clearly
prejudiced her substantial rights or jeopardized the fairness and integrity of the trial
process. The lack of a sua sponte jury instruction for unintentional infliction of
emotional distress does not constitute plain error here.
(11) McGrellis also argues that her case satisfied the standard for strict
liability. In her complaint, McGrellis asserted a strict liability claim under 16 Del.
C. § 3053F.5 McGrellis expressly waived her strict liability claim when the parties
discussed the jury instructions with the judge at a pretrial conference. She cannot
change her mind and revive that claim now.
(12) McGrellis next challenges the Superior Court’s granting of the renewed
motion for a directed verdict. We review a trial court’s decision on a motion for
directed verdict to determine “whether the evidence and all reasonable inferences
that can be drawn therefrom, taken in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party,
raise an issue of material fact for consideration by the jury.”6 A defendant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law when the plaintiff fails to establish a prima facie case
of negligence.7 The elements of a negligence claim are: (i) the defendant owed the
5
Under this statute, a dog owner is liable for any injury to a person that is caused by their dog,
unless the injured person was attempting to commit a crime on the property of the dog owner, was
committing a crime against a person, or was abusing the dog.
6
Fritz v. Yeager, 790 A.2d 469, 471 (Del. 2002).
7
Pipher v. Parsell, 930 A.2d 890, 892 (Del. 2007).
5
plaintiff a duty of care; (ii) the defendant breached that duty; and (iii) the defendant’s
breach was the cause of the plaintiff’s injury.8
(13) The Superior Court did not err in concluding that the Bromwells did
not owe a duty of care to McGrellis. To determine whether one party owed a duty
of care, Delaware courts will generally consult the Restatement (Second) of Torts.9
As the Superior Court noted, McGrellis did not identify anything in the Restatement
to support her position that the Bromwells were required to keep their dogs from
escaping the house and running into their yard. Section 290 of the Restatement
requires a person to know the qualities and habits of humans and animals.10 Section
302 of the Restatement states that a “negligent act or omission may be one which
involves an unreasonable risk of harm to another through…the foreseeable action
of…an animal.”11 This Court has held that “[o]ne’s duty encompasses protecting
against reasonably foreseeable events.”12
(14) The Superior Court correctly found that the Bromwells could not
reasonably foresee that one of their dogs leaving the house and running onto their
property might cause a passerby to be startled and fall onto the street. There was no
evidence presented at trial to suggest that the Bromwells’ dog had previously
8
New Haverford P’ship v. Stroot, 772 A.2d 792, 798 (Del. 2001).
9
Riedel v. ICI Americas, Inc., 968 A.2d 17, 20 (Del. 2009), overruled on other grounds by Ramsey
v. Georgia S. Univ. Advancement Ctr., 189 A.3d 1255 (Del. 2018).
10
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 290(a).
11
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 302(b).
12
Delmarva Power & Light Co. v. Burrows, 435 A.2d 716, 718 (Del. 1981) (emphasis added).
6
escaped the house or charged a passerby. There was no evidence presented at trial
that the dog was a dangerous breed or vicious. The absence of such evidence
distinguishes this case from the “dog fright” negligence cases in other jurisdictions
that McGrellis relies upon to argue that the Bromwells owed a duty to keep their
dogs from alarming a passerby.13
(15) In opposing the renewed motion for a directed verdict, McGrellis raised
§ 4.02.001C of the New Castle County Code for the first time. This section requires
that dogs be kept under restraint at all times.14 Under the Code, “[r]estraint means
any dog secured by a leash or lead not exceeding twenty (20) feet in length, within
the real property limits of its owner(s), or within a vehicle being driven or parked on
the streets.”15 Even if McGrellis had raised this code section in a timely manner, the
evidence presented at trial reflects that the Bromwells’ dog was within the real
property limits of its owners at the time of the incident and was therefore under
restraint as defined in § 4.02.001A of the Code.
13
See, e.g., Farrior v. Payton, 562 P.2d 779, 785 (Haw. 1977) (reversing entry of directed verdict
for defendants on negligence claim arising from plaintiffs falling off a rock wall while avoiding
what they believed to be an imminent attack by a German Shepherd because the defendants knew
of the dog’s propensity to charge passerby); Machado v. City of New York, 365 N.Y.S.2d 974, 979
(N.Y. App. Div. 1975) (denying motion to dismiss negligence claim arising from plaintiff slipping
and falling after she was startled by German Shepherd charging fence where the defendant knew
the dog had a propensity to charge at and frighten strangers). McGrellis also cites “dog fright”
strict liability cases, but as previously discussed she waived her strict liability claim before trial.
See, e.g., Morris v. Weatherly, 488 N.W.2d 508, 510 (Minn. Ct. App. 1992) (affirming the trial
court findings that dog owners were strictly liable under Minnesota statute for injuries suffered by
a cyclist and mail carrier who were startled, but not touched, by dogs).
14
New Castle Cty. C. § 4.02.001(C)(1).
15
New Castle Cty. C. § 4.02.001A.
7
(16) McGrellis also failed to identify a special relationship between herself
and the Bromwells that would impose a heightened duty upon the Bromwells. On
appeal, McGrellis seems to suggest that the Bromwells had special duties as a result
of their regular fostering of dogs. But she did not raise this argument below and she
identifies no authority that people who foster dogs owe special duties to people who
pass by their homes.
(17) Finally, McGrellis raises the injuries she suffered. As discussed above,
the Superior Court did not err in determining that the Bromwells did not owe a duty
to McGrellis. Having carefully considered the parties’ positions, we conclude that
the Superior Court did not err in granting the Bromwells’ renewed motion for
judgment as a matter of law.
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior
Court is AFFIRMED.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ James T. Vaughn, Jr.
Justice
8