Juan C. Rojas v. Marvin R. Ellison

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
JUAN C. ROJAS, derivatively and on
)
behalf of J.C. PENNEY COMPANY, )
INC., )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) C.A. No. 2018-0755-AGB
)
MARVIN R. ELLISON, MYRON E. )
ULLMAN III, PAUL J. BROWN, )
COLLEEN BARRETT, THOMAS )
ENGIBOUS, AMANDA GINSBERG, )
B. CRAIG OWENS, LISA A. PAYNE, )
DEBORA A. PLUNKETT, )
LEONARD H. ROBERTS, STEPHEN )
SADOVE, JAVIER G. TERUEL, R. )
GERALD TURNER, and RONALD )
W. TYSOE, )
Defendants, )
)
and )
)
J.C. PENNEY COMPANY, INC., )
)
Nominal Defendant. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Date Submitted: April 30, 2019
Date Decided: July 29, 2019
Thomas A. Uebler and Jeremy J. Riley, MCCOLLOM D’EMILIO SMITH
UEBLER LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; Melinda A. Nicholson, KAHN SWICK &
FOTI, LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana; Roger A. Sachar, NEWMAN FERRARA
LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for Plaintiff Juan C. Rojas.
William M. Lafferty, Susan W. Waesco, and Riley T. Svikhart, MORRIS,
NICHOLS, ARSHT & TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Meryl L. Young,
GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP, Irvine, California; Jason J. Mendro and
Lissa M. Percopo, GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP, Washington, D.C.,
Attorneys for Defendants Marvin R. Ellison, Myron E. Ullman III, Paul J. Brown,
Colleen Barrett, Thomas Engibous, Amanda Ginsberg, B. Craig Owens, Lisa A.
Payne, Debora A. Plunkett, Leonard H. Roberts, Stephen Sadove, Javier G. Teruel,
R. Gerald Turner, and Ronald W. Tysoe, and Nominal Defendant J.C. Penney
Company, Inc.
BOUCHARD, C.
A stockholder of J.C. Penney Company, Inc. asserts in this derivative action
that the company’s directors breached their fiduciary duty of loyalty by consciously
disregarding their responsibility to oversee J.C. Penney’s compliance with
California laws governing price-comparison advertising. Plaintiff’s central
allegation is that the directors ignored a red flag in the form of a settlement of a civil
case known as the Spann action, pursuant to which J.C. Penney agreed to pay up to
$50 million for the benefit of a state-wide class of California consumers and to
implement certain improvements to its price comparison advertising policy and
practices.
According to plaintiff, J.C. Penney’s board failed to ensure that the company
abided by the terms of the Spann settlement. Plaintiff implies that, had the board
done so, the company might have avoided further civil litigation over its pricing
practices that was launched against the company less than three months after court
approval of the Spann settlement.
Defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint under Court of Chancery
Rule 23.1 for failure to make a demand on the board before filing suit. The
independence of J.C. Penney’s directors is unquestioned and no contention has been
made that any of them have divided loyalties because of a personal financial interest
in any underlying transaction. Plaintiff argues only that at least nine of the eleven
members of the board as it existed when this lawsuit was filed face a substantial
1
likelihood of personal liability with respect to the oversight claims asserted in this
case.
The standard under Delaware law for imposing oversight liability on a director
is an exacting one that requires evidence of bad faith, meaning that “the directors
knew that they were not discharging their fiduciary obligations.” 1 For the reasons
explained below, I conclude after carefully reviewing the allegations of the
complaint and the documents incorporated therein that plaintiff has failed to allege
facts from which it reasonably may be inferred that any of the directors on the board
when this action was filed consciously allowed J.C. Penney to violate any price-
comparison advertising laws so as to demonstrate that they acted in bad faith.
Plaintiff thus has failed to plead with particularity that these individuals face
a substantial likelihood of liability for the claims asserted in this case. Accordingly,
making a demand on the board would not have been futile and the complaint will be
dismissed with prejudice.
I. BACKGROUND
Unless otherwise noted, the facts recited in this opinion are based on the
allegations of the Verified Stockholder Derivative Complaint (“Complaint”) and
documents incorporated therein.2 They include a number of documents produced to
1
Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370 (Del. 2006).
2
See Winshall v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 76 A.3d 808, 818 (Del. 2013) (holding that “plaintiff
may not reference certain documents outside the complaint and at the same time prevent
2
plaintiff in response to a demand for books and records plaintiff made under 8 Del.
C. § 220.3 Any additional facts are either not subject to reasonable dispute or are
subject to judicial notice.
A. The Parties
Nominal defendant J.C. Penney Company, Inc. (“J.C. Penney” or the
“Company”) is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Plano,
Texas.4 J.C. Penney engages in the business of selling merchandise and services to
consumers through approximately 865 department stores in the United States and
Puerto Rico and online through its website. Plaintiff Juan C. Rojas alleges that he
has been a stockholder of J.C. Penney continuously since at least July 2013.
The defendants consist of fourteen current or former members of the
Company’s board of directors (the “Board”).5 When the Complaint was filed, the
Board had eleven members (the “Demand Board”), nine of who are named as
defendants: Paul J. Brown, Amanda Ginsberg, B. Craig Owens, Lisa A. Payne,
the court from considering those documents’ actual terms” in connection with a motion to
dismiss).
3
The Section 220 documents extended up to June 2017. Compl. ¶ 18 n.7. Plaintiff agrees
that the court may rely on these documents in deciding this motion. See Tr. 46 (Apr. 30,
2019) (Dkt. 33).
4
Documents cited herein often refer to the Company as “JCP” or “JCPenney.” Those
abbreviations have been left unaltered.
5
The Complaint also named former director J. Paul Raines as a defendant, but all claims
against him were dismissed on November 30, 2018. See Dkt. 8.
3
Debora A. Plunkett, Leonard H. Roberts, Javier G. Teruel, R. Gerald Turner, and
Ronald W. Tysoe. The other two members of the Demand Board are Wonya Y.
Lucas and Jill Soltau, who was appointed as the Company’s new CEO effective
October 15, 2018. Owens, Payne, Plunkett, Teruel, and Roberts currently serve on
the Board’s Audit Committee.
The remaining five defendants are former directors of J.C. Penney: Colleen
Barrett, Thomas Engibous, Stephen Sadove, Marvin R. Ellison, who served as J.C.
Penney’s CEO from July 2015 through May 2018, and Myron E. Ullman III, who
served as CEO from December 2004 through December 2011 and April 2013
through July 2015. Sadove is a former member of the Board’s Audit Committee.
B. J.C. Penney’s Early Use of Allegedly False Reference Pricing
Like most retailers, J.C. Penney offers sales and promotions to market
merchandise. An important concept in this case is “reference pricing.” The price at
which a product actually has been sold is known as the “reference price.” That price
provides a point of reference—or a baseline—from which to determine the
percentage or amount of a discount when a retailer has a sale. To use a simple
example, if the price at which a retailer actually sold a particular dress is $100 and
the retailer put that dress on sale for $40, the reference price would be $100 and the
percentage of the discount would be 60%.
4
Rojas alleges that J.C. Penney began utilizing “false reference pricing” in
2011, and perhaps earlier. False reference pricing occurs when the “original price”
for a product identified in an advertisement is higher than the price the product
actually sold for, which makes the discount appear bigger and “plays on the
psychology of the consumer’s desire to strike a good bargain.”6 Using the dress
example, if a retailer were to mark up the price of the dress to $120 (even though the
retailer previously sold the dress for only $100) and then put that dress on sale for
$40, the percentage of the discount using a false reference price would be about 67%.
In January 2012, J.C. Penney’s then-new CEO Ron Johnson allegedly
“admitted that JCP had been engaging in (illegal) false reference pricing, disclosing
that for years the Company has been slowly increasing prices, that the Company’s
purported regular retail prices had ‘no integrity,’ and that almost every single item
sold by the Company was at a discounted rate.”7 Johnson further stated “during an
analyst call that fewer than 1 in 500 units were ever sold at the advertised ‘regular
price.’”8 In February 2012, J.C. Penney adopted a new strategy, called “Fair and
Square Every Day” pricing, under which J.C. Penney “offered its products at
everyday low pricing” and did not offer sales or discounts on products.9 When
6
Compl. ¶¶ 67-68.
7
Id. ¶ 69.
8
Id.
9
Id. ¶ 70.
5
Johnson left the Company for failing to “radically overhaul the department store
chain,” J.C. Penney allegedly returned to using false reference pricing.10
C. The Spann Action
In 2012, Cynthia Spann, a J.C. Penney customer, filed an action against J.C.
Penney in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on
behalf of a class of California consumers (the “Spann action”). As amended, the
complaint asserted that J.C Penney had engaged in false reference pricing in
violation of California consumer protection statutes, including Section 17501 of the
California Business & Professions Code.11 The Spann action concerned alleged
false reference pricing “of JCP’s private branded and exclusive branded apparel and
accessories.”12 It did not involve any products J.C. Penney sold that also were sold
at other retailers.
In July 2014, J.C. Penney adopted the “Policy for Former Price Comparison
Advertising” (the “2014 Pricing Policy”), which provided rules to avoid false
reference pricing.13 The 2014 Pricing Policy established as a “general rule” that:
The former price to which JCPenney refers in its price comparison
advertising must be “the actual bona fide price” at which the article was
10
Id. ¶ 71. Although the Complaint does not allege when Johnson stepped down, this must
have occurred by April 2013 since it is alleged that Ullman began serving a second term
as CEO at that time. Id. ¶ 26.
11
Id. Ex. A ¶¶ 56-90 (Fourth Amended Complaint).
12
Id. ¶ 73; see also Tr. 15.
13
Compl. ¶¶ 74-75; id. Ex. H.
6
“openly and actively offered for sale, for a reasonably substantial period
of time, in the recent, regular course of business, honestly and in good
faith.”14
This language was taken directly from the Federal Trade Commission’s guidelines
concerning former price comparisons.15 The 2014 Pricing Policy also required that
the “landing period”—the time when a product initially is sold—be “[a]t least 14
consecutive days before the first price break event” and that for “basic items” the
price must be used at least “14 out of every rolling 90 days” and “70 days
annually.”16
On July 20, 2015, the Board’s Audit Committee discussed the Spann action.17
The minutes of the meeting reflect that Janet Link, the Company’s General Counsel,
“reviewed . . . the status of the Spann pricing compliance class action lawsuit” and
that “[a] discussion ensued during which Ms. Link responded to questions asked and
comments made by the Committee members.”18
On September 10 and 11, 2015, the parties in the Spann action entered into a
Memorandum of Settlement that “included continued oversight of the Company’s
14
Id. ¶ 75 (quoting Ex. H).
15
Id. ¶ 76 (citing 16 C.F.R. § 233.1).
16
Id. ¶¶ 77-78 (quoting Ex. H).
17
Id. ¶¶ 79-80; id. Ex. I.
18
Id. Ex. I at JCP001274; id. ¶ 82.
7
pricing policies.”19 On September 17, 2015, the full Board of J.C. Penney discussed
the Spann action at a regular meeting. The minutes of the meeting reflect that the
General Counsel:
provided an update on the Company’s pricing class action litigation in
California, titled Spann v. J.C. Penney Corporation, Inc. She reviewed
the history of the case as well as recent developments. A discussion
ensued during which Ms. Link responded to questions asked and
comments made by the directors.20
On November 10, 2015, the parties in the Spann action filed their formal
Settlement Agreement with the district court.21 The next day, J.C. Penney issued a
press release announcing the settlement, in which it stated that “[t]he settlement
agreement also contemplates that JCPenney will implement and/or continue certain
improvements to its price comparison advertising policies and practices, including
periodic monitoring and training programs designed to ensure compliance with
California’s advertising laws.”22
In the Settlement Agreement, J.C. Penney agreed to pay up to $50 million for
the benefit of a state-wide class of California consumers, with the amount for
claimants (after the payment of attorneys’ fees and related costs) to be payable in
19
Id. Ex. B § 1.1.
20
Id. Ex. J at JCP001282; id. ¶ 87.
21
Id. Ex. B; id. ¶ 82.
22
Id. ¶ 96 n.29 (citing November 13, 2015 Form 8-K); J.C. Penney Company, Inc., Current
Report (Form 8-K) (Nov. 13, 2015) (attaching the Company’s November 11, 2015 press
release).
8
cash or store credits.23 J.C. Penney also agreed that as of the date of the settlement
it was not violating, and would not violate in the future, federal or California law,
including California price-comparison advertising laws:
JCPenney agrees that its advertising and pricing practices as of the date
of this Settlement Agreement, and continuing forward, will not violate
Federal or California law, including California’s specific price-
comparison advertising statutes. Specifically, JCPenney agrees that
any former price to which JCPenney refers in its price comparison
advertising will be the actual, bona fide price at which the item was
openly and actively offered for sale, for a reasonably substantial period
of time, in the recent, regular course of business, honestly and in good
faith. As a further direct result of this Litigation, JCPenney shall
implement a compliance program, which will consist of periodic (no
less than once a year) monitoring, training and auditing to ensure
compliance with California’s price comparison laws.24
The Settlement Agreement contains mutual releases and further provides that
“JCPenney expressly denies liability for the claims asserted and specifically denies
and does not admit any of the pleaded facts not admitted in its pleadings in the
Litigation.”25
On July 28, 2016, J.C. Penney filed with the district court a response to an
objection to the proposed settlement in which it provided an update concerning its
implementation of new pricing policies and procedures:
23
Id. Ex. B §§ 5.1, 6.1.
24
Id. Ex. B § 6.1.7.
25
Id. Ex. B §§ 13.1 (Settlement Class Members Released Claims), 13.2 (JCPenney
Released Claims), 17.1 (Statement of No Admission).
9
JCPenney . . . can represent that it has implemented a new price-
comparison advertising policy in direct response to this litigation. This
policy has remained in effect at all times since it was enacted, including
since the date of the Settlement Agreement. Moreover, pursuant to this
new policy, JCPenney has created a Promotional Pricing Governance
Committee and has instituted regular training sessions. JCPenney has
also created a new position, Director of Pricing Compliance, whose
primary responsibility is to monitor and ensure compliance with the
new pricing policy.26
On September 30, 2016, the district court approved the proposed settlement of the
Spann action.27
D. The California Action
On December 7, 2016, the Los Angeles City Attorney filed an action against
J.C. Penney on behalf of the People of the State of California in California Superior
Court (the “California Action”). As amended, the complaint asserts violations of
California’s consumer protection statutes.28 As part of a coordinated effort, the City
Attorney filed actions against three other national retailers (Macy’s, Kohl’s, and
Sears) in the same court, asserting similar claims under the same statutes.29
One of the claims in the California Action is governed by Section 17501 of
the California Business & Professions Code. That statute provides that:
26
Id. Ex. C at 2; id. ¶ 96.
27
Id. ¶¶ 9, 137.
28
Id. Ex. D ¶¶ 82-107.
29
See id. Ex. F (California Superior Court decision ruling on separate demurrers of Sears,
Kohl’s, Macy’s, and J.C. Penney); People v. Superior Ct., 246 Cal. Rptr. 3d 128, 134 (Cal.
Ct. App. 2019).
10
No price shall be advertised as a former price of any advertised thing,
unless the alleged former price was the prevailing market price . . .
within three months next immediately preceding the publication of the
advertisement or unless the date when the alleged former price did
prevail is clearly, exactly and conspicuously stated in the
advertisement.30
The Los Angeles City Attorney interpreted this provision to require that a product
must be offered at the reference price “for a majority of the days on which it was
offered during the preceding 90 days,” i.e., for at least forty-six of those ninety
days.31
On July 5, 2018, the California Superior Court granted in part and denied in
part demurrers each of the four retailers had filed to dismiss the claims asserted
against them. With respect to the claims asserted under Section 17501 of the
Business and Professions Code, the California Superior Court granted the retailers’
motions, finding “on the facts alleged [that] the statute is unconstitutionally vague
as applied to these Defendants.”32 With respect to the City Attorney’s forty-six-day
theory, the court explained:
The People’s selection of a 46 day requirement is an arbitrary
interpretation of section 17501, it is not supported by existing case law,
and other enforcement authorities are not bound by that interpretation.
Section 17501 provides no guidance for determining how long within
a three month period, a price must “prevail” in order to excuse a retailer
30
Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17501.
31
Compl. Ex. D ¶ 97; id. ¶ 102.
32
Id. Ex. F at 5; id. ¶ 108 n.40.
11
from the duty of “clearly, exactly and conspicuously” stating the date
when the former price did prevail.33
On April 16, 2019, the Court of Appeal of California reversed the dismissal of the
Section 17501 claims, finding that the statute was not void for vagueness.34
The Court of Appeal decision highlights an important difference between the
Spann action and the California Action. As explained above, the Spann action only
concerned J.C. Penney’s sales of private branded and exclusive branded products.
By contrast, the California Action concerns J.C. Penney’s sale of products on its
website, which includes non-exclusive products sold by other retailers.35 With
respect to non-exclusive goods, the Court of Appeal held that the “prevailing market
price” for purposes of Section 17501 is based on what all retailers selling a particular
item have charged and not just the price at which J.C. Penney had sold the item:
The theory in question thus differs from the Spann theory primarily
with respect to the market or markets in which the prevailing market
prices are to be determined. Under section 17501, . . . the market for
each nonexclusive item advertised by a real party consists of all the
retailers selling the “advertised item” to the consumers targeted by the
real party’s advertisement. In those markets, the real party’s actual
price for a nonexclusive item will not establish the item’s prevailing
market price.36
The California Action is still ongoing.
33
Id. Ex. F at 15.
34
People v. Superior Ct., 246 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 135.
35
Compl. ¶ 106; Tr. 16.
36
People v. Superior Ct., 246 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 160.
12
E. The Cavlovic Action
On December 16, 2016, shortly after the California Action was filed, a J.C.
Penney customer in Kansas filed a putative consumer class action in Kansas state
court for violations of the Kansas Consumer Protection Act and unjust enrichment
(the “Cavlovic Action”).37 Cavlovic’s complaint “alleged that she fell victim to [a]
pricing scheme when she paid $171.66 for a pair of earrings that were advertised as
originally costing $524.98” even though J.C. Penney had never actually sold the
earrings at this higher price.38 After J.C. Penney unsuccessfully moved to dismiss
the Cavlovic Action, it settled with Cavlovic on her individual claims only.39
F. Additional Board Discussions About Pricing
From late 2016 through June 2017,40 the Board engaged in at least two
additional discussion about pricing,41 although the minutes of the meetings do not
refer specifically to any of the lawsuits discussed above or whether J.C. Penney’s
pricing policy complies with applicable laws.
On November 18, 2016, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer (Ed Record)
reviewed with the Board a slide presentation and engaged in a discussion of ways to
37
Compl. ¶ 110; id. Ex. E ¶¶ 76-108.
38
Id. ¶ 110.
39
Id. ¶¶ 111-12.
40
As noted above, June 2017 is the endpoint of the documents produced in response to
Rojas’ demand to inspect the Company’s books and records. Id. ¶ 18 n.7.
41
Id. ¶ 113.
13
“optimize pricing.”42 The minutes reflect that Record “discussed the science around
pricing as well as the Company’s desire to bring more analytical rigor to its pricing
strategies.”43
On March 1, 2017, the Company’s Vice President of Pricing (Prosun Niyogi)
updated the Board on the Company’s pricing initiatives.44 The minutes state that he
“reviewed the current state of the Company’s pricing and promotional structure” and
“then discussed the Company’s pricing objectives and key opportunities as well as
the potential impact to the Company from changes in the pricing process.”45
G. The 2017 Pricing Policy
In May 2017, the Company adopted a new pricing policy (the “2017 Pricing
Policy”).46 The 2017 Pricing Policy reiterates the “general rule” from the 2014
Pricing Policy,47 but contains a number of modifications. For example, the 2017
Pricing Policy provides that if “a company-wide [Buy More, Save More] event
occurs during an item’s Landing Period, the item(s) will be included in the company-
42
Id. ¶ 114 (citing id. Ex. K).
43
Id. Ex. L at JCP001336.
44
Id. ¶ 116.
45
Id. (quoting id. Ex. M at JCP001747).
46
Id. ¶ 118 (citing id. Ex. N).
47
Id. ¶ 120; compare id. Ex. H at JCP0001752, with id. Ex. N at JCP001915.
14
wide offer” and it expanded “the ability to use an enterprise-wide, store-wide, or
web-based coupon[] . . . during an item’s landing period.”48
As noted above, the Settlement Agreement in the Spann action obligated J.C.
Penney to create a compliance program and, in June 2016, the Company represented
to the district court that it “created a new position, Director of Pricing Compliance,
whose primary responsibility is to monitor and ensure compliance with the new
pricing policy.”49 The 2017 Pricing Policy reflects that, in addition to hiring a new
Director of Pricing Compliance, the Company also had hired two Compliance
Specialists.50
H. Procedural History
On October 19, 2018, Rojas filed the Complaint asserting two derivative
claims. Count I asserts that each of the individual defendants breached their
fiduciary duties by failing to engage in oversight with respect to the Company’s
compliance with California’s consumer protection laws. Count II asserts that each
of the six defendants who currently serve (Owens, Payne, Plunkett, Teruel, and
Roberts) or previously served (Sadove) on the Audit Committee breached their
48
Id. ¶ 121 (quoting id. Ex. N at JCP001916).
49
Id. Ex. C at 2.
50
Id. Ex. N at JCP001918.
15
fiduciary duties because they “consciously failed to monitor their information and
reporting systems for compliance relating to the Company’s product pricing.”51
On December 18, 2018, defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint solely
under Court of Chancery Rule 23.1.52
II. ANALYSIS
“A basic principle of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware
is that directors, rather than shareholders, manage the business and affairs of the
corporation.”53 For this reason, the decision to bring or refrain from bringing a
derivative claim on behalf of the corporation is the responsibility of the board of
directors in the first instance.54 This approach “is designed to give a corporation, on
whose behalf a derivative suit is brought, the opportunity to rectify the alleged wrong
without suit or to control any litigation brought for its benefit.”55
Under Court of Chancery Rule 23.1, a stockholder who wishes to assert a
derivative claim on behalf of a corporation must “allege with particularity the efforts,
51
Id. ¶ 161.
52
Defendants advance a cursory argument that certain aspects of plaintiff’s claims are time-
barred. See Defs.’ Opening Br. 27 (Dkt. 15). This argument is irrelevant to the question
of demand futility under Rule 23.1 and thus is not addressed in this opinion.
53
Spiegel v. Buntrock, 571 A.2d 767, 772-73 (Del. 1990).
54
Id.
55
Lewis v. Aronson, 466 A.2d 375, 380 (Del. Ch. 1983), rev’d on other grounds, 473 A.2d
805 (Del. 1984).
16
if any, made by the plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires from the
directors or comparable authority and the reasons for the plaintiff’s failure to obtain
the action or for not making the effort.”56 Under the heightened pleading
requirements of Rule 23.1, conclusory “allegations of fact or law not supported by
the allegations of specific fact may not be taken as true.”57
There are two tests under Delaware law for determining whether making a
demand on the corporation’s board of directors to pursue a claim may be excused as
futile: the Aronson test and the Rales test.58 This court applies the first test, from
Aronson v. Lewis,59 when “a decision of the board of directors is being challenged
in the derivative suit.”60 The second test, from Rales v. Blasband,61 governs when
“the board that would be considering the demand did not make a business decision
which is being challenged in the derivative suit,” such as “where directors are sued
derivatively because they have failed to do something.”62
56
Del. Ch. Ct. R. 23.1.
57
Grobow v. Perot, 539 A.2d 180, 187 (Del. 1988), overruled on other grounds by Brehm
v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 244 (Del. 2000).
58
Both tests ultimately focus on the same inquiry, whether “the derivative plaintiff has
shown some reason to doubt that the board will exercise its discretion impartially and in
good faith.” In re INFOUSA, Inc. S’holders Litig., 953 A.2d 963, 986 (Del. Ch. 2007).
59
466 A.2d 375.
60
Rales v. Blasband, 634 A.2d 927, 933 (Del. 1993).
61
Id.
62
Id. at 933-34 & n.9. Rales also applies “where a business decision was made by the
board of a company, but a majority of the directors making the decision have been
17
All parties agree that the Rales test applies in this case because Rojas is not
challenging a specific board action or decision, but rather an alleged lack of board
oversight.63 This means that demand can be excused only if “the particularized
factual allegations . . . create a reasonable doubt that, as of the time the complaint
[was] filed, the board of directors could have properly exercised its independent and
disinterested business judgment in responding to a demand.”64
Here, Rojas does not challenge the independence of any members of the
Demand Board and does not contend that any of them have divided loyalties because
of a personal financial interest in any underlying transaction. Rojas argues only that
a majority of the Demand Board is interested because they are exposed to a
substantial likelihood of personal liability. More specifically, Rojas argues that a
reasonable doubt exists regarding whether the Demand Board could have
considered, impartially and in good faith, whether to pursue the claims in the
Complaint because at least nine of its eleven members face a substantial likelihood
of liability for failing to exercise their oversight obligations under Caremark. It is
replaced” and where “the decision being challenged was made by the board of a different
corporation.” Id. at 934.
63
Defs.’ Opening Br. 13; Pl.’s Answering Br. 27 (Dkt. 19).
64
Rales, 634 A.2d at 934.
18
black letter law that “the mere threat of personal liability” is insufficient to make this
showing.65
Chancellor Allen famously remarked in Caremark that to prove liability for
failing to monitor corporate affairs is “possibly the most difficult theory in
corporation law upon which a plaintiff might hope to win a judgment.”66 Consistent
with that sentiment, our Supreme Court held in Stone v. Ritter that, to plead a
substantial likelihood of liability under Caremark, a stockholder must allege
particularized facts to show that either (1) “the directors utterly failed to implement
any reporting or information system or controls” or that (2) “having implemented
such a system or controls, [the directors] consciously failed to monitor or oversee its
operations thus disabling themselves from being informed of risks or problems
requiring their attention.”67
Under either theory, the “imposition of liability requires a showing that the
directors knew that they were not discharging their fiduciary obligations.”68 “The
need to demonstrate scienter to establish liability under an oversight theory follows
not only from Caremark itself, but from the existence of charter provisions
65
Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 815 (Del. 1984).
66
In re Caremark Int’l Inc. Deriv. Litig., 698 A.2d 959, 967 (Del. Ch. 1996).
67
911 A.2d at 370.
68
Id.
19
exculpating directors from liability for breaches of the duty of care that have become
ubiquitous in corporate America.”69
Rojas argues that a majority of the Demand Board faces a substantial
likelihood of liability under both prongs of Caremark.70 He further argues that a
majority of the J.C. Penney Board is conflicted because of the ongoing nature of the
California Action. The court concludes that each of these arguments is without merit
for the reasons discussed below and that plaintiff has failed to establish that any
member of the Demand Board faces a substantial likelihood of liability under
Caremark or is conflicted based on the California Action.
A. The Complaint Fails to Allege Facts Sufficient to Show that the
Directors Are Exposed to a Substantial Likelihood of Liability for
Utterly Failing to Implement a System of Controls
Rojas makes a faint-hearted attempt to argue that the members of the Demand
Board face a substantial likelihood of personal liability under the first prong of
Caremark for “utterly failing” to implement any reporting or information system or
controls with respect to the Company’s advertising and pricing policies. Focusing
on when the Spann action settled, Rojas asserted in his Complaint that “there is no
evidence that any Board member sought to put in place any safeguards to ensure that
69
Reiter v. Fairbank, 2016 WL 6081823, at *7 (Del. Ch. Oct. 18, 2016). It is undisputed
that J.C. Penney’s certificate of incorporation exculpated the Company’s directors from
liability for breaches of the duty of care.
70
Pl.’s Answering Br. 48-49.
20
the Company’s advertising and pricing policies were in conformance with the
Consumer Protection Laws.”71 When briefing this motion, however, Rojas
effectively abandoned this position, conceding that: “There is no assertion that the
reporting system put in place at the time of the Spann settlement is inadequate, or
that the Board did not know it existed.”72
Earlier this year, in Marchand v. Barnhill, our Supreme Court expounded on
the duties Delaware law imposes on directors to ensure that board-level monitoring
and reporting systems are in place:
As with any other disinterested business judgment, directors have great
discretion to design context- and industry-specific approaches tailored
to their companies’ businesses and resources. But Caremark does have
a bottom-line requirement that is important: the board must make a
good faith effort—i.e., try—to put in place a reasonable board-level
system of monitoring and reporting.73
The high court further explained that, “[i]n decisions dismissing Caremark claims,
the plaintiffs usually lose because they must concede the existence of board-level
systems of monitoring and oversight such as a relevant committee, a regular protocol
requiring board-level reports about the relevant risks, or the board’s use of third-
party monitors, auditors, or consultants.”74 That is the case here.
71
Compl. ¶¶ 14-15.
72
Pl.’s Answering Br. 51.
73
Marchand v. Barnhill, -- A.3d --, 2019 WL 2509617, at *12 (Del. 2019) (internal
citations omitted).
74
Id. at *14.
21
The Complaint and documents incorporated therein indicate that J.C. Penney
had a board-level reporting system in place at the time of the Spann action to monitor
the Company’s compliance with laws and regulations. Specifically, the Board’s
Audit Committee was “charged with legal and regulatory compliance” and its
charter required it:
1. To oversee the Company’s compliance with the law and regulation
and, in connection therewith, to review and assess on no less than an
annual basis, a report from the Company’s General Counsel regarding
the implementation and effectiveness of the Company’s legal
compliance and ethics program; . . .
4. To discuss with management any correspondence with regulators or
governmental agencies and any litigation or other legal matters that
raise material issues regarding the Company’s financial statements or
accounting policies or its compliance with law or regulation.75
Consistent with its mandate, the Audit Committee received a report from the
Company’s General Counsel, Janet Link, on July 20, 2015, about seven weeks
before the Company entered into a Memorandum of Settlement in the Spann action.
Ms. Link reviewed with the Audit Committee “the status of the Spann pricing
compliance class action lawsuit” and “responded to questions asked and comments
made by the Committee members.”76
75
Compl. ¶ 55.
76
Id. Ex. I at JCP001274; id. ¶ 82.
22
About two months later, shortly after the Company entered into the
Memorandum of Settlement but before the formal Settlement Agreement was filed
with the district court, the matter was reviewed with the Board. On September 17,
2015, Ms. Link provided an “update” on the Spann action that included a review of
“the history of the case as well as recent developments.”77
As this court has explained, our Supreme Court appears to have been quite
deliberate in its use of the adverb “utterly”—a “linguistically extreme
formulation”—to set the bar high when articulating the first way to hold directors
personally liable for a failure of oversight under Caremark.78 Given the facts just
recited, it cannot be said that J.C. Penney’s directors “utterly failed to implement
any reporting or information system or controls” relevant to complying with price-
comparison advertising laws or, in the more recent words of Marchand, that they
made no good faith effort to “try.”79 Accordingly, Rojas has failed to allege facts
77
Id. ¶ 87 (quoting id. Ex. J at JCP001282). The use of the word “update” in the minutes
suggests that the Board received an earlier report about the Spann action, although no
minutes have been provided reflecting such a discussion. Furthermore, as discussed above,
the Board discussed pricing during two subsequent meetings—in November 2016 and
March 2017—but the minutes of those meetings do not refer specifically to J.C. Penney’s
pricing policy or its compliance with laws applicable to comparison pricing.
78
Horman v. Abney, 2017 WL 242571, at *8 n.46 (Del. Ch. Jan. 19, 2017) (“‘Utterly failed’
is a linguistically extreme formulation.”) (quoting Bradley R. Aronstam & David E. Ross,
Retracing Delaware’s Corporate Roots Through Recent Decisions: Corporate
Foundations Remain Stable While Judicial Standards of Review Continue to Evolve, 12
Del. L. Rev. 1, 13 n.73 (2010)).
79
Stone, 911 A.2d at 370; Marchand, 2019 WL 2509617, at *12.
23
sufficient to support a reasonable inference that the members of the Demand Board
are exposed to a substantial likelihood of personal liability under the first prong of
Caremark.
B. The Complaint Fails to Allege Facts Sufficient to Show that the
Directors Are Exposed to a Substantial Likelihood of Liability for
Consciously Failing to Monitor
Rojas’ primary argument for establishing demand futility proceeds under the
second prong of Caremark, i.e., that “having implemented such a system or controls,
[the directors] consciously failed to monitor or oversee its operations thus disabling
themselves from being informed of risks or problems requiring their attention.”80
To establish liability under this theory, “a complaint must allege (1) that the
directors knew or should have known that the corporation was violating the law, (2)
that the directors acted in bad faith by failing to prevent or remedy those violations,
and (3) that such failure resulted in damage to the corporation.”81 The typical way
to plead that the directors knew or should have known that a corporation was
violating the law is to allege facts demonstrating that the board was alerted to
“evidence of illegality—the proverbial ‘red flag.’”82 “Under Delaware law, red flags
80
Stone, 911 A.2d at 370.
81
In re Qualcomm Inc. FCPA S’holder Deriv. Litig., 2017 WL 2608723, at *2 (Del. Ch.
June 16, 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted).
82
South v. Baker, 62 A.3d 1, 15 (Del. Ch. 2012).
24
‘are only useful when they are either waved in one’s face or displayed so that they
are visible to the careful observer.’”83
Rojas identifies only one alleged red flag—the Spann settlement—which he
characterizes as the “ultimate red flag.”84 According to the Complaint:
The disclosure of the [Spann] action and the settlement terms thereof
put the full Board on notice that the Company’s pricing policies
violated Consumer Protection Laws and that a lawsuit resulting from
the use of false reference pricing had already had a material impact on
the Company’s finances and would do so again in the future if the
Company continued to violate the law.85
Defendants respond with two arguments. First, they contend that the
Complaint’s “allegations fail to plead any particularized facts supporting the
inference that the Spann settlement put the directors on notice of ongoing violations
of law” so as to establish that it was a red flag.86 Second, they contend that, even if
the Spann settlement was a red flag, plaintiff’s answering brief “confirms that the
Company responded to the Spann settlement extensively and apprised the Board of
its response.”87 The court agrees with defendants’ first point, which is dispositive
of plaintiff’s argument under the second prong of Caremark.
83
Wood v. Baum, 953 A.2d 136, 143 (Del. 2008) (quoting In re Citigroup Inc. S’holders
Litig., 2003 WL 21384599, at *2 (Del. Ch. June 5, 2003)).
84
Pl.’s Answering Br. 11; Tr. 59.
85
Compl. ¶ 89; see also id. ¶ 83.
86
Def.’s Reply Br. 10 (Dkt. 22) (internal quotation marks omitted).
87
Id. at 16.
25
Describing Ms. Link’s presentation to the Board on September 17, 2015, the
Complaint alleges that she “presumably” explained that:
the Company had settled the [Spann action] for $50 million in cash and
other non-monetary relief, including JCP’s proposed agreement that
going forward its advertising and pricing practices would not violate
the Consumer Protection Laws and that it would implement a method
by which to monitor, train, and audit the Company’s compliance with
the law no less than annually.88
The Complaint and documents incorporated therein confirm what plaintiff alleges
Ms. Link presumably explained to the Board.
According to the Complaint, the parties to the Spann action “notified the court
[in September 2015] that they had agreed on settlement terms . . . which included
continued oversight of the Company’s pricing policies.”89 The Settlement
Agreement, which was filed with the court two months later, states in more specific
terms that “JCPenney shall implement a compliance program, which will consist of
periodic (no less than once a year) monitoring, training and auditing to ensure
compliance with California’s price comparison laws.”90 It also represents that
“JCPenney agrees that its advertising and pricing practices as of the date of this
88
Compl. ¶ 88.
89
Id. ¶ 82.
90
Id. Ex. B § 6.1.7; id. ¶ 95.
26
Settlement Agreement, and continuing forward, will not violate Federal or California
law, including California’s specific price-comparison advertising statutes.”91
The critical flaw in plaintiff’s “red flag” argument is that the Complaint relies
on conclusory rhetoric to charge J.C. Penney’s directors with knowledge of
wrongdoing. Rojas does not allege—as he must—particularized facts from which it
reasonably can be inferred that the Spann settlement put the directors on notice of
any ongoing violations of law. In particular, the Complaint does not allege facts
from which it can be inferred that any of the members of the Demand Board were
aware that the Company had violated any California or other laws regulating pricing
practices at any time before (or after) the district court approved the Spann
settlement.
To the contrary, per the Complaint’s allegations, when the Spann action was
discussed with the Board in September 2015, it was in terms of a settlement to
resolve a consumer class action without any admission of liability, with an express
acknowledgement that the Company was not then violating any federal or California
laws, and with a commitment to implement a program to ensure continued
compliance with California’s price-comparison laws going forward. Also, when the
Spann settlement was approved by the district court one year later, J.C. Penney
91
Id. Ex. B § 6.1.7 (emphasis added).
27
represented to the court that it had “implemented a new price-comparison
advertising policy in direct response to” the Spann action, pursuant to which J.C.
Penney “created a Promotional Pricing Governance Committee,” “instituted regular
training sessions,” and “created a new position, Director of Pricing Compliance,
whose primary responsibility is to monitor and ensure compliance with the new
pricing policy.”92
Citing four federal decisions, Rojas contends that “settlements and warnings”
can “constitute red flags, even absent a liability determination.” 93 This is true, of
course. A settlement of litigation or a warning from a regulatory authority—
irrespective of any admission or finding of liability—may demonstrate that a
corporation’s directors knew or should have known that the corporation was
violating the law. But the obverse also is true—such actions do not necessarily
demonstrate that a corporation’s directors knew or should have known that the
corporation was violating the law.94 When such events become a “red flag” depends
92
Id. ¶ 8; id. Ex. C at 2.
93
Pl.’s Answering Br. 38.
94
See, e.g., In re Chemed Corp., S’holder Deriv. Litig., 2015 WL 9460118, at *18 (D. Del.
Dec. 23, 2015) (finding that subpoenas alleging wrongdoing are “certainly something to
be taken into consideration along with a plaintiff’s other red flag allegations” but that
subpoenas “do not on their own suggest that a board was aware of corporate misconduct”)
(alterations and internal quotation marks omitted), adopted by KBC Asset Mgmt. NV v.
McNamara, 2016 WL 2758256 (D. Del. May 12, 2016); In re Intel Corp. Deriv. Litig., 621
F. Supp. 2d 165, 175 (D. Del. 2009) (declining to “place great weight on a ‘preliminary’
finding” by a European Commission investigation that a company had infringed the
European Commission Treaty and finding that the court “therefore cannot conclude that
28
on the circumstances. Here, the facts of the four federal cases on which Rojas relies
demonstrate how dissimilar they are from the alleged facts here on the key issue of
the directors’ knowledge of wrongdoing.
In In re McKesson Corporation Derivative Litigation,95 the lead case on which
Rojas relies, the corporation entered into a settlement with the Department of Justice
in 2008 that required it to implement a controlled substance monitoring program.
The Northern District of California found the allegations sufficient to establish
demand futility where certain directors “continued a pattern of noncompliance” after
the corporation settled.96 Specifically, the audit committee failed to take action even
after receiving “regular signals” during at least five meetings that the monitoring
program it had established in connection with the settlement “was failing and
required more attention.”97
the directors now face a ‘substantial likelihood’ of liability for having allegedly ignored
the EC investigation”).
95
2018 WL 2197548 (N.D. Cal. May 14, 2018).
96
Id. at *10.
97
Id. at *7-10. As Rojas points out, the district court referred to the settlement with the
Department of Justice as the “first” of multiple red flags. Id. at *7. Unlike here, however,
where Rojas has failed to allege any facts to support the inference that J.C. Penney’s
directors were aware of ongoing violations of law at the time of the Spann settlement, the
plaintiff in McKesson alleged that “the members of McKesson’s board of directors at the
time” of the 2008 settlement “knew that McKesson had serious problems concerning the
Company’s compliance with controlled substances laws and regulations for many years
and spread across many of the Company’s facilities.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted).
29
In In re Abbott Laboratories Derivative Shareholders Litigation,98 the
Seventh Circuit sustained a Caremark claim where the board allegedly was alerted
to continuing violations on numerous occasions after Abbott entered into a
Voluntary Compliance Plan with the FDA, causing the FDA to close out the plan for
noncompliance.99 The court summarized the allegations as follows:
Given the extensive paper trail . . . concerning the violations and the
inferred awareness of the problems, the facts support a reasonable
assumption that there was a “sustained and systematic failure of the
board to exercise oversight,” in this case intentional in that the
directors knew of the violations of law, took no steps in an effort to
prevent or remedy the situation, and that failure to take any action for
such an inordinate amount of time resulted in substantial corporate
losses, establishing a lack of good faith. We find that six years of
noncompliance, inspections, 483s, Warning Letters, and notice in the
press, all of which then resulted in the largest civil fine ever imposed
by the FDA and the destruction and suspension of products which
accounted for approximately $250 million in corporate assets, indicate
that the directors’ decision to not act was not made in good faith and
was contrary to the best interests of the company.100
In In re Pfizer Inc. Shareholder Derivative Litigation,101 the Southern District
of New York found demand to be futile where plaintiff alleged “a large number of
reports made to members of the board from which it may reasonably be inferred that
98
325 F.3d 795 (7th Cir. 2003).
99
Id. at 799-802, 808-09.
100
Id. at 810.
101
722 F. Supp. 2d 453 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).
30
they all knew of Pfizer’s continued misconduct and chose to disregard it” after three
prior settlements with the government.102 The allegations included:
reports to the board of the Neurontin and Genotropin settlements, a
large number of FDA violation notices and warning letters, several
reports to Pfizer’s compliance personnel and senior executives of
continuing kickbacks and off-label marketing, and the allegations of the
qui tam lawsuits. Many of these disturbing reports were received
during the same time that the board was obligated by the 2002 and 2004
CIAs to pay special attention to these very problems.103
And, in Rosenbloom v. Pyott,104 the Ninth Circuit found that the board acted
with the necessary scienter because the board not only was aware of and ignored
ongoing violations of law, but directly participated in illegal conduct:
These allegations and the inferences that reasonably follow from them
. . . show that Allergan’s board closely monitored off-label Botox sales
and repeatedly discussed or authorized programs even after learning
that those programs involved the same illegal conduct for which
Allergan was ultimately fined and punished.105
In sum, in each of the four cases just discussed, stockholders presented strong
factual allegations of board knowledge of ongoing legal violations in the wake of
federal government enforcement proceedings (McKesson, Abbott, and Pfizer) and a
guilty plea in a criminal case (Rosenbloom). Factual allegations of this nature are
precisely what is missing here. Tacitly conceding as much, Rojas suggests that
102
Id. at 455-57, 460.
103
Id. at 460-61 (citations omitted).
104
765 F.3d 1137 (9th Cir. 2014).
105
Id. at 1152-53.
31
“regardless of whether wrongdoing occurred,” the sheer amount of the settlement
payment ($50 million) and the fact that the Company “lost multiple motions” in the
Spann action should satisfy his pleading burden under Court of Chancery Rule
23.1.106 The court disagrees.
The Spann action was a purely civil matter of the type that commercial parties
routinely settle after motion practice. It was not brought against the backdrop of a
prior settlement where clear, repeated violations of a law had been found. Indeed,
the reference pricing claims in the Spann action were not clear cut—as demonstrated
by the fact that two California courts later disagreed (in the California Action) over
whether Section 17501 of the California Business & Professions Code is
unconstitutionally vague.107 The cost of the Spann settlement, although sizeable,
secured a release from a state-wide class of California consumers as part of a
compromise without any admission of liability.
Our law is clear that “to establish oversight liability a plaintiff must show that
the directors knew they were not discharging their fiduciary obligations or that the
directors demonstrated a conscious disregard for their responsibilities such as by
failing to act in the face of a known duty to act.”108 Thus, a complaint must allege
106
See Pl.’s Answering Br. 35.
107
See supra Section I.D.
108
In re Citigroup Inc. S’holder Deriv. Litig., 964 A.2d 106, 123 (Del. Ch. 2009) (Chandler,
C.); see also Reiter, 2016 WL 6081823, at *7.
32
particularized facts to show “that the directors knew or should have known that the
corporation was violating the law” in order to state a claim under the second prong
of Caremark.109 In my view, the sheer amount of the Spann settlement payment and
the posture of the case when it settled are far from sufficient in the context of the
overall circumstances to support the inference of scienter necessary to demonstrate
that J.C. Penney’s directors acted in bad faith.
Finally, I disagree with Rojas’ contention that this court’s decision in Horman
v. Abney110 supports finding that the Spann settlement is a red flag. In Horman, the
court explained in dictum that a settlement could be a red flag if the company (UPS)
“had entered the [settlement] and then continued a pattern of non-compliant
[cigarette] shipments immediately thereafter.”111 In this case, by contrast, J.C.
Penney’s pricing practices have never been found—as part of a settlement or in any
adjudication—to be “non-compliant” in the first place, and there are no well-pled
allegations in the Complaint that the Board ever became aware that the Company
failed to implement the procedures required under the Spann settlement.
At bottom, Rojas asks the court to find that J.C. Penney’s directors have
demonstrated a conscious disregard for their responsibilities simply because, less
109
Qualcomm, 2017 WL 2608723, at *2 (internal quotation marks omitted).
110
2017 WL 242571.
111
Id. at *11.
33
than three months after the district court approved the Spann settlement, the Los
Angeles City Attorney initiated coordinated civil proceedings against J.C. Penney
and three of its competitors asserting complex price-comparison claims that have
been disputed vigorously, and because a single consumer filed suit in Kansas over a
pair of earrings in a case that has been settled on an individual basis. Given the lack
of any particularized factual allegations to support a reasonable inference that the
members of the Demand Board knew or should have known that the Company was
violating the law at any time before (or after) those actions were filed, it would be
unwarranted to make such a finding and the court declines to do so.
*****
For the reasons explained in Sections II.A and II.B above, Rojas has failed to
allege facts sufficient to support a reasonable inference that the members of the
Demand Board are exposed to a substantial likelihood of personal liability under
either prong of Caremark. Accordingly, Rojas has failed to plead adequately that
demand would have been futile under either of those theories.
C. The Demand Board Is Not Conflicted Because of the Pendency of
the California Action
Rojas argues lastly that demand should be excused “because bringing the
claims at issue in this Action would be tantamount to admitting liability in the”
34
California Action.112 In making this argument, Rojas relies on this court’s decisions
in Pfeiffer v. Toll113 and In re Fitbit, Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation.114
In Pfeiffer, a stockholder asserted a derivative claim to recover damages
resulting from alleged insider trading. The court found that demand was futile under
Rales because a majority of the board members were defendants in a “companion
federal securities action” that had survived a motion to dismiss and in which the
district court “held that the insider trading of the individual defendants—essentially
the same trades at issue here—raised a ‘powerful and cogent inference of scienter’
and was ‘unusual in scope and timing.’”115 In Fitbit, which also involved allegations
of insider trading, the court similarly considered as “a relevant factor in the Rales
analysis” the exposure certain directors faced in a related securities action.116
Both of these cases are readily distinguishable because none of the members
of the Demand Board is a party to the California Action where the Company is the
only defendant, and thus none of them has any personal exposure in that action.117
112
Pl.’s Answering Br. 54.
113
989 A.2d 683 (Del. Ch. 2010), abrogated on other grounds by Kahn v. Kolberg Kravis
Roberts & Co., L.P., 23 A.3d 831 (Del. 2011).
114
2018 WL 6587159 (Del. Ch. Dec. 14, 2018).
115
989 A.2d at 690 (citation omitted).
116
2018 WL 6587159, at *16.
117
See Guttman v. Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 504 (Del. Ch. 2003) (Strine, V.C.) (not
considering the implications of a companion federal securities action for demand futility
purposes where “none of [five outside director] defendants is even named as a defendant
in the pending federal securities suits”); Rattner v. Bidzos, 2003 WL 22284323, at *14
35
For this reason, the court has no reason to doubt whether any members of the
Demand Board could consider a demand impartially based on the pendency of the
California Action.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, the court concludes that plaintiff has failed
to allege facts from which it may reasonably be inferred that any of the directors on
the Demand Board consciously allowed J.C. Penney to violate any price-comparison
advertising laws so as to demonstrate that they acted in bad faith. Accordingly,
Rojas has failed to establish that his failure to make a demand should be excused,
and the Complaint is hereby dismissed with prejudice in its entirety.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
(Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2003) (finding that “conclusory and cryptic allegations” about which,
if any, of the director defendants also were defendants in a companion federal securities
action were insufficient to merit demand excusal under Rales).
36