Mackie Banks v. Theodore Banks and Southern Comfort, LLC

COURT OF CHANCERY
OF THE
STATE OF DELAWARE
PATRICIA W. GRIFFIN CHANCERY COURTHOUSE
MASTER IN CHANCERY 34 The Circle
GEORGETOWN, DELAWARE 19947
Date Submitted: September 15, 2022
Final Report: November 29, 2022
Anthony N. Delcollo, Esq. Andrew L. Cole, Esq.
Thomas Kramer, Esq. Cole Schotz PC
Offit Kurman PA 500 Delaware Ave., Suite 1410
222 Delaware Ave., Suite 1105 Wilmington, DE 19801
Wilmington, DE 19801
Re: Mackie Banks, in her individual capacity and derivatively on behalf of
the Banks Frankford Real Estates Joint Venture Partnership v.
Theodore Banks and Southern Comfort, LLC and the Banks Frankford
Real Estate Joint Venture Partnership, a Delaware general partnership
C.A. No. 2022-0428-PWG
Dear Counsel:
Pending before me is a dispute about an oral partnership agreement between a
mother and a limited liability company managed by her son for the purpose of
developing, leasing and selling properties in Frankford, Delaware. The mother filed
a complaint alleging a derivative claim against the LLC and her son for breach of
fiduciary duties for the withholding of rental income and profits and the failure to
account, and claims for unjust enrichment and breach of contract. The son and the
LLC have moved to dismiss the complaint, asserting that the claims regarding certain
properties are barred by laches, the claims against the son fail to plead facts sufficient
to pierce the corporate veil, the unjust enrichment claim is duplicative of the breach
Banks v. Banks
C.A. No. 2022-0428-PWG
November 29, 2022
of contract claim, and the breach of contract claim is barred by the statute of frauds.
I recommend the Court deny the motion to dismiss, except the son’s claim concerning
piercing the corporate veil. I find that the mother has not pleaded sufficient facts to
pierce the corporate veil and dismiss her claims seeking to hold the son liable for the
LLC’s actions. This is a final report.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Mackie Banks (“Mackie”) and Defendant Southern Comfort, LLC
(“LLC”), a limited liability company solely owned by Defendant Ted Banks (“Ted,”
together with the LLC, “Defendants”), Mackie’s son, allegedly entered into an oral
general partnership, the Banks Frankford Real Estate Joint Venture Partnership (“JV
Partnership”), for the development and leasing of real property in Frankford,
Delaware.1 Mackie deeded a one-half interest in property located at 17 Thatcher
Street, Frankford, Delaware (“Thatcher Property”) to Ted, as joint tenants with rights
of survivorship, with the LLC collecting rents and dividing the rental income equally
with Mackie.2 Mackie alleges that, in 2021, while they were involved in an unrelated
family dispute, Ted began to improperly withhold rental payments from her. 3 She
also asserts that she transferred ownership of three (3) lots in Frankford, Delaware
1
Docket Item (“D.I.”) 6, at 2. I use first names in pursuit of clarity and intend no familiarity
or disrespect.
2
Id., at 2-3.
3
Id., at 4.
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(“Clayton Avenue Properties”) to Ted on July 15, 2016, for a partial payment of
$100,000.00, in return for a payment of $40,000.00 upon the sale of each parcel.4 And
that she invested an additional $63,000.00 towards the preparation and subdivision of
the Clayton Avenue Properties.5 She contends that the LLC and Ted, with another
investor, completed construction of a home on one of the Clayton Avenue Properties
in 2021 and sold that lot, as well as the other two lots, without accounting to her, as
partner in the JV Partnership, for any profit.6 She alleges that the LLC and Ted
exerted complete control over the JV Partnership, excluding her from the management
and operation of the business.7
Mackie filed a complaint on May 16, 2022, and an amended complaint
(“Amended Complaint”) on June 20, 2022, alleging that the LLC and Ted breached
their fiduciary duties to the JV Partnership under 6 Del. C. § 15-404 and asserting
demand futility under 6 Del. C. § 15-405(f), were unjustly enriched at her expense,
and breached the oral partnership agreement.8 She seeks access to the partnerships’
books and records, damages, the imposition of a constructive trust, and attorneys’
4
Id.
5
Id., at 5.
6
Id.
7
See id., at 2-5, 8.
8
D.I. 1; D.I. 6. The JV Partnership is named as a nominal defendant in this action “solely
in a derivative capacity.” D.I. 6, at 5-6.
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fees.9 On July 5, 2022, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint
under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) (“Motion”), and their opening brief on August
8, 2022.10 Mackie’s answering brief was filed on August 31, 2022, and Defendants’
reply brief on September 15, 2022.11
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standards governing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under
Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) are well settled:
(i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even
vague allegations are well-pleaded if they give the opposing party notice
of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor
of the non-moving party; and (iii) dismissal is inappropriate unless the
plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any reasonably
conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.12
“[T]he touchstone to survive a motion to dismiss is reasonable conceivability,” which
is a “minimal” and “plaintiff-friendly” standard.13 “Only if the court can say with
reasonable certainty that plaintiff could prevail on no state of facts inferable from the
9
D.I. 6, at 13.
10
D.I. 8; D.I. 11.
11
D.I. 13, D.I. 14.
12
Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted).
13
Tygon Peak Cap. Mgmt., LLC v. Mobile Invs. Investco, LLC (“Tygon”), 2022 WL 34688,
at *11 (Del. Ch. Jan. 4, 2022), reargument granted in part, 2022 WL 414399 (Del. Ch. Feb.
10, 2022) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
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pleadings may the court dismiss a complaint at this preliminary stage.” 14 “Despite
this forgiving standard, the Court need not ‘accept conclusory allegations unsupported
by specific facts’ or ‘draw unreasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving
party.’”15 “Because a motion to dismiss under Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) must be
decided without the benefit of a factual record, the Court of Chancery may not resolve
material factual disputes; instead, the court is required to assume as true the well-
pleaded allegations in the complaint.”16
III. ANALYSIS
The Motion contends that any claims regarding the Clayton Avenue Properties
are barred by laches, claims against Ted fail to plead facts sufficient to pierce the
corporate veil, the unjust enrichment claim is duplicative of the breach of contract
claim, and the breach of contract claim is barred by the statute of frauds. 17 I address
each contention in turn.
14
In re USACafes, L.P. Litig., 600 A.2d 43, 47 (Del. Ch. 1991).
15
Tygon, 2022 WL 34688, at *11 (citations omitted).
16
Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1082 (Del. 2001).
17
D.I. 11.
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A. Claims Regarding the Clayton Avenue Properties are not Barred by Laches.
Relying on deeds conveying the Clayton Avenue Properties from the LLC to
third parties, which they attached as an exhibit to their opening brief,18 Defendants
argue that the LLC sold each of the Clayton Avenue Properties more than three (3)
years before Mackie filed her complaint, so any claims pertaining to those properties
18
Id., Ex. 2. Defendants assert that, even though they are extrinsic evidence, the deeds may
be considered by the Court because they are integral to Mackie’s claim and are not being
relied upon to prove the truth of their contents. Or, they contend that the Court can take
judicial notice of the deeds. Id., at 6-7. Mackie challenges Defendants’ reliance on the deeds,
arguing that the deeds are not incorporated by reference in the Amended Complaint or
integral to her claims, since she is not disputing the transactions reflected in the deeds and
the deeds are being used to prove the truth of their contents. D.I. 13, at 4-6.
“Generally, matters outside the pleadings should not be considered in ruling on
a motion to dismiss.” Totta v. CCSB Fin. Corp., 2021 WL 4892218, at *2 (Del. Ch. Oct. 20,
2021) (quoting In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 68 (Del. 1995)).
“But, the Delaware Supreme Court has recognized three exceptions to this rule by which the
Court may consider certain documents extraneous to a complaint ‘for carefully limited
purposes’: (i) ‘when the document is integral to a plaintiff’s claim and incorporated into the
complaint’; (ii) ‘when the document is not being relied upon to prove the truth of its
contents’; and (iii) when the document, or a portion thereof, is an adjudicative fact subject
to judicial notice.” In re Gardner Denver, Inc., 2014 WL 715705, at *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 21,
2014) (citations omitted).
“A court may take judicial notice of a fact that is ‘not subject to reasonable dispute
because it: (1) is generally known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can
be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be
questioned.’” Totta, 2021 WL 4892218, at *2 (citing D.R.E. 201(b)). “Judicial notice is
only proper where ‘sufficient notoriety attaches to the fact to make it proper to assume its
existence without proof.’” Fawcett v. State, 697 A.2d 385, 388 (Del. 1997) (citation
omitted). I find that sufficient notoriety attaches to the recorded deeds to take judicial notice
of the dates that the Frankford Lots were transferred by the LLC to third parties. See D.I. 11,
Ex. 2; Talley v. Horn, 2022 WL 4963256, at *1, n.2 (Del. Ch. Oct. 4, 2022), report and
recommendation adopted, (Del. Ch. 2022) (“The Court may take judicial notice of records
in the Recorder of Deeds.”) (citation omitted); see also D.I. 13, at 8 (“the [Clayton Avenue
Properties] transactions themselves are not in dispute”).
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are time-barred.19 Mackie refutes their claim, asserting that laches is inapplicable
because the dispute does not focus on the transactions but on Ted’s actions, as
manager of the JV Partnership, regarding the proceeds from those transactions.20 She
further argues that equitable tolling applies to her claims until events in June 2021 put
her on notice that relying on Ted was “no longer advisable.”21
I consider whether, at the pleadings stage, Mackie’s claims concerning the
Clayton Avenue Properties are time-barred. “[L]aches defense is often fact-intensive
and, therefore, not readily susceptible to adjudication at the pleadings
stage.”22 “Unless it is clear from the face of the complaint that an affirmative defense
exists and that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts to avoid it, dismissal of the
complaint based upon an affirmative defense is inappropriate.”23
Laches is an equitable doctrine “rooted in the maxim that equity aids the
vigilant, not those who slumber on their rights.”24 A finding of laches generally
19
D.I. 11, at 6-7. The Motion does not address Mackie’s claims related to the Thatcher
Property. Id.20
D.I. 13, at 8.
21
Id., at 9.
22
Winklevoss Cap. Fund, LLC v. Shaw, 2019 WL 994534, at *4 (Del. Ch. Mar. 1, 2019).
23
Reid v. Spazio, 970 A.2d 176, 183-84 (Del. 2009); Winklevoss Cap. Fund, LLC, 2019 WL
994534, at *1.
24
Adams v. Jankouskas, 452 A.2d 148, 157 (Del. 1982); see also Reid,, 970 A.2d at 182(citations omitted); Kraft v. WisdomTree Inv., Inc., 145 A.3d 969, 974 (Del. Ch. 2016)
(citations omitted).
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requires proof of three factors: the claimant’s knowledge of the claim, unreasonable
delay in bringing the claim, and resulting prejudice to the defendant.25 “In
determining whether an action is barred by laches, the Court of Chancery will
normally, but not invariably, apply the period of limitations by analogy as a measure
of the period of time in which it is reasonable to file suit.”26
“The statute of limitations is three years for a claim for breach of fiduciary duty,
a claim for breach of contract, and a claim for unjust enrichment.”27 So, “[u]nless
timely filing is excused by a recognized tolling doctrine, a plaintiff must file a claim
for breach of fiduciary duty [and for breach of contract and unjust enrichment] within
three years of the conduct that gives rise to the claim.”28 “Under Delaware law, a
plaintiff’s cause of action accrues at the moment of the wrongful act – not when the
harmful effects of the act are felt – even if the plaintiff [was] unaware of the wrong.”29
At this stage, the Court conducts a three-part analysis to determine
whether a claim is time-barred. From the pleadings, the Court
determines (1) the date of accrual of the cause of action based on the
allegations, (2) if the plaintiff has pleaded facts sufficient to create a
reasonable inference that the statute of limitations has been tolled, and
25
See Whittington v. Dragon Grp., LLC, 991 A.2d 1, 8 (Del. 2009).
26
Levey v. Brownstone Asset Mgmt., LP, 76 A.3d 764, 769 (Del. 2013).
27
Garfield on behalf of ODP Corp. v. Allen (“Garfield”), 277 A.3d 296, 318 (Del. Ch. 2022);
see also Fannin v. UMTH Land Dev., L.P., 2020 WL 4384230, at *11 (Del. Ch. July 31,
2020), cert. denied, 2020 WL 5198356 (Del. Ch. Aug. 28, 2020), and appeal refused sub
nom. Etter v. Fannin, 238 A.3d 193 (Del. 2020).
28
Garfield, 277 A.3d at 318 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
29
Id. (citation omitted).
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(3) assuming a tolling exception has been pleaded adequately, when the
plaintiff was on inquiry notice of a claim based on the allegations.30
I first consider when Mackie’s causes of action accrued. “The ‘wrongful act’
is a general concept that varies depending on the nature of the claim at issue.”31
Mackie alleges that the wrongful act occurred in June 2021, when Ted “began
withholding rent proceeds from the [Thatcher Property] and, through that and other
contentious behaviors, first alerted [Mackie] to the possibility that her financial
interest in the JV Partnership was at risk.”32 Defendants allege the dates the properties
were sold are when the breach occurred, and Mackie’s knowledge that the properties
were sold and the alleged sale proceeds, as evidenced in the Amended Complaint, are
red flags that placed her on inquiry notice.33 Assuming the well-pleaded allegations
in the Amended Complaint as true, the partnership agreement provided that Mackie
would be paid $40,000.00 “upon the sale of each lot,” and that she has not received
payments on her other investments.34 I have taken judicial notice of the deeds
transferring the Clayton Avenue Properties to third parties and note that those dates
30
Largo Legacy Grp., LLC v. Charles, 2021 WL 2692426, at *9 (Del. Ch. June 30, 2021).
31
Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC v. Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 62 A.3d 62, 77 (Del. Ch. 2013)
(citations omitted).
32
D.I. 13, at 8, 12.
33
D.I. 11, at 7.
34
D.I. 6, at 4-5. The Amended Complaint does not reference the timing for other payments
on Mackie’s additional investments, only stating that the partnership agreement was of
“indefinite duration.” Id., at 12.
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are January 12, 2018 and April 5, 2019.35 The original complaint was filed on May
16, 2022, which is more than three years after those dates. Under the partnership
agreement, $40,000.00 was due “upon the sale of each lot.” I find that the breach
related to the $40,000.00 payment occurred when the properties were sold, but not for
other payments related to those transactions due under the Agreement, since the
Amended Complaint does not indicate other payments to Mackie were to be made
with those occurrences. So, absent tolling or unusual circumstances, Mackie’s claim
for $40,000.00 upon the sale of each of the Clayton Avenue Properties is barred by
laches.
Next, I consider whether the pleaded facts create a reasonable inference that
the statute of limitations has been tolled, and I focus on equitable tolling.36 “The
doctrine of equitable tolling stops a statute of limitations from running while a
35
D.I. 11, Ex. 2.
36
There is no evidence to support tolling on the other two grounds – inherently unknowable
injury or fraudulent concealment. “Under the doctrine of inherently unknowable injuries,
the statute will not run where it would be practically impossible for a plaintiff to discover
the existence of a cause of action.” In re Tyson Foods, Inc. (“Tyson”), 919 A.2d 563, 584
(Del. Ch. 2007); see also Barbosa v. Bob’s Canine Acad., Inc., 2017 WL 2492042, at *6
(Del. Ch. May 19, 2017). Mackie has not shown that she was “‘blamelessly ignorant’ of
both the wrongful act and the resulting harm.” Tyson, 919 A.2d at 585. Nor is there evidence
of the tolling exception of fraudulent concealment, which occurs “where an affirmative act
of concealment or a misrepresentation was used to put the plaintiff off the trail of inquiry.”
Silverberg v. Padda, 2019 WL 4566909, at *10 (Del. Ch. Sept. 19, 2019), reargument
denied, 2019 WL 5295141 (Del. Ch. Oct. 18, 2019) (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted); see also Tyson, 919 A.2d at 585.
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plaintiff has ‘reasonably relied upon the competence and good faith of a fiduciary.’”37
“The statute of limitations resumes running, however, after the injured party is put on
inquiry notice of the claim,” or when the plaintiff “knew or had reason to know of the
facts constituting the wrong.”38 Inquiry notice occurs when “persons of ordinary
intelligence and prudence . . . have facts sufficient to put them on inquiry which, if
pursued, would lead to the discovery of the injury.”39 “Suspicious facts, or red flags,
require a plaintiff to diligently investigate and to file within the limitations period as
measured from that time.”40 “It is a plaintiff’s burden to plead facts to demonstrate
that the statute of limitations was, in fact, tolled.”41
Here, assuming the well-pleaded facts in the Amended Complaint are true, the
LLC, as managing partner of the JV Partnership, and Ted, as sole and managing
member of the LLC, exerted complete control over the JV Partnership’s operations
37
Fannin v. UMTH Land Dev., L.P., 2020 WL 4384230, at *13 (Del. Ch. July 31,
2020), cert. denied, 2020 WL 5198356 (Del. Ch. Aug. 28, 2020), and appeal refused sub
nom. Etter v. Fannin, 238 A.3d 193 (Del. 2020) (citing Tyson, 919 A.2d at 585).
38
Id. (citations omitted).
39
In re Dean Witter P’ship Litig., 1998 WL 442456, at *7 (Del. Ch. July 17,
1998), aff’d, 725 A.2d 441 (Del. 1999).
40
In re Swisher Hygiene, Inc., 2020 WL 3125415, at *3 (Del. Ch. June 12,
2020), reargument denied, 2020 WL 5268067 (Del. Ch. Sept. 4, 2020) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted).
41
Albert v. Alex. Brown Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 2005 WL 1594085, at *19 (Del. Ch. June 29,
2005); see also In re Primedia, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2013 WL 6797114, at *12 (Del. Ch.
Dec. 20, 2013).
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and assets.42 The LLC owed fiduciary duties of loyalty and care to the partnership
and to Mackie, another partner, under 6 Del. C. § 15-404.43 And, Ted owed fiduciary
duties of care and loyalty to the LLC,44 and the duty of loyalty to the JV Partnership
since he, as the LLC’s managing member, controlled the JV Partnership’s property.45
Mackie reasonably relied on the LLC and Ted in their fiduciary capacities. Mackie’s
claims against the LLC and Ted focus on their failure to account for and distribute the
profits from the sale of the Clayton Avenue Properties to the JV Partnership and
Mackie.46 I find a reasonably conceivable basis for equitable tolling of Mackie’s
claims against Defendants.
42
See supra note 7 and accompanying text.
43
See 6 Del. C. § 15-404.
44
See Auriga Cap. Corp. v. Gatz Properties, 40 A.3d 839, 852 (Del. Ch.), aff’d, 59 A.3d
1206 (Del. 2012) (“The [LLC] statute incorporates equitable principles [which] … view the
manager of an LLC as a fiduciary and subject the manager as a default principle to the
core fiduciary duties of loyalty and care [unless] … [those duties have] been supplanted by
contract”). Here, based on the record before me, there is no evidence that the default duties
of loyalty and care for Ted, the LLC’s sole manager, do not apply.
45
See generally Largo Legacy Grp., LLC v. Charles, 2021 WL 2692426, at *14, n. 96 (Del.
Ch. June 30, 2021) (“In re USACafes, L.P. Litigation … held that the duty of loyalty may
extend to the individuals and entities that control a managing entity if such persons exercise
control over the entity’s property”); Renco Grp., Inc. v. MacAndrews AMG Holdings LLC,
2015 WL 394011, at *7 (Del. Ch. Jan. 29, 2015); Feeley v. NHAOCG, LLC, 62 A.3d 649,
671-72 (Del. Ch. 2012) (“USACafes has not been extended beyond duty of loyalty claims”);
In re USACafes, LP Litig., 600 A.2d 43, 48 (Del. Ch. 1991) (discussing that “the principle
of fiduciary duty, stated most generally, [is] that one who controls property of another may
not, without implied or express agreement, intentionally use that property in a way that
benefits the holder of the control to the detriment of the property or its beneficial owner”).
46
D.I. 6, at 8.
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Equitable tolling, however, ends and the limitations period begins to run, at the
time Mackie had inquiry notice of the alleged claims. Assuming all well-pleaded
facts in the Amended Complaint are true, the suspicious facts – or red flags – occurred
no later than June 2021 when Ted began withholding rent proceeds following an
unrelated family dispute.47 Based on the Amended Complaint, tolling ended and the
limitations period began to run no later than June 2021, so Mackie filed this action
well within the three-year limitations period. Accordingly, I find Mackie’s claims for
breach of fiduciary duty and contract, unjust enrichment and constructive trust
regarding the Clayton Avenue Properties are timely. However, recognizing that a
laches determination is “dependent largely upon the particular circumstances [of a
case]”48 and that the factual record in this matter remains to be developed, this
decision is without prejudice.
B. Claims to Hold Ted Liable for the LLC’s Actions Are Dismissed for the Failure to
Pierce the Corporate Veil.
Defendants argue that the Amended Complaint fails to plead sufficient facts
justifying the piercing of the corporate veil to impose personal liability against Ted
for a breach of fiduciary duty or contract, or unjust enrichment by the LLC.49 Mackie
responds that she has pleaded that Ted is the sole member of the LLC and, as such,
47
Id. at 4.
48
Whittington v. Dragon Grp., L.L.C., 991 A.2d 1, 9 (Del. 2009).
49
D.I. 11, at 8-9.
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Ted completely dominates and controls the LLC and, alternatively, he is liable in his
individual capacity.50 The issue is whether Mackie has sufficiently pleaded facts to
pierce the corporate veil so that Ted can be held liable for the LLC’s actions.
“Persuading a Delaware court to disregard the corporate entity is a difficult task.”51
Delaware public policy disfavors disregarding the separate legal
existence of business entities. Although a court considers several factors
when determining whether to pierce the corporate veil, courts have often
articulated the elements of a veil piercing as requiring ‘an overall
element of injustice or unfairness.’52
“The degree of control required to pierce the veil is exclusive domination and control
... to the point that [the entity] no longer has legal or independent significance of its
own. … Piercing the corporate veil under the alter ego theory requires showing that
the corporation is a sham and exists for no other purpose than as a vehicle for fraud.”53
“Mere control and even total ownership of one corporation by another is not sufficient
to warrant the disregard of a separate corporate entity.”54
50
D.I. 13, at 10.
51
PR Acquisitions, LLC v. Midland Funding LLC, 2018 WL 2041521, at *15 (Del. Ch. Apr.
30, 2018) (citations omitted).
52
Paul Elton, LLC v. Rommel Delaware, LLC, 2020 WL 2203708, at *14 (Del. Ch. May 7,
2020) (citations omitted).
53
PR Acquisitions, LLC, 2018 WL 2041521, at *15 (cleaned up and citations omitted).
54
eCommerce Indus., Inc. v. MWA Intel., Inc., 2013 WL 5621678, at *27 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30,
2013) (citations omitted).
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I find that Mackie has not pleaded sufficient facts to pierce the corporate veil
of the LLC. The well-pleaded facts depict Ted’s position as sole member of the LLC
and wrongful acts by the LLC and Ted – the failure to account or distribute profits to
the JV Partnership – but those acts are not “tied to the manipulation of the corporate
form in order to make veil-piercing justifiable on grounds of equity.”55 Accordingly,
I dismiss the claims seeking to hold Ted liable for any judgment against the LLC.56
However, claims against Ted individually for breach of fiduciary duty,57 unjust
enrichment,58 and breach of contract,59 survive the motion to dismiss.
C. Mackie’s Unjust Enrichment Claim Survives the Motion to Dismiss.
Defendants contend that, since Mackie claims a breach of contract of the
partnership agreement, the unjust enrichment claim is duplicable of the breach of
contract claim and should be dismissed.60 Mackie responds that she is arguing the
55
Doberstein v. G-P Indus., Inc., 2015 WL 6606484, at *4 (Del. Ch. Oct. 30, 2015).
56
Defendants rely on extrinsic evidence, the HUD-1 Settlement Statement (“Settlement
Statement”) related to a loan obtained by the LLC as the borrower/buyer, to confirm that
Mackie “conveyed the Clayton Avenue Properties to [the LLC], not to [Ted].” D.I. 11, at 9,
Ex. 1. The Settlement Statement showed Mackie Portela, LLC, Mackie’s alleged limited
liability company, as the seller. Id. Because Defendants have not shown that the Settlement
Statement is integral to Mackie’s claim and incorporated into the Amended Complaint, or
that it is not being relied upon to prove the truth of its contents, I do not consider it. See
supra note 18.
57
See supra note 45 and accompanying text.
58
See infra note 64 and accompanying text.
59
See infra § III(D).
60
D.I. 11, at 9-11.
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unjust enrichment claim as an alternative if the Court does not find that an oral
partnership agreement exists between the parties.61
In evaluating unjust enrichment claims, Courts conduct a threshold
inquiry as to whether a contract already governs the parties’ relationship.
If a contract comprehensively governs the parties’ relationship, then it
alone must provide the measure of the plaintiff’s rights and any claim of
unjust enrichment will be denied.62
However, at the pleadings stage, this Court has held that the plaintiff does not
necessarily have to choose their case theory,63 and has allowed an unjust enrichment
claim to proceed in the alternative to a plaintiff’s “claim for breach of the
alleged oral agreement.”64 Here, at this stage, the breach of contract claim is based
on an oral partnership agreement that has not been proven, and Mackie alleges facts
that, if proven, show the elements of unjust enrichment. And Ted and the LLC could
be determined to “be liable for unjust enrichment under circumstances when [they]
61
D.I. 13, at 11.
62
Agspring Holdco, LLC v. NGP X US Holdings, LP, 2020 WL 4355555, at *23 (Del. Ch.
July 30, 2020) (citations omitted).
63
Garfield, 277 A.3d 296, 360-62 (Del. Ch. 2022) (the Court denied the motion to dismiss,
finding that the plaintiff, who had “alleged facts that support a claim for breach of contract,
claims for breach of fiduciary duty, and a claim for unjust enrichment,” did not have to
choose a theory of the case at the pleading stage).
64
Endowment Rsch. Grp., LLC v. Wildcat Venture Partners, LLC, 2021 WL 841049, at *14
(Del. Ch. Mar. 5, 2021).
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would not also be liable for a breach of fiduciary duty.”65 Therefore, I decline to
dismiss the unjust enrichment claim at this stage.
D. Mackie’s Breach of Contract Claim is not Barred by the Statute of Frauds.
Defendants allege that Mackie’s breach of contract claim is barred by the
Statute of Frauds because her claim arises from the oral partnership agreement, which
relates to, and “govern[s] [the LLC’s] sale of the Clayton Avenue Properties.”66
Mackie argues that the Statute of Frauds is inapplicable to the partnership agreement
at issue under 6 Del. C. § 15-101(14).67
“Delaware’s Statute of Frauds, 6 Del. C. § 2714, provides that contracts for the
sale of real estate, in order to be enforceable, must be reduced to writing. Its purpose
is to protect against fraud in land transactions.”68 The Statute of Frauds “prohibits
enforcement of any agreement ‘upon any contract or sale of lands, tenements, or
hereditaments, or any interest in or concerning them, … unless the agreement is in
writing signed by the party to be charged.”69 However, there are “long recognized
65
Fannin v. UMTH Land Dev., L.P., 2020 WL 4384230, at *27 (Del. Ch. July 31,
2020), cert. denied, 2020 WL 5198356 (Del. Ch. Aug. 28, 2020), and appeal refused sub
nom. Etter v. Fannin, 238 A.3d 193 (Del. 2020).
66
D.I. 11, at 11; D.I. 14, at 5.
67
D.I. 13, at 12.
68
Sargent v. Schneller, 2005 WL 1863382, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 2, 2005) (citations omitted).
69
CSH Theatres, LLC v. Nederlander of San Francisco Assocs., 2015 WL 1839684, at *17
(Del. Ch. Apr. 21, 2015), aff’d sub nom. In re Shorenstein Hays-Nederlander Theatres LLC
Appeals, 213 A.3d 39 (Del. 2019) (citing 6 Del. C. § 2714(a)).
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C.A. No. 2022-0428-PWG
November 29, 2022
equitable exceptions to the application of the statute of frauds that can form the basis
for a claim of ownership [in] … real property. For example, oral contracts for the sale
of land have been upheld under the equitable doctrine of part performance.”70
Section 15-101(14) of title 6 of the Delaware Code defines a partnership
agreement as an “agreement, whether written, oral or implied, among the partners
concerning the partnership.”71 It expressly provides that “[a] partnership agreement
is not subject to any statute of frauds (including § 2714 of this title).”72
Here, the contract in dispute is an oral partnership agreement pertaining to the
development and leasing of real property.73 Mackie does not challenge the sale of the
properties which involve the interest protected by the Statute of Frauds. Instead, she
seeks amounts allegedly owed under a partnership agreement triggered by the sale.
So the Statute of Frauds does not apply.74 Therefore, I conclude that Mackie’s breach
of contract claim is not barred by the Statute of Frauds.
70
Hionis v. Shipp, 2005 WL 1490455, at *5 (Del. Ch. June 16, 2005), aff’d, 903 A.2d 323(Del. 2006). Defendants cite to Hionis for the holding that “‘agreements for the conveyance
of interests in real estate’ must be in writing.” D.I. 14, at 5. Although the Hionis Court
discussed the Statute of Frauds’ requirement that “agreements for the conveyance of
interests in real estate … be formalized in a written contract,” its focus was on exceptions to
the Statute of Frauds and it enforced a parol easement agreement. Hionis, 2005 WL
1490455, at *4, *6.
71
6 Del. C. § 15-101(14).
72
Id.
73
See D.I. 1.
74
Even if the agreement would be considered to be a contract for sale of real property, 6
Del. C. § 15-101(14), not the Statute of Frauds, would control. Since the partnership
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C.A. No. 2022-0428-PWG
November 29, 2022
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, I recommend the Court deny Defendants Southern
Comfort, LLC and Ted Banks’ motion to dismiss, except for the pierce the corporate
veil claim. I find that Plaintiff Mackie Banks has not pleaded sufficient facts to pierce
the corporate veil and dismiss her claims seeking to hold Ted Banks liable for the
LLC’s actions. Claims against Ted Banks in his individual capacity survive the
motion to dismiss. This is a final report and exceptions may be taken under Court of
Chancery Rule 144.
Sincerely,
/s/ Patricia W. Griffin
Master in Chancery
agreement is oral, the Statute of Frauds mandates that a contract for real estate be in writing
(unless an exception applies), and 6 Del. C. § 15-101(14) states that a partnership agreement
is not subject to the Statute of Frauds, the two statutory provisions – 6 Del. C. § 15-101(14)
and 6 Del. C. § 2714 – cannot be reconciled in this instance. “It is an often cited canon of
interpretation that in construing statutes, specific provisions shall prevail over general
provisions.” Shellburne Civic Ass’n, Inc. v. Brandywine Sch. Dist., 2006 WL 4782500, at *4
(Del. Ch. Sept. 1, 2006); see also Oceanport Indus., Inc. v. Wilmington Stevedores, Inc., 636
A.2d 892, 901 (Del. 1994). And the agreement at issue is a partnership agreement, so 6 Del.
C. § 15-101(14), which specifically applies to partnership agreements, controls. Further,
under the Statute of Frauds, since Mackie has already conveyed the properties under the
partnership agreement, the part performance exception to the Statute of Frauds may apply.
19