Comerica Bank v. Global Payments Direct, Inc.

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
COMERICA BANK, a Texas Banking )
Association, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) C.A. No. 9707-CB
)
GLOBAL PAYMENTS DIRECT, INC., a )
New York Corporation, )
)
Defendant, )
)
and )
)
GLOBAL PAYMENTS COMERICA )
ALLIANCE, L.L.C., a Delaware Limited )
Liability Company, )
)
Nominal Defendant. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Date Submitted: July 22, 2014
Date Decided: August 1, 2014
Daniel A. Dreisbach, Thomas A. Uebler and Sarah A. Clark of Richards, Layton &
Finger, P.A., Wilmington, DE; Howard J. Roin and Laura R. Hammargren of Mayer
Brown LLP, Chicago, Illinois, Attorneys for Plaintiff.
Peter B. Ladig, Meghan A. Adams and Kyle E. Gay of Morris James LLP, Wilmington,
DE; John P. Brumbaugh and Claire Carothers Oates of King & Spalding LLP, Atlanta,
GA, Attorneys for Defendants.
BOUCHARD, C.
I. INTRODUCTION
This opinion is the second chapter in the business divorce between plaintiff
Comerica Bank (“Comerica”) and defendant Global Payments Direct, Inc. (“Global” or
“Global Direct”) concerning the joint venture they established in 1996 to process credit
and debit card transactions called Global Payments Comerica Alliance, L.L.C.
(“Alliance”). On July 21, 2014, following an expedited trial held on July 14-15, I issued
an opinion in which I concluded that certain exclusivity and non-competition obligations
in the parties’ agreements ended on January 14, 2014, and that Alliance was dissolved on
May 14, 2014. These rulings were implemented in an Order and Partial Final Judgment
entered on July 21, 2014, granting judgment in favor of Comerica and against Global on
Counts I and II of the Verified Complaint.
In this opinion, I address Count III of the Verified Complaint,1 which involves two
issues: (1) is Comerica contractually entitled to receive certain information and assistance
it has requested to effectuate its transition to a new payment processor and, if so, is
Global required to incur the expense of assisting in the transfer of this information to the
new payment processor, and (2) should the Court intervene in the wind up of Alliance
and appoint a liquidating trustee. For the reasons set forth below, I find that Comerica is
entitled to receive the information it has requested in connection with the wind up of
Alliance but that the expense of assisting in the transfer of such information to Comerica
1
The remaining two claims in the Verified Complaints, Counts IV-V, seek damages
against Global. These claims were not the subject of the expedited trial and will be
addressed in the ordinary course.
2
and its new payment processor should be borne by Alliance as an expense of the wind up.
I also conclude that cause exists for the Court to intervene in the wind up and to appoint a
liquidating trustee to oversee that process to ensure that it is completed promptly and in
an orderly manner.
II. BACKGROUND2
As explained in my July 21, 2014 Memorandum Opinion, the contractual
relationship between the parties is largely defined in three interrelated agreements that
were entered simultaneously in March 1996, with some subsequent modifications: the
LLC Agreement, the Service Agreement and the Contribution Agreement. The
provisions of these agreements relevant to Count III are discussed in Section III below.
They concern the parties’ obligations upon the dissolution of Alliance, which occurred on
May 14, 2014.
Comerica and Global are the only two Members of Alliance. Global holds a 51%
membership interest. Comerica holds a 49% membership interest.3 The LLC Agreement
provides for Alliance to be managed by its two Members, acting through their
Representatives.4 Global has three Representatives. Comerica has two Representatives.5
2
The Pre-trial Stipulation and Order is cited as “PTO.” Joint trial exhibits are cited as
“JX.” The trial transcript is cited as “Trial Tr.”
3
PTO § II, ¶ 4.
4
JX 5 § 8.1.
5
PTO § II, ¶ 5.
3
The principal asset of Alliance is its portfolio of agreements with merchant
customers (the “Merchant Portfolio”). Comerica, Global and each merchant are parties to
merchant agreements, which generally contemplate processing credit card transactions
for the merchants in exchange for a series of fees.6
During the wind up process, the Merchant Portfolio is to be divided by “mutual
decision” of the Members or, in the absence of agreement, pursuant to a formula and then
distributed “in kind” in accordance with the Members’ 51/49 percentage interests.7 The
LLC Agreement provides that this “Equitable Division” includes the “right, title, benefit
and interest in [Alliance’s] merchant agreements.”8
During the trial of this matter held on July 14-15, I heard testimony concerning the
parties’ interactions since October 2013, when Comerica informed Global of its intention
to terminate the Service Agreement, and the process of converting data for the merchant
agreements to be assigned to Comerica as a result of Alliance’s dissolution from the
system Global manages for Alliance to a new payment processor. Four witnesses
testified on these matters: (1) Bridgit C. Chayt, Comerica’s Executive Vice President of
Treasury Management and Business Deposit Services; (2) Kurt A. Schaeffer, Global’s
Senior Vice President of Worldwide Operations; (3) Donald Bruce Nanton, Global’s
6
Trial Tr. 160 (Schaeffer).
7
JX 5 § 15.5.
8
Id.
4
Senior Vice President of Core Processing and Integrations; and (4) David L. Green,
General Counsel of Global Payments, Inc., Global’s parent company.
A. The Parties’ Interactions since October 2013
In early 2013, Comerica initiated conversations with Global to discuss the
renegotiation of the Service Agreement, which would expire if not renewed on January
31, 2014.9 On October 22, 2013, after the parties had been unable to reach mutually
agreeable renewal terms, “Comerica advised Global Direct in writing that it would not
renew the Service Agreement” and initiated a request for proposals (RFP) for a new
payment processor relationship.10
The next day, on October 23, 2013, Jeffrey S. Sloan, President and CEO of
Global, sent Comerica a letter proposing to renew the Service Agreement on certain
terms if Comerica agreed not to pursue an RFP process.11 On October 25, 2013,
Comerica told Global it would not withdraw its notice of non-renewal of the Service
Agreement and encouraged Global to participate in the RFP process.12
On or about October 30, 2013, Vin Perelli, second in command to Sloan at Global,
directed that “Comerica’s access to the Merchant Accounting System” (known as
“MAS”) be turned off.13 The MAS system is “the foundation of how the organization
9
Trial Tr. 31-32 (Chayt).
10
PTO § II, ¶ 13; Trial Tr. 33-35 (Chayt); JX 13.
11
JX 14.
12
JX 15.
13
Trial Tr. 195 (Schaeffer).
5
manages transactions.”14 Global cut off Comerica’s access to MAS for “between 24 and
48 hours,” during which Comerica was unable to “troubleshoot for [its] customers” or
engage in “risk monitoring.”15 Sloan told Chayt that Global’s decision to cut off
Comerica’s access to the MAS system related to the RFP process Comerica had
initiated.16
Shortly after the MAS incident, Schaeffer, Perelli, and Green reviewed Global’s
internal protocols regarding Comerica and its customers. Schaeffer was instructed to
embark on “a fact-finding mission” to determine whether Comerica was receiving any
“special benefits” from Global and then “to decide if [Global] wanted to continue [those
benefits] or not.”17 Schaeffer reported to Green that Comerica’s customers had been
receiving priority when making inquiries to the call center and that a special email box
had been established for Comerica employees to communicate with Global.18
On November 8, 2013, Global formally responded to Comerica’s refusal to
reconsider its decision to terminate the Service Agreement. Global asserted that
Comerica’s exclusivity obligations under the Service Agreement “will continue to apply
14
Trial Tr. 279 (Nanton).
15
Trial Tr. 39-42 (Chayt).
16
Trial Tr. 41 (Chayt).
17
Trial Tr. 199 (Schaeffer).
18
Trial Tr. 200-01 (Schaeffer).
6
during any . . . transition period, regardless of which party is requesting the transition
services.”19
Global participated in Comerica’s RFP process, including the final presentations,
but it did not score as one of the top two proposals and was not selected.20 Comerica
selected Vantiv, Inc. as its new payment processor.21
On January 10, 2014, Comerica notified Global that it had selected another
payment processor and provided notice that “Comerica will be terminating and winding
down its Joint Venture with Global.”22 Later that day, Green directed Comerica to
address all “communications regarding these issues to [his] attention.”23
After Comerica sent its January 10 letter, Sloan told Chayt that Global would
“take the BIN [Bank Identification Number] to Wells [Fargo],” suggesting that Global
would take the entire Alliance merchant portfolio for itself.24 After making inquiries,
Comerica determined that Global could not take the BIN because it was owned by
Comerica.25
19
JX 16.
20
Trial Tr. 43 (Chayt).
21
Trial Tr. 94-95 (Chayt). The agreement with Vantiv was not signed until June 2014.
Id.
22
JX 19; Trial Tr. 43-46 (Chayt).
23
JX 20.
24
Trial Tr. 47-49 (Chayt).
25
Trial Tr. 50-51 (Chayt).
7
On January 17, 2014, Joe Fisher, Vice President – Corporate Development of
Comerica Incorporated, asked Green to meet the next week to “exchange ideas of how to
split the portfolio, your thoughts on your sales force, etc.”26 Green declined Fisher’s
request to meet and proposed setting up a call over two weeks later.27
On January 24, 2014, Green sent Lars C. Anderson, Vice Chairman of Comerica, a
letter in which Global reiterated its position that Comerica’s exclusivity obligations “will
continue to apply for so long as either Global Payments or Comerica desires for the other
to provide Services” under the Service Agreement.28 In the same letter, Green requested
that “Comerica continue to provide the Services under the [Service Agreement] during
the transition period until we instruct you otherwise.”29
On February 4, 2014, Fisher of Comerica sent Green of Global a proposal for
splitting the Merchant Portfolio along with a draft of a cover letter from Chayt stating
that, “[s]ince neither Global nor Comerica has stated any intention of selling its interest in
the Alliance, we need to immediately begin discussions on dividing the Merchant
Agreements and dissolving the Alliance.”30 In its letter, Comerica disagreed with
26
JX 22.
27
Id.
28
JX 23.
29
Id.
30
JX 26; Trial Tr. 56-57 (Chayt). A signed version of this letter was sent to Global on
February 7, 2014. JX 28.
8
Global’s position on exclusivity.31 On February 6, 2014, Global rejected Comerica’s
February 4 merchant split proposal.32
On February 10, 2014, Chayt sent Green an internal memorandum circulated at
Comerica explaining the process of transitioning “its merchant card processing vendor
relationship to a different service provider.”33 The memorandum noted that Comerica
expects “to begin transitioning to the new provider as soon as possible.”34
Also on February 10, 2014, Chayt forwarded Green a letter from Comerica to its
bank customers explaining that Comerica would be changing processing service
providers.35 Global objected to this letter because it was sent to all of Comerica’s
customers, including customers whose merchant services would be allocated to Global
after the merchant split.36
On February 25, 2014, Green sent an email to Fisher of Comerica that revealed a
sharp difference between the parties’ expectations concerning the timing of Comerica’s
transition to a new processor. Contrary to Comerica’s expressed desire to transition as
31
JX 26 (“For clarification, during this transition period, nothing in the Service
Agreement or otherwise will restrict either party from purchasing merchant processing
services or any other services from third parties for new merchant customers and/or
require a party to refer to the Alliance any new potential merchant customers for credit
card processing services.”).
32
Trial Tr. 59 (Chayt); JX 27.
33
JX 29.
34
Id.
35
JX 30.
36
JX 32; Trial Tr. 366-68 (Green).
9
soon as possible, Global took the approach that the transition did not need to be
completed until January 31, 2015, the last day of the one-year transition period permitted
by the Service Agreement,37 and worked backwards from there:
We are indeed working on a timetable to ensure that the dissolution and
migration of the merchant base occurs within the 12 month transition
period. We have a meeting on Friday with our technical folks to discuss
their timing needs with regards to the actual migration of the merchants.
That will help us work backwards from January 31, 2015 to make sure we
hit whatever deadlines we need to ensure a timely transition.38
On March 5, 2014, Chayt sent Sloan of Global a timeline for the transition
contemplating that new Comerica customers would be processed by Comerica’s new
processing vendor by March 31, 2014, and that the parties would meet to develop a
timeline for dissolution of the legacy portfolio during the week of March 10, 2014.39
On March 12, 2014, Green submitted Global’s counterproposal, again working
backwards from January 31, 2015, the latest extension date permitted by the Service
Agreement. Using that date as an end point, Green stated that, “[f]ollowing discussions
with our operations and technical teams, we estimate that we would need to identify
Global Payments’ share of the Alliance’s merchants by no later than September 1,
2014.”40 Green also stated that Global intended to provide a proposed division of the
Merchant Portfolio during the week of April 14 “as well as other proposed terms to
37
JX 10 § 15(d).
38
JX 33 (emphasis added).
39
JX 34.
40
JX 42.
10
govern the dissolution,” and suggested that the parties meet on April 25 “to discuss the
merchant division or any other issues Comerica is interested in discussing relating to the
dissolution of the Alliance.”41
In late March, Comerica learned that Global had “tripled the price” it was charging
Alliance for processing services.42 Chayt testified that these price increases contributed
to a loss of Comerica’s customers.43
On April 1, 2014, Green asked Comerica’s General Counsel, DJ Culkar, for
another copy of “the original proposed merchant split” Comerica had provided on
February 4.44 Culkar sent a new proposal the next day, on April 2, and reiterated
Comerica’s desire “to quickly negotiate a mutually agreeable division” of the Merchant
Portfolio.45
On April 18, 2014, Global sent Comerica its first counterproposal to split the
Merchant Portfolio.46 Significantly, in a cover letter, Green stated that Global’s proposal
was contingent on a number of conditions, including that the parties agree (i) not to
41
Id.
42
Trial Tr. 61-62, 150-51 (Chayt). Under the Service Agreement, the parties are
permitted to adjust the fees they charge each other for Services during the transition
period “to reflect commercially reasonable rates.” JX 10 § 15(d). No evidence was
provided at trial concerning the reasonableness (or lack thereof) of Global’s price
increases.
43
Trial Tr. 24 (Chayt).
44
JX 43.
45
JX 44.
46
JX 45.
11
solicit merchants allocated to the other party until January 31, 2018, (ii) not to solicit or
hire each other’s current or former employees who provided payment processing services
until January 31, 2018, (iii) to provide complete and general releases to each other, (iv)
that they would pay for any assistance requested from the other party to migrate
merchants to a new provider or bank sponsor, and (v) that the Service Agreement would
remain in full force until January 31, 2015.47
On April 25, 2014, representatives of Global and Comerica met in Atlanta.
Toward the end of the meeting, Comerica proffered another proposal to split the
Merchant Portfolio.48
On May 14, 2014, after Global had indicated at least twice since the April 25
meeting that it needed more time to submit a counterproposal,49 Comerica wrote Global
saying it had given up on reaching an agreed-upon merchant split and had elected to
formally dissolve Alliance.50 In the letter, Comerica demanded that the merchant
agreements be divided “pursuant to Section 15.5 of the LLC Agreement,”51 which sets
forth a procedure for dividing the Merchant Portfolio if the parties cannot agree on a
division. The next day, on May 15, Global submitted a counterproposal to divide the
47
Id.
48
Trial Tr. 73-74 (Chayt).
49
See JX 54 (April 30, 2014 email from Green); JX 57 (May 9, 2014 email from Green).
50
JX 59.
51
Id.
12
Merchant Portfolio, which remained “subject to the conditions outlined in [Green’s] April
18, 2014 letter.”52
On May 27, 2014, Comerica responded to Global’s May 15 proposal, stating it
would accept Global’s proposed split of the Merchant Portfolio but rejecting all of the
conditions Global had demanded in its April 18 and May 15 letters.53 On May 28, Green
replied that Comerica’s “offer” was “incomplete and lack[ed] several matters which must
be agreed upon before the business of the Alliance can be completed.”54 Green stated
further that “it would be inadvisable for the parties to agree on a merchant division while
maintaining starkly different interpretations on such key issues as exclusivity.”55 “Less
than 15 minutes” after receiving Global’s May 28 letter, Comerica filed this lawsuit.56
In their pretrial stipulation, the parties stipulated that “[f]or the purposes of this
trial, Comerica and Global Direct have agreed that they do not dispute the division of the
Merchant Portfolio set forth in Global Direct’s May 15, 2014 letter, and agreed that the
division, without the other remaining parts of Global Direct’s proposal, shall be the
52
JX 60.
53
JX 62.
54
JX 63.
55
Id.
56
Trial Tr. 386 (Green).
13
division of the Merchant Portfolio.”57 This proposed division covers “those merchants
that were part of the Merchant Portfolio as of April 30, 2014.”58
Notwithstanding the parties’ stipulation, Global was equivocal at trial when asked
whether it would commit unconditionally to implement the merchant split it proposed on
May 15. Global suggested it would not do so absent a court order:
BY THE COURT:
Q. Mr. Green, as of today, is Global Direct in agreement on the
split that you were referring to in your May 15th letter without the
imposition of any other conditions or not?
A. We are. Yes. I mean, we’re not withdrawing it. It’s there.
We expect that the Court will say that’s the merchant split, and we have no
objection to that.
Q. With no conditionality. That’s what I’m trying to understand.
A. No. I mean, it’s hard to answer your question. So if you look
at our proposal, when we made the proposal, it was part of a larger sample
proposal. But as far as this proceeding is concerned, we’re in agreement
that that’s the merchant split, period.59
As of the date of this Memorandum Opinion, the parties still had not agreed on a split of
the Merchant Portfolio.
On June 19, 2014, about three weeks after filing this action, Comerica sent Global
a five page letter describing information and assistance it wished to receive to migrate to
its new processor the merchants to be allocated to Comerica (the “June 19 Letter”).60 The
June 19 Letter requested, “in electronic form, for its share of the Merchant Portfolio,” six
57
PTO § II, ¶ 24.
58
PTO § II, ¶ 22.
59
Trial Tr. 384-85 (Green).
60
JX 76.
14
categories of information, each of which contained various subparts: (1) agreements with
merchants, (2) credit files, (3) chargeback files, (4) Payment Card Industry (PCI) data
security standards compliance files, (5) card association compliance and programs and
(6) Merchant Accounting System (MAS) records concerning the merchants allocated to
Comerica (collectively, the “Six Categories”).61 Global’s witnesses confirmed that it was
reasonable for Comerica to request these categories of information.62
The June 19 Letter further requested that Global provide “re-point charge
instructions from old bank identification numbers . . . to Comerica’s new numbers” and
provide certain other services as part of the data conversion.63 Comerica asserted in the
June 19 Letter that Section 18.5 of the LLC Agreement required “Global Direct to
provide all of the assistance Comerica seeks concerning transfer and migration.”64
B. The Data Conversion Process
In general terms, there are typically two steps to a data migration, a “back-end”
conversion and a “front-end” conversion.65 A back-end conversion66 typically occurs
first. It involves “the movement of all the of the back-office migration activities,” the
61
Id.
62
Trial Tr. 305-06, 355-56 (Nanton); 229-35, 239-41, 243-56 (Schaeffer).
63
JX 76.
64
Id.
65
Trial Tr. 174-75 (Schaeffer); 272-74 (Nanton).
66
The words “migration” and “conversion” are interchangeable in this context. Trial Tr.
167 (Schaeffer).
15
primary one being the MAS system, which is the repository of most of the merchant
information including pricing, merchant demographics and all of the components
associated with the clearing and settlement of processing for a customer.67 As part of a
back-end migration, merchant data is transferred from an old platform and “mapped”
onto a new platform.68 The MAS system Global uses is managed by Hewlett-Packard.69
A “front-end” conversion focuses on the authorization process for transactions.
The preferred method for accomplishing a front-end conversion is through an “en masse”
transfer by redirecting transactions to a new bank identification number (BIN) or
establishing a new BIN to move from one portfolio to another.70 A much less desirable
method for accomplishing a front-end conversion is through a piecemeal approach, either
merchant-by-merchant or in groups of merchants.71
Nanton, who has been involved in thirteen data conversions at Global,72 testified
that Global’s usual approach is “the same . . . that Comerica and Vantiv [Comerica’s new
processor] are proposing.”73 Specifically, Global typically does an en masse back-end
67
Trial Tr. 274 (Nanton).
68
Trial Tr. 273-75 (Nanton).
69
Trial Tr. 279 (Nanton).
70
Trial Tr. 273, 329 (Nanton); 192 (Schaeffer).
71
Trial Tr. 138, 152 (Chayt); 190, 209-10 (Schaeffer); 329 (Nanton).
72
Trial Tr. 269-70 (Nanton).
73
Trial Tr. 314 (Nanton); see also Trial Tr. 188 (Schaeffer) (saying Comerica’s requests
were “similar to what [Global] would need or ask for” on the receiving end of a
conversion).
16
conversion followed by a front-end conversion.74 Nanton, who was Global’s key witness
on the technical aspects of data migration, testified at trial that the items Comerica
requested in its June 19 Letter for both the back-end and front-end conversions would
require four to six months to complete.75
Global contends it has no contractual obligation to provide any of the transfer and
migration assistance Comerica requested in its June 19 Letter and that Comerica must
pay Global for such services. Global admitted it feels no compulsion to hurry to get the
conversion done and will act only “in ordinary course” to assist with the migration.76
III. ANALYSIS
As this case developed through trial, Count III of Comerica’s Verified Complaint
implicates two issues: (1) is Comerica contractually entitled to receive the information
and assistance requested in its June 19 Letter to effectuate its transition to a new payment
processor and, if so, is Global required to incur the expense of assisting in the transfer of
this information to the new payment processor, and (2) should the Court intervene in the
wind up of Alliance and appoint a liquidating trustee.
For the reasons stated below, I find that Comerica is entitled to receive the Six
Categories of information set forth in its June 19 Letter in connection with the wind up of
Alliance but that the expense of assisting in the transfer of this information to Comerica
74
Trial Tr. 191-92 (Schaeffer); 329-30 (Nanton).
75
Trial Tr. 431 (Nanton) (in reference to both the back-end and front-end conversion
components discussed in paragraph A.6 of the June 19 Letter: “In my experience, it
would take somewhere between four and six months to do all of that work.”).
76
Trial Tr. 394-95, 397-400, 402 (Green); JX 71 ¶ 116 (Answer).
17
and its new processor should be borne by Alliance as an expense of the wind up. I also
conclude that cause exists for the Court to intervene in the wind up and to appoint a
liquidating trustee to ensure that the wind up is completed promptly and in an orderly
manner.
A. Comerica Is Entitled to Receive the Six Categories of
Information Requested in its June 19 Letter and Alliance will
Bear the Expense of Global’s Assistance in the Data Migration
Comerica makes two arguments relying on three provisions of the LLC and
Service Agreements to support its position that Global is “contractually obligated to
provide the transfer and migration assistance Comerica requests.”77 First, Comerica
argues that Section 20(d) of the Service Agreement, read in conjunction with Section 21
of the LLC Agreement, “establish[es] Comerica’s right to possess the information
associated with its merchant agreements once they have been divided.”78 Second,
Comerica argues that Section 18.5 of the LLC Agreement obligates Global to deliver this
information and to provide Comerica the additional assistance requested in its June 19
Letter at Global’s expense.79 I address these arguments, in turn, taking into account other
provisions of the parties’ agreement relevant to these issues.
77
Pl.’s Post-Trial Br. on Count III 26.
78
Id. at 27.
79
Id. at 29-35.
18
1. Comerica’s Right to Receive Information Associated with its
Share of the Merchant Portfolio
Section 21.3 of the LLC Agreement, which is entitled “Liquidation of Company
and Application of Proceeds,” states, in relevant part, that:
Upon the dissolution of the Company, the Members shall wind up the
Company’s affairs in accordance with the Delaware Act. The Members are
authorized to take any and all actions contemplated by the Delaware Act as
permissible, including, without limitation . . . distributing the Property as
promptly as is consistent with obtaining its fair value.”80
The term “Property” is defined broadly in the LLC Agreement to mean “all assets owned
by the Company and forming a part of or in any way related to or used in connection with
the ownership, operation and management of the business of the Company, including,
without limitation, all real and personal property.”81
The principal asset of Alliance is the Merchant Portfolio. During the wind up
process, the Merchant Portfolio is to be distributed “in kind” in accordance with the
Members’ 51/49 percentage interests in an “Equitable Division.”82 Section 15.5 of the
LLC Agreement provides that this “Equitable Division” includes the “right, title, benefit
and interest in [Alliance’s] merchant agreements.”83
Section 20 of the Service Agreement concerns proprietary information. Section
20(d) provides that, “[i]n the event the parties divide the Merchant Portfolio Business of
80
JX 5 § 21.3.1(c).
81
Id. § 22, at 34.
82
Id. § 15.5.
83
Id.
19
Alliance, the portion of Alliance’s proprietary and confidential information applicable to
the Merchant Agreements assigned to each party shall be deemed owned by such
party.”84 Section 20(a) of the Service Agreement explains what information is
proprietary to Global, and thus will be retained by Global post-dissolution, and what
information is propriety to Alliance, and thus is to be distributed to the members in the
wind up in accordance with their respective shares of the Merchant Portfolio. It states:
All standard software logic, financial information, marketing strategies,
customer information, and product information provided by Global Direct
under this Agreement is herein identified as proprietary and confidential to
Global Direct and may not be copied or used in any way other than as
specifically authorized in this Agreement. All confidential and secret
information relating to the trade secrets, know-how, ideas, business
methods, finances, prices, business plans, marketing plans, development
plans, manpower plans, sales targets, sales statistics, customer lists,
customer relationships, computer systems, and computer software of
Alliance is identified as proprietary and confidential to Alliance.85
In my opinion, the foregoing provisions establish a contractual structure entitling
Comerica to own and possess the information associated with its share of the Merchant
Portfolio, including the Six Categories of information listed in the June 19 Letter,
following the dissolution of Alliance. Moreover, to fulfill the purpose of the foregoing
provisions, this information must be transferred to Comerica and its new processor in the
wind up and Global, as the member exercising control over the Merchant Portfolio data,
84
JX 10 § 20(d).
85
Id. § 20(a). The parties further “acknowledge that all such proprietary information
constitutes a valuable asset.” Id. §20(b).
20
must take such actions as are reasonably necessary to effectuate this transfer.86 Section
24.9 of the LLC Agreement, a provision not referenced by either party to this litigation,
contemplates this form of assistance and establishes as a default matter that the expense
associated therewith is to be incurred by Alliance:
Each Member shall cooperate with the other and execute and deliver to the
other parties hereto such other instruments and documents and take such
other actions as may be reasonably requested from time to time by any
other party hereto as necessary to carry out, evidence, and confirm the
intended purposes of this Agreement. Nothing in this Section 24.9 shall be
construed to require any Member to incur any costs or expenses in
connection with any such undertaking unless such costs or expenses are
paid by the Company.87
This brings me to Comerica’s argument that the expense of transferring this
information to Comerica should be borne by Global under Section 18.5 of the LLC
Agreement.
2. Comerica is not Entitled to Shift the Cost of the Data Transfer to
Global under Section 18.5 of LLC Agreement
Section 18.5 of the LLC Agreement states as follows:
In any transaction under this Article whereby a . . . Member acquires an
interest in the merchant agreement in an Equitable Division . . . all
Members in an Equitable Division shall execute and deliver such
assignments, instruments and documents as may be reasonably requested
by . . . any Member in an Equitable Division to transfer the merchant
agreements (and the full benefits and burdens thereof) to the . . . other
86
I need not address whether the requests in paragraphs A.7-8 of Comerica’s June 19
Letter (JX 76) are necessary or appropriate to complete the transfer of merchant data.
The liquidating trustee I am appointing for the reasons set forth below can address these
issues, if necessary.
87
JX 5 § 24.9 (emphasis added).
21
Member in an Equitable Division consistent with applicable laws, rules and
regulations.88
Relying on this provision, Comerica argues that Global is obligated to bear the expense
of assisting in the transfer to Comerica of the Six Categories of information in the June
19 Letter, including the expense of migrating the data to its new payment processor.89
More specifically, Comerica argues that by committing to “deliver . . . documents” that
are “reasonably requested,” Global committed to migrate all the merchant data
accompanying Comerica’s share of the merchant agreements to Comerica’s new
processor at Global’s own expense.90 I disagree.
Comerica has offered no legal authority interpreting a provision similar to Section
18.5. Instead, it asks that the words “deliver” and “documents” be interpreted separately
from the rest of the provision, and offers definitions of those terms from Webster’s
dictionary and the federal rules governing discovery.91 I do not agree that Global made a
commitment to bear the cost of a data migration by agreeing to “deliver . . . documents”
in Section 18.5. To isolate these terms from the rest of Section 18.5 would, in my
88
Id. § 18.5. This provision is essentially identical to Section 18 (p) of the Service
Agreement.
89
Pl.’s Post-Trial Br. on Count III 26.
90
Pl.’s Pre-Trial Br. 52 & n.16.
91
Pl.’s Post-Trial Br. on Count III 32-33.
22
opinion, “distort the contract language in the [LLC Agreement] under the guise of
construing it to give [Comerica] a contract right that simply is not there.”92
The phrase “execute and deliver” in Section 18.5 appears to be a term of art
referring to two related steps necessary historically to form an enforceable contract.93 A
contract is “executed” when “the agreement [is] signed in the name of the company by
someone having authority to act on the company’s behalf.”94 “Historically, delivery by
one party to an agreement to the other has been effected by its physically handing over a
signed counterpart of the agreement to a representative of the other party. Today . . . an
opinion that the company has ‘duly delivered’ the agreement means that
the company . . . delivered the agreement in a manner that under applicable law . . . had
the effect of making the agreement a binding obligation of the company.”95 Delaware
cases dating back to the middle of the Nineteenth Century have referenced the words
“execute and deliver” in tandem in this manner.96
92
Majkowski v. Am. Imaging Mgmt. Servs., LLC, 913 A.2d 572, 592 (Del. Ch. 2006)
(then-Vice Chancellor Strine interpreting the phrase “indemnify and hold harmless” as
unambiguous because the phrase is a “legal term of art”).
93
Donald W. Glazer, et al., Glazer and Fitzgibbon on Legal Opinions: Drafting,
Interpreting and Supporting Closing Opinions in Business Transactions § 9.1.1, at 255
(3d ed. 2008) (analyzing the meaning of an opinion that an agreement has been “duly
authorized, executed and delivered.”) (“Glazer and Fitzgibbon”).
94
Glazer and Fitzgibbon § 9.4, at 280-81.
95
Glazer and Fitzgibbon § 9.5, at 288.
96
See, e.g., Hamilton P’rs, L.P. v. Highland Capital Mgmt., L.P., 2014 WL 1813340, at
*5 (Del. Ch. May 7, 2014) (discussing restructuring agreement that required party to
“execute and deliver such other instruments and perform such acts . . . as may be
reasonably appropriate or necessary, from time to time, to effectuate the agreements and
23
Consistent with the historical use of the phrase “execute and deliver,” I find that
the plain meaning of Section 18.5 is that each member is required to provide to the other
such contractual documentation (such as an assignment and assumption agreement) as
necessary to transfer title to those merchant agreements that are to be owned by the other
member as a result of an Equitable Division of the Merchant Portfolio.
Focusing on the phrase “full benefits and burdens” that appears in a parenthetical
in Section 18.5, Comerica argues that Global is obligated to assist with the data
migration, at its own expense, because Comerica cannot realize the benefits of the
merchant agreements without “the associated information.”97 Comerica has provided no
legal authority to support this interpretation and offered no extrinsic evidence of the
parties’ intent concerning this phrase. In my opinion, construing the plain language of
the provision, the phrase “full benefits and burdens” is used in Section 18.5 as the
equivalent of saying that the receiving party shall receive all the rights (benefits) and
understandings of the Parties”); Capital Gp. Cos., Inc. v. Armour, 2004 WL 2521295 at
*1 n.7 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2004) (referring to a contract that a party must “execute and
deliver . . . as a condition of any transfer”); Tyre v. Andrews, 104 A.2d 775, 776 (Del.
Super. 1954) (plaintiff “executed and delivered” a valid general release); Rogers v.
Rogers, 66 A. 374, 374 (Del. Super. 1907) (jury instructions regarding a note for a debt
that a father “executed and delivered to his son”); Lesley v. Shock, 8 Del. 130, 130 (Del.
1865) (party “executes and delivers to the vendor his own bond and mortgage”). See also
23 Williston on Contracts § 61:37 (4th ed.) (stating that “obligors named in the contract
who, with knowledge that those who did not sign are not bound, execute and deliver the
contract to the obligee, and thereby induce the obligee to part with the consideration for
the agreement” may not shift blame to the non-signing obligors as a defense.) (emphasis
added).
97
Post-Trial Oral Argument Tr. 18-20 (July 22, 2014).
24
assume all the obligations (burdens) of the transferred merchant agreement.98
Assuming one of the “benefits” of a merchant agreement is the right to own the
data associated with that merchant, Section 18.5 says nothing about requiring a party to
expend resources without being compensated to assist in the electronic migration of such
data from one computer system to another. Instead, in my view, Section 18.5 requires
only that a party provide the documentation necessary to assign to the other party the
right to own the merchant agreements allocated to it in an Equitable Division, which
assignment would include the right to the data associated with such merchant agreements.
My conclusion concerning the plain meaning of Section 18.5 is supported by two
other provisions of the parties’ agreements reflecting that they knew how to require each
other’s assistance and to address who would pay for such assistance when they wished to
do so.99 First, Section 24.9 of the LLC Agreement, discussed above, also uses the phrase
98
The parties appear to have used the phrase “benefits and burdens” in this manner in the
March 31, 1996 Service Agreement that was entered simultaneously with the LLC
Agreement: “The parties hereby acknowledge and agree that [Alliance] is entitled to and
has assumed all of the benefits and burdens under the Merchant Agreements . . .
[Alliance] shall bear and shall be fully responsible (i) for the obligations of [Global] and
[Comerica] under the New Merchant Agreements . . . and (vi) for all obligations of
[Alliance] contained in this Agreement.” JX 6 § 22.
99
See RCM LS II, LLC v. Lincoln Circle Assocs., LLC, 2014 WL 3706618, at *8 (Del.
Ch. July 28, 2014) (“The fact that the parties knew how to refer to closing when they
wanted to implies that they used the term “effecting” to mean something more); Active
Asset Recovery, Inc. v. Real Estate Asset Recovery Servs., Inc., 1999 WL 743479, at *11
(Del. Ch. Sept. 10, 1999) (explaining that omission of a term in a contract “speaks
volumes” when compared to included terms).
25
“execute and deliver” with reference to “instruments and documents.”100 Significantly,
however, Section 24.9 goes further to expressly require each member to “take such other
actions as may be reasonably requested from time to time by any other party hereto as
necessary to carry out” the intended purposes of the LLC Agreement. This additional
language, which conveys an obligation to do more than simply “execute and deliver”
documentation, is missing from Section 18.5 of the LLC Agreement. Section 24.9 also
allocates to Alliance the obligation to pay the costs or expenses incurred by a party to
provide the assistance requested by the other party.
Second, the Contribution Agreement, which was entered simultaneously with the
LLC Agreement, reflects that the parties knew how to specifically require “conversion
assistance” when they wanted to do so and to establish who would pay for such
assistance. Under the March 2006 Contribution Agreement, Comerica contributed to
Alliance the “economic benefits” and “obligations” associated with its merchant
agreements.101 The Contribution Agreement contemplated a “Transition Period” during
which Comerica, Global and Alliance agreed to “use their best efforts to effect an orderly
transition” of the contributed “Merchant Portfolio Business.”102 Relevant here, Section
100
The equivalent phrase in Section 18.5 is “assignments, instruments and documents.”
The inclusion of the additional word “assignments” in Section 18.5 (as opposed to the
phrase “instruments and documents” in Section 24.9) further supports my view that the
focus of Section 18.5 was to ensure the assignment of the rights and obligations of the
merchant agreements.
101
JX 7 § 1.1(a).
102
Id. § 16.1; JX 7 at 1 (definition of “Merchant Portfolio”); JX 7 at 48 (definition of
“Transition Period”).
26
16.2 of the Contribution Agreement specifically required Comerica to assist in the
conversion process to Global’s system and explicitly addressed who would bear the
expense of the conversion:
In addition to the foregoing, Comerica shall undertake its best efforts to
assist [Global], at the expense of [Global] in any conversion to enable
[Global] to process and settle Credit Card Transactions on a system utilized
by [Global] or any system utilized by any third party vendor of [Global].103
Significantly, Section 18.5 of the LLC Agreement does not contain any of this type of
specificity.
* * * * *
For the foregoing reasons, I conclude that Comerica is entitled to receive the Six
Categories of information listed in the June 19 Letter and that Global must take such
actions as are reasonably necessary to assist in transferring this information to Comerica
and its new payment processor during the wind up, but that the costs and expenses
incurred by Global in connection with this process shall be borne by Alliance.
B. Appointment of a Liquidating Trustee
Under the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act, this Court may wind up a
company’s affairs and appoint a liquidating trustee upon a showing of “cause” by any
member:
(a) Unless otherwise provided . . . a manager . . . may wind up the limited
liability company’s affairs; but the Court of Chancery, upon cause shown,
may wind up the limited liability company’s affairs upon application of any
103
Id. § 16.2; see also JX 9 § 11.2 (December 2006 Contribution Agreement), JX 11 §
11.2 (May 2001 Contribution Agreement).
27
member or manager . . . and in connection therewith, may appoint a
liquidating trustee.104
The term “cause” as used in this section is not defined in the Delaware Limited Liability
Act. This Court has found cause to exist where the history of the parties suggest they
would be unable or unwilling to undergo a wind up process in an orderly or timely
manner.
For example, in Spellman v. Katz, a joint venture involving two physicians was
dissolved.105 The LLC agreement provided that “[u]pon the dissolution of the Company,
one or more persons approved by Unanimous Vote shall have full authority and shall
proceed without any unnecessary delay, to wind up the Company’s business.”106
Interpreting Paciaroni v. Crane,107 Vice Chancellor Noble found that “cause for judicial
intervention into the winding up process may be shown by the demonstrated inability of
the members to agree as to how winding up should proceed.”108 The Court went on to
determine that the requisite cause to appoint a liquidating trustee had been established
due to “the members’ inability to implement this process, coupled with their contractual
obligation under the Agreement to pursue winding up following dissolution.”109
104
6 Del. C. § 18-803(a) (emphasis added).
105
Spellman v. Katz, 2009 WL 418302 (Del. Ch. Feb. 6, 2009).
106
Id. at *3.
107
Paciaroni v. Crane, 408 A.2d 946 (Del. Ch. 1979).
108
Spellman, at *4.
109
Id.28
Two years later, in Phillips v. Hove, Vice Chancellor Laster judicially dissolved a
joint venture based on a finding that animosity between the parties, and their inability to
agree on basic issues, created a deadlock.110 The Court then appointed a liquidating
trustee, finding that “[g]iven their history of disputes large and small, . . . the [LLC]
members cannot wind down [the LLC] in an orderly or timely manner.”111
Global asserts that this Court has appointed liquidating trustees only “where there
is a deadlock among the parties entitled to conduct the wind-up, thereby rendering it
impossible for the company to make any decision necessary in the wind up.”112 Global
argues that Alliance is not deadlocked because “Global, as the holder of 51% of the
interests in Alliance and the member entitled to appoint three of the five
‘Representatives,’ has the right to make any decisions necessary for the wind up.”113
Thus, according to Global, no liquidating trustee should be appointed.
The logical extension of Global’s argument is that this Court is powerless to
appoint a liquidating trustee under 6 Del. C. § 18-803(a) in a situation where one party
may have the authority to control a wind up irrespective of how poorly or faithlessly that
110
Phillips v. Hove, 2011 WL 4404034, at *26 (Del. Ch. Sept. 22, 2011).
111
Id.112
Def.’s Post-Trial Br. on Count III 44; see also Post-Trial Oral Argument Tr. 83-84
(July 22, 2014) (“But the point, Your Honor, is we did a search, and we could not find [a
case] in which there had not been a deadlock. . . . So if you look at these cases, Spellman
versus Katz, Phillips versus Hove . . . the issue is not that there is a dispute between the
parties so that they are not getting along. The issue is there is a dispute between the
parties so they cannot get things done.”).
113
Def.’s Post-Trial Br. on Count III 44.
29
party performs its duties. I decline to take such a limited view of the cause requirement.
Nothing in the statute requires a finding of deadlock as a prerequisite to this Court
assuming control of the wind up process of a Delaware LLC and/or appointing a
liquidating trustee. To the contrary, the statute reads more broadly by using a simple
“cause” standard which, in my opinion, leaves to the Court the discretion to make a fact-
specific determination on a case-by-case basis of the advisability of intervening to wind
up a Delaware LLC.
Having conducted a two day trial, examined the record and considered the
credibility of the witnesses, I conclude that cause has been established for the Court to
intervene in the wind up of Alliance and appoint a liquidating trustee to assist in that
effort. In short, the record amply demonstrates that the parties are deeply divided over
the wind up of Alliance and, in particular, that Global has been unwilling to conduct the
wind up process in an orderly and timely manner. Indeed, the record shows that, ever
since Comerica decided to terminate the Service Agreement, as it was entitled to do,
Global has taken a confrontational approach that is antithetical to the obligation to wind
up Alliance promptly so as to maximize the value of the property (i.e., merchant
agreements) to be distributed to its members.
Shortly after learning that Comerica would not reconsider its decision to terminate
the Service Agreement, Global cut off Comerica’s access to the MAS system, preventing
Comerica from conducting fraud monitoring. While the interruption in service lasted
30
only 24-48 hours, this was an egregious act for which there is no excuse.114 On the heels
of this incident, Global conducted a “fact-finding mission” to identify any “special
benefits” it was providing to Comerica. Although the record does not reflect whether
Global took any further retributive actions against Comerica as a result of this inquiry,
this incident provides another telling indication of Global’s hostile attitude toward
Comerica after it elected to terminate the Service Agreement.
By early January 2014, it was apparent that Alliance would be dissolved.115
Global promptly tripled the fees it would charge for “Services” during the transition
period and, from this point forward, delayed the wind up process. On January 17, 2014,
Comerica asked Global to meet to discuss a split of the Merchant Portfolio. Global
stalled and did not engage in such a discussion until over three months later, on April 25.
On February 4, 2014, Comerica made its first merchant split proposal. Global did not
make a counterproposal until over two and one-half months later, on April 18.
Instead of moving forward to accommodate Comerica’s request to transition to a
new payment processor as soon as possible, Global “worked backwards” from the last
114
Global attempts to mitigate the seriousness of this act, arguing that the MAS system
still could be accessed by Global and “only” Comerica’s access to the system was cut off.
Post-Trial Oral Argument Tr. 86 (July 22, 2014). This is no justification. Comerica did
not know at the time that the MAS system remained operational and, in any event, was
entitled to have its own access to the system.
115
JX 19 (January 10, 2014 letter from Comerica to Global stating that “Comerica will be
terminating and winding down its Joint Venture with Global”). I reject Global’s
suggestion that the Court turn a blind eye to its conduct before the notice of dissolution
was formally issued on May 14, 2014. Such an approach would exalt form over
substance. The record plainly shows that Global knew by January 2014 that the Service
Agreement had been terminated and that Alliance was headed for dissolution.
31
possible date to complete the transition (i.e., January 31, 2015) and planned its efforts
based on an arbitrarily prolonged schedule. When it finally came to the table to discuss a
merchant split, Global imposed numerous conditions on its own proposals. Even at the
time of trial, Global was unwilling to commit unconditionally to a merchant split
acceptable to Comerica that Global had proposed despite arguing to this Court that a
liquidating trustee was unnecessary since the merchant split was effectively completed.116
Comerica is not blameless for some of the delays that have occurred in winding up
Alliance. It did not provide Global with the details of the type of information it needs to
transition to a new payment processor until June 19, about three weeks after filing suit,
and, as of trial, no communications had occurred between its new payment processor
(Vantiv) and Global to discuss the transition process.117 Any delays caused by
Comerica,118 however, pale in comparison to the concerted efforts Global undertook to
string out the wind up process as long as possible to Comerica’s detriment.
116
Def.’s Pre-Trial Br. 37 (“[T]he merchant portfolio is almost completely divided, and
there is no reason, and certainly nothing in the record, to suggest that the parties will not
agree on a division or method of dividing the rest. With the sole pleaded reason for
having a liquidating trustee disposed of, what purpose would be served by appointing
one?”).
117
Trial Tr. 221 (Schaeffer).
118
Comerica points out, correctly, that the parties must reach agreement on a merchant
split before the migration process can begin. Nonetheless, it appears to me that progress
on the data mapping necessary to implement the data conversion could have been
achieved before a split is finalized by opening the lines of communications between
Global and Vantiv to assess what needs to be done to convert the data from one
processing system to another.
32
This Court has held on numerous occasions that managers of a Delaware LLC owe
fiduciary duties as a default matter.119 Although the contours of those duties may be
different after dissolution of an LLC during the wind up period,120 they continue to
encompass, in my view, an obligation to distribute the assets of the company promptly
consistent with maximizing their value.121 The fundamental problem I perceive from the
record is that Global, instead of embracing the obligation to wind up Alliance’s affairs
promptly to serve the best interests of all its members, has overreached by acting purely
out of its own self-interest to delay the wind up, thereby making Comerica’s transition to
one of Global’s competitors unduly difficult and extending for as long as possible
Global’s opportunity to charge Alliance fees at triple the price it previously charged. In
sum, considering all the evidence, the history of parties’ disputes and the manner in
119
See Feeley v. NHAOCG, LLC, 62 A.3d 649, 660-63 (Del. Ch. 2012). The parties have
not identified any provision of the Alliance LLC Agreement eliminating or displacing the
existence of fiduciary duties. After trial, Global argued that the members continue to owe
fiduciary obligations post-dissolution. Post-Trial Oral Argument Tr. at 47-48 (July 18,
2014).
120
See Dionisi v. DeCampli, 1995 WL 398536, at *9-10 (Del. Ch. June 28, 1995)
amended, 1996 WL 39680 (Del. Ch. Jan. 23, 1996) (duty of loyalty not to seize corporate
opportunities expired with expiration of joint venture); Wagamon v. Dolan, 2013 WL
1023884 (Del. Ch. Mar. 15, 2013) (granting summary judgment against the claim for
breach of fiduciary duty for competing with the dissolved joint venture but not granting
summary judgment for a breach of fiduciary duty claim asserting the assets were not
properly liquidated and distributed).
121
See JX 5 § 21.3.1(c) (requiring the Members of Alliance to wind up the Company in
accordance with the Delaware Act upon the dissolution and authorizing them “to take any
and all actions contemplated by the Delaware Act as permissible, including, without
limitation, … distributing the Property as promptly as is consistent with obtaining its fair
value.”).
33
which Global has behaved to date, I have no confidence that the wind up of Alliance will
be completed in a prompt and orderly manner if Global is left to its own devices.
For all the foregoing reasons, I conclude that ample cause exists for the Court to
intervene in Alliance’s wind up and to appoint a liquidating trustee to oversee this effort.
An order appointing a liquidating trustee accompanies this Memorandum Opinion. I
have included in this order the requirement that the transfer of the information necessary
to perform an en masse migration of data sufficient to permit Comerica and its new
processor to provide uninterrupted card processing services to those merchants
transferred to Comerica in the merchant split occur as soon as is reasonably practicable
but in no event later than January 31, 2015. Based on the testimony of Global’s own
witness, this deadline should be readily achievable.122
In accordance with this Court’s statutory authority to intervene in the wind up, I
also am entering a separate order to implement the split of the Merchant Portfolio to
which the parties have agreed.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, judgment is entered in Comerica’s favor on Count III of
the Verified Complaint insofar as it seeks the appointment of a liquidating trustee. An
implementing Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
122
Trial Tr. 431 (Nanton).
34