State v. Wilkerson

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
STATE OF DELAWARE )
)
v. ) Def. ID# 2006006663
)
HENRY L. WILKERSON )
)
Defendant. )
Submitted: August 25, 2021
Decided: September 7, 2021
Defendant’s Renewed Motion for Acquittal on Count 3
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
James P. Murray, Esquire, Assistant Public Defender, 14 The Circle, Georgetown, DE
19947, Attorney for Defendant.
Kevin A. Gardner, Esquire and Derek Gay, Esquire, Deputy Attorneys General,
Department of Justice, 114 East Market Street, Georgetown, DE 19947, Attorneys for
the State of Delaware.
KARSNITZ, J.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Defendant Henry L. Wilkerson (“Defendant”) was charged with four criminal
offenses under Delaware law: Strangulation (a felony)1; Terroristic Threatening (a
misdemeanor)2; Endangering the Welfare of a Child (a misdemeanor)3; and
Offensive Touching (a misdemeanor).4 A jury trial was held on August 9, 2021.
The Terroristic Threatening charge was dropped before the submission of the case to
the jury. Of the remaining charges, the jury acquitted Defendant of Strangulation
and convicted him of Offensive Touching and Endangering the Welfare of a Child.
On August 11, 2021, Defendant filed a Renewed Motion for Acquittal as [to]
Count 3, Endangering the Welfare of a Child (the “Motion”). On that same day, I
asked the parties by letter to submit their arguments to me on the Motion. On
August 25, 2021, the State responded to the Motion. This is my ruling on the
Motion.
INTRODUCTION
The question before me today is: can a conviction of a compound offense
survive in the face of an acquittal of its predicate felony or misdemeanor charge?
The answer to this question requires me to decide which line of Delaware cases
governs Defendant’s claim that the jury verdict in his case is inconsistent. One line
1
11 Del. C. §607(a)(1).
2
11 Del. C. §621(a)(1).
3
11 Del. C. §1102 (a)(4).
4
11 Del. C. §601(a)(1).
1
of cases relies on the principle of jury lenity coupled with sufficiency of the
evidence. Another line of cases examines the precise language of the criminal statute
to determine if, as a matter of law, all elements of the offense, as drafted by the
Delaware General Assembly, have been met. I am guided by the General
Assembly’s declaration that “[n]o person may be convicted of an offense unless each
element of the offense is proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”5 Thus a careful
reading of the Endangering the Welfare of a Child statute is required.
The statute provides in pertinent part:
(a) A person is guilty of endangering the welfare of a child when:
(4) The person commits any violent felony, or reckless endangering
second degree, assault third degree, terroristic threatening, unlawful
imprisonment second degree, or child abuse third degree against a
victim, knowing that such felony or misdemeanor was witnessed,
either by sight or sound, by a child less than 18 years of age who is a
member of the person’s family or the victim’s family. [Emphasis
supplied.]
The predicate offenses underlying this compound offense are a violent felony and
five enumerated misdemeanors. Defendant argues that, since he was acquitted of
the sole felony charge (Strangulation), the Terroristic Threatening misdemeanor
charge was dropped, and none of the other four enumerated misdemeanors apply,
there is no factual or legal support for a conviction of this offense. The State
counters that the jury was being lenient, and that, notwithstanding the acquittal and
5
11 Del. C. §301(b). In this statute, the General Assembly chose to codify what is widely
recognized as a federal constitutional mandate. See generally In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358(1970) (“[P]roof of a criminal charge beyond a reasonable doubt is constitutionally required.”).
2
dropped charge, the evidence presented at trial is sufficient to support a conviction
of the offense of Endangering the Welfare of a Child.
ANALYSIS
The Brooks-Brown Line of Cases – Firearms and Dangerous Weapons
Beginning with Brooks v. State,6 a case where the defendant faced a single
weapons charge with no predicate offense pending, the Delaware Supreme Court has
rejected, in a variety of contexts, the requirement to obtain a jury verdict convicting
the defendant of a predicate felony, even where the defendant is charged with a
predicate felony in the indictment. The Court has specifically interpreted the
Possession of a Firearm During the Commission of a Felony (“PFDCF”) statute7 and
its companion statute, Possession of a Deadly Weapon During the Commission of a
Felony (“PDWDCF”),8 to require only that “the weapons offense occur during the
commission of the felony.”9 This view was first articulated in Brooks where the
State had indicted the defendant only on the firearms charge and the defendant did
not face a separate charge for an underlying felony. A felony was committed in
Brooks, although not by the defendant, and the defendant possessed a deadly weapon
during the commission of that felony. Because there was no pending predicate
6
367 A.2d 638 (Del.1976).
7
11 Del. C. §1447A(a).
8
11 Del. C. §1447(a).
9
Brooks, 367 A.2d at 640.
3
charge against the defendant for the jury to consider, the jury’s factfinding and
verdict, by definition, could not be inconsistent.
Ironically, Brooks, a case where no inconsistent verdict was possible, spawned
a line of decisions, each quoting language from the Brooks opinion, where juries, in
fact, did return inconsistent verdicts. For example, in Brown v. State,10 a jury
acquitted the defendant of the specific predicate felonies underlying several PFDCF
charges but convicted him of thirteen other felonies. In those circumstances, the
Court found that the inconsistency in the verdict could be explained by jury lenity,
citing Brooks (which involved inapposite facts) for the proposition that jury lenity
can explain a compound-predicate inconsistency on the basis that “there is no
requirement that a defendant be convicted of the underlying felony.”11 However, as
discussed below, Brown and its progeny were overruled six years later, in 2005, to
the extent those cases upheld convictions after inconsistent verdicts where the jury
failed to convict on a predicate felony, either the felony originally charged in the
indictment or a lesser-included felony.
10
729 A.2d 259 (Del.1999).
11
Id. at 266.
4
The Powell-Tilden Line of Cases – Jury Lenity and Sufficiency of the Evidence
Jury Lenity
In United States v. Powell,12 a jury acquitted the defendant of two predicate
felonies: distribution and conspiracy to distribute controlled substances. Nonetheless,
the jury convicted Powell of the compound charge of facilitating those felonies by
telephone. On review by the United States Supreme Court, Powell argued that the
inconsistent verdicts required the Court to find as a matter of law that the evidence
was insufficient to support the compound felony conviction.13 Rejecting Powell's
argument, the Court held:
Whether presented as an insufficient evidence argument, or as an
argument that the acquittal on the predicate offense should collaterally
estop the Government on the compound offense, the argument
necessarily assumes that the acquittal on the predicate offense was
proper -- the one the jury “really meant.” This, of course, is not
necessarily correct; all we know is that the verdicts are inconsistent.14
The Court concluded that:
[I]f inconsistent verdicts are nevertheless reached[,] those verdicts still
are likely to be the result of mistake, or lenity, and thus must remain
undisturbed by reviewing courts.15
The Court in Powell disclaimed that it was engaging in a review of the sufficiency of
the evidence. It held that, regardless of the implications of the inconsistent verdicts,
the prosecuting authority “must convince the jury with its proof, and must also satisfy
12
469 U.S. 57 (1984).
13
Id. at 68.
14
Id.15
Id.5
the courts that given this proof the jury could rationally have reached a verdict of
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”16 Powell represents the federal courts' articulation
of the jury lenity doctrine.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
The Supreme Court of Delaware adopted Powell's rationale several years later
in Tilden v. State,17 but added a second test: sufficiency of the evidence. Tilden was
charged with two counts of first-degree robbery as predicate felonies, crimes that
involved the use of a deadly weapon. A jury convicted Tilden of two counts of
second-degree robbery, however, as well as two counts of PDWDCF. On appeal,
Tilden argued that the convictions were legally inconsistent, claiming that the jury
had implicitly rejected the State's evidence supporting the weapons element of first-
degree robbery yet had simultaneously accepted that same evidence to convict him of
the PDWDCF charge. Affirming Tilden's convictions, the Court held that Powell's
“rule of jury lenity finds proper application in cases of verdict inconsistency,” 18 and
that judicial review of the sufficiency of the evidence, independent of lenity
considerations, affords “protection against jury irrationality or error.”19 Noting that
the record demonstrated gun-related testimony by the robbery victims and evidence
of a shotgun seizure by police, the Court held that, viewing the evidence in a light
16
Id. at 67.
17
513 A.2d 1302 (Del.1986).
18
Id. at 1307.
19
Id., citing Powell, 469 U.S. at 67.
6
most favorable to the prosecution, a “rational fact finder could have found the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt as to the weapons charge.”20 Thus,
under Delaware law, Tilden couples Powell’s rule of jury lenity with a test of the
sufficiency of the evidence.
The Johnson-Priest Line of Cases – Statutory Compound Crimes
Unlike Tilden, where the jury did convict (albeit inconsistently) on a lesser-
included felony, Johnson v. State21 presents the precise question before me today:
whether a conviction of a compound offense can survive in the face of an acquittal of
its predicate felony charge. In Johnson, a jury acquitted the defendant of burglary but
convicted him of conspiracy to commit burglary. On appeal, the Delaware Supreme
Court vacated the conspiracy conviction. Looking to the language of the indictment,
the Court held that by “failing to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
committed burglary in the third degree as alleged in the first count of the indictment,
the State also failed to prove that he committed the overt act necessary to the
conspiracy charge as alleged in the third count of the indictment.”22 The Court also
found that the possibilities that a Johnson coconspirator could have performed the
overt act, or that Johnson could have been found culpable as an accomplice, could
20
Tilden, 513 A.2d at 1307, citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979).
21
409 A.2d 1043 (Del.1979).
22
Id. at 1044.
7
not cure the inconsistency, because neither the indictment nor the arguments
advanced at trial presented those alternate theories of guilt.23
The Johnson decision was affirmed, and the Brown decision was overruled, in
Priest v. State.24 There the defendant claimed that the jury’s finding of guilt on a
PFDCF charge was factually and legally inconsistent with the jury’s decision to
acquit him on the underlying felony charge. The Delaware Supreme Court, sitting en
banc, held the defendant’s conviction for PFDCF was negated, as a matter of law, by
his outright acquittal on either the predicate felony or any lesser included felony.
Because the first element of the PFDCF offense with which he was explicitly
charged – that the defendant commits either the predicate felony or a lesser included
felony – was negated, there was no support for the jury conviction of the compound
PFDCF offense. The Court stated:
The question of whether an actual conviction of the underlying felony
is an element of the statutory … offense requires a close reading of
the applicable statute and a reappraisal of the role of jury lenity in
cases of predicate and compound felony inconsistencies. We conclude
that the common law analysis normally employed to avoid post-
verdict inquiry into what appears to be jury mistake or a jury's
exercise of leniency cannot be reconciled with the … statute.
Therefore, the failure to obtain a conviction of either the specific
predicate offense or a lesser-included felony left the State unable to
prove -- as our General Assembly requires -- that Priest possessed a
firearm “during [his] commission of a felony.” We accordingly
conclude that Priest's … convictions … must be vacated.25 [Emphasis
supplied]
23
Id.
24
879 A.2d 575 (2005).
25
Id. at 583.
8
My emphasis in the foregoing cited language indicates that the “normal” test
employed by Delaware courts in inconsistent verdict cases is the common law
Powell-Tilden test of jury lenity coupled with sufficiency of the evidence. Only in
those rarer cases where the language of the statute at issue requires a different result
is the Priest test employed. The Court states as much in Priest:
In most cases of verdict inconsistency, the facts will be controlled by
the Tilden principle, and inconsistent verdicts resulting from a not
guilty verdict on a predicate charge and a guilty verdict on a
compound charge will likely not invalidate the conviction.26
The Court elaborates in a more recent case, Graham v. State:27
It bears mention that the rule adopted in Tilden is not universally
applicable. In Priest, we held that convictions of compound offenses
of possession of a firearm during a commission of a felony (PFDCF)
were negated by the defendant's outright acquittal on the predicate
offenses explicitly charges as elements of the PFCDF counts. The
inapplicability of the jury-lenity doctrine adopted in Tilden in the
PFDCF context is a product of the PFDCF statute itself which
forecloses the doctrine's application except under limited
circumstances.28
In my view, this case falls into the minority, second category of cases, and the Tilden
test does not apply. Rather, I must parse the precise language of 11 Del. C. §1102
(a)(4), Endangering the Welfare of a Child.29
26
Id. at 587.
27
171 A.3d 573 (Del. 2017) (Table).
28
Id. at fn 6.
29
The Delaware Supreme Court has not limited such statutory review in inconsistent verdict cases
to firearms or dangerous weapons offenses. For example, in Johnson, the Court held that, by
failing to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed burglary in the third
degree as alleged in the first count of the indictment, the State also failed to prove that he
committed the overt act necessary to the conspiracy charge as alleged in the third count of the
9
Cited in full above, the statute requires that at least one predicate felony or at
least one of five enumerated predicate misdemeanors must underlie the compound
offense. The predicate felony charge (Strangulation) was not proven to the jury
beyond a reasonable doubt. The predicate misdemeanor charge (Terroristic
Threatening) was not even presented to the jury. None of the other four predicate
misdemeanors are applicable. Nor were there any lesser included offenses charged
or proven to the jury. As the Court states in Priest, “ultimately judicial deference to
the factfinder, embodied in the doctrine of jury lenity, cannot supercede [sic] the
judiciary’s primary obligation to give effect to the General Assembly’s formulation
of the criminal law.”30
Even viewing the evidence most favorably to the State, which I do, the jury
verdicts of guilty of Offensive Touching and guilty of Endangering the Welfare of a
Child are inescapably inconsistent. The jury’s verdict of guilty as to the charge of
Endangering the Welfare of a Child must be vacated.
indictment. The verdicts were vacated as inconsistent.
30
Priest, 879 A.2d at 590.
10
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, I GRANT Defendant’s Motion for Acquittal on
Count 3. The Conviction on Count 4 stands. We will proceed to sentencing on
Count 4, the charge of which Defendant was convicted, Offensive Touching.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/ Craig A. Karsnitz
cc: Prothonotary
11