Brookings, Jr. v. Kirk

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
JOHN BROOKINGS, JR. and )
RICHARD SPENCE, )
Plaintiffs, )
v. ) C.A. No. N16C-11-177 ALR
)
VERNON KIRK, Director of the )
Delaware Lottery, et. al., )
Defendants. )
)
VICTOR RODRIGUEZ, )
Plaintiff, )
v. ) C.A. No. N16C-12-068 ALR
)
VERNON KIRK, Director of the )
Delaware Lotter, et. al., )
Defendants. )
Submitted: April 4, 2018 and May 9, 2018
Decided: July 2, 2018
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Upon Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment
GRANTED
Upon Defendants’ Motion in Limine
MOOT
Upon Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine
MOOT
William L. O’Day, Jr., Esq., Woloshin, Lynch & Associates, P.A., Attorney for
Plaintiffs
Julie M. Donoghue, DAG, Department of Justice, Attorney for Defendants
Rocanelli, J.
In this consolidated action, Plaintiffs John Brookings, Jr., Richard Spence,
and Victor Rodriguez (“Plaintiffs”) assert that they collectively own seven Keno
Lottery tickets that are each worth $1,000,000.00. Plaintiffs filed suit against
Vernon Kirk, as Director of the Delaware Lottery, the Delaware Lottery, and the
State of Delaware (collectively, “Defendants”), alleging that Defendants refused to
honor these alleged million-dollar Keno tickets. In response, Defendants argue that
the Plaintiffs’ Keno tickets are invalid because an anomaly occurred with the Keno
Computer on December 17, 2015 that caused the same twenty numbers to win for
five consecutive Keno drawings, which took place at 11:24 a.m., 11:28 a.m., 11:32
a.m., 11:36 a.m., and 11:40 a.m. (“Anomalous Drawings”).
Defendants now move for summary judgment, arguing that Plaintiffs have no
legally enforceable claims because the Plaintiffs’ Keno tickets resulted from illegal
lottery games. Specifically, Defendants argue that the Anomalous Drawings did not
have the legally required element of chance, which renders them invalid. Defendants
also argue that Plaintiffs cannot recover under a contractual theory. In addition, the
parties have each filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude certain evidence at trial.
For the reasons that follow, the Court grants Defendant’s motion for summary
judgment.
1
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The State of Delaware created the Delaware Lottery pursuant to its
constitutional authority to offer certain forms of legalized gambling to the public.1
The Delaware Lottery offers the game Keno, which the State asserts is a bingo-style
lottery game. To play Keno, a player chooses up to ten numbers from 1 to 80, places
a wager, chooses how many consecutive games to play, and decides whether to use
a Keno bonus, which can multiply the amount won in each game. According to the
State, a computer (“Keno Computer”) then chooses twenty winning numbers every
four minutes. The maximum amount a player can win during a game of Keno is
$1,000,000.00 if the player correctly picks ten numbers out of the winning twenty,
and if the player chooses to play with a Keno bonus.
The winning numbers for each Keno drawing are displayed on Keno computer
monitors located in licensed lottery retailer locations. These computer monitors also
display so-called “hot numbers,” which Defendants assert are numbers that are
currently being more frequently selected than others. The Delaware Lottery uses the
“hot numbers” as a marketing tool to encourage individuals to play Keno using those
numbers.
On December 17, 2015, at 11:20 a.m., the Delaware Lottery held a Keno
drawing with the following winning numbers: 17, 22, 35, 59, 30, 08, 02, 26, 31, 43,
1
See Del. Const. art. II, § 17(a).
2
65, 73, 24, 07, 64, 11, 09, 66, 71, 56. The next five drawings were the Anomalous
Drawings, in which the same twenty numbers repeated every time. According to the
State, after the 11:40 a.m. Anomalous Drawing, trouble-shooting was initiated and
the Keno Computer was restarted. Functionality resumed after the restart, and the
Keno Computer began generating random numbers again with the next draw at
approximately 11:46 a.m.
Plaintiff Rodriquez was at Pockets Discount Liquors around the time of the
Anomalous Drawings. According to Plaintiff Rodriguez, he played an initial game
of Keno by randomly selecting his own numbers, but did not win. However, Plaintiff
Rodriguez claims that another patron in the store then suggested that Plaintiff
Rodriguez play the “hot numbers” appearing on the Keno computer monitor.
Plaintiff Rodriguez bought another ticket at 11:31:56 a.m. and manually chose
the following ten numbers: 31, 35, 43, 56, 59, 64, 65, 66, 71, 73. Plaintiff Rodriguez
claims that this ticket won $1,000,000.00 during the 11:32 a.m. Anomalous
Drawing. Plaintiff Rodriguez then bought two more Keno tickets before the 11:36
a.m. Anomalous Drawing — at 11:35:45 a.m. with the following ten numbers: 02,
07, 08, 09, 11, 17, 22, 24, 26, 30; and at 11:35:51 a.m. with the following ten
numbers: 31, 35, 43, 56, 59, 64, 65, 66, 71, 73. Plaintiff Rodriguez claims that both
tickets won $1,000,000.00 in the 11:36 a.m. Anomalous Drawing. Plaintiff
Rodriguez then bought two more tickets before the 11:40 a.m. Anomalous Drawing
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— at 11:39:13 a.m. with the following ten numbers: 31, 35, 43, 56, 59, 64, 65, 66,
71, and 73; and at 11:39:16 with the following ten numbers: 02, 07, 08, 09, 11, 17,
22, 24, 26, 30. Plaintiff claims that both tickets won $1,000,000.00 in the 11:40 a.m.
Anomalous Drawing. Therefore, Plaintiff Rodriguez claims that he holds five
winning Keno tickets, each worth $1,000,000.00.
Plaintiffs Brookings and Spence were at Kegler’s Pub and Sports Bar around
the time of the Anomalous Drawings. Plaintiff Brookings purchased a Keno ticket
at 11:35:58 a.m. with the following ten numbers: 02, 07, 08, 17, 22, 31, 35, 43, 56,
59. Plaintiff Brookings claims that this ticket won $1,000,000.00 in the 11:36 a.m.
Anomalous Drawing. Plaintiffs Brookings and Spence then jointly purchased
another Keno ticket at 11:38:06 a.m., and chose the same ten numbers: 02, 07, 08,
17, 22, 31, 35, 43, 56, 59. Plaintiffs Brookings and Spence claim that this ticket won
$1,000,000.00 in the 11:40 a.m. Anomalous Drawing. Therefore, Plaintiffs
Brookings and Spence claim that they own two winning Keno tickets, each worth
$1,000,000.00.2
The Keno Computer system is operated by Scientific Games International
(“SGI”). The State claims that, upon learning of the anomaly with the Keno
Computer, it immediately instructed SGI to place a hold on all claims related to the
2
At this stage of the proceedings, the record is not fully developed regarding the
division of ownership of these two Keno tickets.
4
Anomalous Drawings. Nevertheless, a total of $23,574.00 was paid to Keno players
who made claims related to the Anomalous Drawings between December 17, 2015
and December 20, 2015. On December 22, 2015, Defendant Kirk issued a press
release stating that the Keno Computer suffered a malfunction and that all claims
relating to the Anomalous Draws were suspended.
On December 22, 2015, Defendants asked Gaming Laboratories International
(“GLI”) to perform a forensic investigation of the Keno Computer. In a report
produced to Defendants on February 1, 2016 (“GLI Report”), GLI concluded that,
following the 11:20 a.m. drawing, maintenance was performed on the Keno
Computer system and an anomaly occurred with the Keno Computer that caused it
to repeat the same twenty numbers. GLI also found that the anomaly continued for
the next five drawings, until the Keno Computer was restarted. GLI attempted to
recreate the anomaly, but was unable to do so.
On February 5, 2016, Defendant Kirk issued a new press release in light of
the GLI Report. Defendant Kirk announced that the Anomalous Drawings were void
because the numbers were not randomly selected, which means that the Anomalous
Drawings did not constitute a game of chance as required by Delaware law.
Defendant Kirk further stated that all tickets purchased during the Anomalous
Drawings were void, and that all amounts paid by players to purchase tickets for the
Anomalous Drawings would be refunded. Even though Defendants did not seek
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reimbursement from players who had already been paid for tickets relating to the
Anomalous Drawings, SGI indemnified the State for all claims made in relation to
the Anomalous Drawings in the amount of $24,886.00, which reflects $23,574.00
for claims made relating to the Anomalous Drawings and $1,312.00 for amounts
refunded to players who purchased tickets for the Anomalous Drawings.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On November 18, 2016, Plaintiffs Brookings and Spence filed suit alleging
that Defendants wrongfully refused to honor their purported million-dollar Keno
tickets. Plaintiff Victor Rodriguez filed a nearly identical complaint on December
8, 2016. The Court consolidated the two actions on March 11, 2017.
Defendants now move for summary judgment, arguing that they are entitled
to judgment as a matter of law for two reasons. First, Defendants argue that the
Anomalous Drawings were not legal lotteries under Delaware law because there was
no chance present. Second, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs cannot recover under a
contractual theory because the Anomalous Drawings failed to meet Keno rules and
because the parties did not have a meeting of the minds. Plaintiffs oppose
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Court may grant summary judgment only where the moving party can
“show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party
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is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”3 A genuine issue of material fact is one
that “may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.”4 The moving party bears
the initial burden of proof and, once that is met, the burden shifts to the non-moving
party to show that a material issue of fact exists.5 At the motion for summary
judgment phase, the Court must view the facts “in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party.”6 Summary judgment is only appropriate if Plaintiffs’ claims
lack evidentiary support such that no reasonable jury could find in their favor.7
DISCUSSION
Defendants argue that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law because
the Anomalous Drawings were not games of chance. A legal lottery requires three
elements: prize, consideration, and chance.8 Of these, chance must be the dominant
factor.9 The lottery need not involve “pure” chance.10 “Rather, the element of
3
Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c).
4
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 259 (1986).
5
Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 680–81 (Del. 1979).
6
Brozka v. Olson, 668 A.2d 1355, 1364 (Del. 1995).
7
See Hecksher v. Fairwinds Baptist Church, Inc., 115 A.3d 1187, 1200–05 (Del.
2015); Edmisten v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 2012 WL 3264925, at *2 (Del. Aug. 13,
2012).
8
National Football League v. Governor of State of Delaware, 435 F. Supp. 1372,
1383 (D. Del. 1939) (citing Affiliated Enterprises v. Waller, 5 A.2d 257, 259 (Del.
Super. 1939)).
9
Id. at 1385; see also In re Request of Governor for Advisory Opinion, 12 A.3d
1104, 1111 (Del. 2009).
10
National Football League, 435 F. Supp. at 1385; Advisory Opinion, 12 A.3d at
1111.
7
chance ‘may be accompanied by an element of calculation or even of certainty’
provided that ‘chance is the dominant or controlling factor.’”11
The Anomalous Drawings did not contain the legally required element of
chance. An anomaly with the Keno Computer caused the same twenty numbers to
repeat in each of the Anomalous Drawings. Moreover, the facts indicate that the
anomaly continued until an individual manually restarted the Keno Computer, at
which time it resumed functionality and began choosing random numbers. As a
result, until the Keno Computer was restarted, there was a 100% chance during each
of the Anomalous Drawings that the same twenty numbers would win. Therefore,
the Anomalous Drawings did not constitute games of chance.
Plaintiffs argue that chance was present in the Anomalous Drawings for two
reasons. First, Plaintiffs argue that they did not know the numbers were repeating,
such that the Anomalous Drawings were still games of chance from their
perspectives.12 Second, Plaintiffs argue that even if they knew the numbers were
repeating, they did not know for how long the numbers would continue to repeat and
had to take the chance that they would continue to repeat. However, Plaintiffs’
11
Advisory Opinion, 12 A.3d at 1111 (quoting National Football League, 435 F.
Supp. at 1384).
12
The Court notes that, contrary to the State’s repeated assertions, there is no
evidence that Plaintiffs had actual knowledge that the Keno Computer was
malfunctioning.
8
subjective knowledge or perspective cannot create chance where it otherwise does
not exist.
As discussed, while the anomaly with the Keno Computer continued, there
was a 100% chance that the same twenty numbers would win in each Anomalous
Drawing. Therefore, regardless of Plaintiffs’ knowledge, the Anomalous Drawings
did not constitute games of chance. Accordingly, the Anomalous Drawings were
not legal lotteries, and Defendants’ motion for summary judgment must be granted.
CONCLUSION
The Anomalous Drawings were not legal lotteries because they did not have
the required element of chance. The Court need not address Defendants’ argument
that Plaintiffs also cannot recover under a contractual theory. In addition, because
the Court grants summary judgment in favor of Defendants, the parties’ motions in
limine are moot.
NOW, THEREFORE, this 2nd day of July, 2018, Defendants’ Motion for
Summary Judgment is hereby GRANTED. Defendants’ Motion in Limine is
MOOT. Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine is MOOT. Judgment is entered in favor
of Defendants.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Andrea L. Rocanelli
______________________________
The Honorable Andrea L. Rocanelli
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