Ashland LLC v. Heyman

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
ASHLAND LLC, INTERNATIONAL
SPECIALTY PRODUCTS INC., ISP
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES INC., and
ISP CHEMCO LLC,
Plaintiffs/Counterclaim
Defendants,
THE SAMUEL J. HEYMAN 1981
CONTINUING TRUST FOR LAZARUS
S. HEYMAN, et al.,
Defendants/Counterclaim
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v. ) C.A. No. N15C-10-176 EMD CCLD
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Plaintiffs. )
Submitted: December 15, 2016
Decided: March 29, 2017
Upon Defena'ants/Counterclaim Plaintffjli' ’ Mr)tionfor Partz``al Judgment on the Pleaa'ings
DENIED
Chl_'istopher Viceconte, F.squire, Gibbons P.C., Wilmington, Delaware, and Michael R.
Gril``finger, Esquire. William S. l-latlielcl, Esquire, and Camille V. Otero_. Esquire._ Gibbons P.C..,
Newark, New Jersey. A£rr))')rey.s’jbr Ashland LLC, Inzernario.¢s'al Specialty P)'r)di.rc:.s', hw:., ISP
Environmental Services, Inc., and ISP Chemco LLC
Kevin G. Abrams, Esquire, John M. Seaman, Esquire, and April M. Ferraro, Esquire, Abrams &
Bayliss LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, and Andrew J. Rossman, Esquire, Jonathan B. Oblak, and
Sylvia E. Simson, Esquire, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, New York, New York.
Attomeysfor T he Samiel J. Heyman 1981 Continuing T rust for Lazarus S. Heyman, et al.
DAVIS, J.
This breach of contract case stemming from environmental liability allocation is assigned
to the Commercial Complex Litigation Division of this Court. Plaintiffs1 Ashland LLC,
International Specialty Products, Inc. (“ISP”), ISP Environmental Services Inc. (“IES”), and ISP
Chemco LLC (“Chemco”) filed this declaratory judgment and breach of contract case against
l Plaintiffs collectively Will be called Ashland unless specificity is required. Plaintiff Chemco is a subsidiary of
Plaintiff ISP. Plaintiff IES is a subsidiary of Plaintiff Chemco.
Heyman Defendants_The Heyman Seller Defendants, The Heyman Trust Defendants, and
Linden Property Holdings LLC (“LPH”).2
1. BACKGRoUND FACTS3
The disputed property (the “Linden Property”) is located at 4000 Road to Grasselli,
Linden, New Jersey.4 The Linden Property has a chemical manufacturing history. From 1919 to
1991, non-parties GAF Corporation and GAF Chemicals Corporation owned and operated the
Linden Property.5 GAF Corporation and GAF Chemicals Corporation discovered extensive
contamination at the Linden Property during the l9705-80s.6 The Heyman Defendants have
owned GAF Corporation and GAF Chemicals Corporation since the l980s.7
On June 16, 1989, GAF Chemicals Corporation and the New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection (“NJDEP”) entered into an Administrative Consent Order (the
“ACO”) regarding environmental contamination and cleanup at the Linden Property.8 The ACO
made GAF Chemicals Corporation and “its principals, directors, officers, agents, successors,
[and] assignees . . .” responsible f``or environmental remediation until the NJDEP gave GAF
written notice it satisfied the ACO.9
In 1991 , the Heyman Def``endants incorporated ISP as a subsidiary of GAF Chemicals
Corporation and incorporated IES as ISP’s subsidiary.10 GAF Chemicals Corporation then
2 The Court is initially using the definitions used by the parties in various pleadings The Court will use the term
“the Heyman Def``endants” collectively unless specificity is required-i.e., LPH or alikc.
3 Unless otherwise indicated, the following are the Relevant Fac-ls as alleged in PI:-rintil"ls’ First Amended Complaint
(the “Complaint"), Del"endants’ Answel‘ and Counlerclaims, and P|ainlif``l``s’ Answer. For purposes of``thc MJP
Motion, the Court must view all well-pleaded l"acts alleged in the Complaint as true and in a light most favorable to
Ashland. See Almah LLC v. Lex:'ngron lnsurance Comp.:my, 2016 Wl. 369576, at *4 (l)c|. Super. Jan. 27, 2016)
[ci£ing De.s'er! Eqm'ties. hic. v. Mm'gmi Stanley Levemged Ec;u¢"!y me', [I, L.P., 624 A.Rd l l99, 1205 (Del. 1993)).
4 Pls.’ Compl.1[ 32.
5 /d. 11 33.
° ld. 11 34.
7 ld. 11 35.
8 /d. 11 37. see also Pls.’ compl. Ex. B.
9 See Ex. B. at pp. 18, 22.
‘° Pls.’ compl. 1111 38_39.
transferred ownership of the Linden Property to IES.ll The parties agree that IES became the
entity responsible for the ACO. In 1996, the Heyman Def``endants spun off ISP (and IES) from
GAF Chemicals Corporation.12
In 2006, Chemco executed an Administrative Consent Order Amendment (the “Amended
Aco”) with the NJDEP.‘3 The Amended Aco did not replace the Aco. lnstead, the Amended
ACO supplemented and became a part of the ACO.14 The Amended ACO expressly provided
that IES would continue to comply with the terms of the ACO.15
T he Sale and Closing
In 2011, Ashland acquired ISP, IES, and Chemco from the Heyman Defendants for $3.2
billion.16 This was done through a Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 31, 2011 (the
“SPA”) between the Heyman Def``endants (as the “Seller Parties”) and Ashland (as the
“Buyer”).H The Heyman Defendants wanted to retain the Linden Property. So, on August 23,
2011, immediately after the SPA closed, IES conveyed the Linden Property back to the Heyman
Defendants f``or one dollar.18 Defendant LPH operates the Linden Property.19
The SPA set out the parties’ respective obligations regarding the Linden Property. SPA
Section 2(e) to Schedule 5.19 of the SPA20 states:
" ld. 11 40.
"MLM.
13 re 1145. see aim Pls.' Compl. Ex. C. 11 4.
14 [‘ls.`` Compl. Fx. C at 1| 9 (“This ACO Amendment is intended to supplement the existing 1989 ACO. The
provisions oftliis ACO Amendment shall become part ofthe |989 ACO. The 1989 ACO, as amended shall remain
in full force and effect and [ll-ES] shall continue to comply with the |989 ACO."], See also fd. at1[ [5 (“By the
execution of this ACO Amendment, NJDEP does not release any person from any liabilities or obligations such
person may have pursuant to any other applicable authoriry, nor does NJDEP waive any ol" its rights or remedies
.Stn'suant thereto.”). See also Pls.1 Compl. 1]1[ 48-»49,
!d.
‘6 Pls.’ Compl.1[ 51.
" ld. 1111 51-52.
18 ld. 1[ 60.
'9 ld. 11 58.
20 Any further reference to SPA Sections 2 and 4 of Schedule 5.19 of the SPA will omit reference to Schedule 5. 19
and will be as “SPA Section 2_” or SPA Section 4_.”
In connection with the Linden Transfer, the Seller Parties shall assume all
Liabilities to the extent related to or arising from or existing at the Linden
Property, including I.,iabilities arising under or relating to (i) Environmental Laws,
provided that such liabilities shall not include any off-site migration or disposal
of Hazardous Materials from the Linden Property prior to the Closing, any claims
or damages associated with any off-site migration or disposal of Hazardous
Material from the Linden Property prior to the Closing, and for the avoidance of
doubt, any off-site contamination of soils, groundwater or sediments, any third
party superfund sites including the Newark Bay Complex, any natural resources
damages or exposure claims relating to operations or discharges prior to
Closing,. . .or (v) the Linden Transfer (including any Liabilities to the extent
arising by virtue of the delivery of a limited warranty deed, but excluding any
Liabilities arising out of or relating to fraudulent conveyance or similar liability),
in each ease, other than as set forth in the proviso in clause (i) above, whether
arising before, on or after the Closing Date (the “Linden Excluded Liahilities”).21
SPA Section 2(f) also discusses the Linden Property transaction-specifically the
“Linden Transfer”Zz_-and states:
In connection with the Linden Transfer, the Seller Parties shall be responsible, at
their sole cost and expense, for compliance, if applicable, with any requirements
of the Industrial Site Recovery Act (“ISRA”) and_. if ISRA applies to the Linden
Transfer, Seller Parties shall (i) within five (5) Business Days after execution of
this Agreement, make any required filings or notifications (such as a General
Information Notice, as defined under ISRA) to the [NJDEP], and (ii_) use
reasonable best efforts to, prior to elosing, make all other filings, undertake all
other measures, including where required undertaking any site investigation or
Remedial Action required by ISRA. ln addition, the [SPA] Seller Parties shall use
reasonable best efforts to amend any consent decree or other binding agreement
with any Govemmental Entity relating to the Linden Excluded Liabilities, and to
replace or substitute any related financial assurance (including any bond or letter
of credit), to include the name of the Linden Transferee following the Linden
Transf er and, if permitted by NJDEP, to remove the name of ISP or any of the
Companies therefrom23
T he Heyman Defendants ’ “Reasonable Best Ejjorts”
On July 18, 2011, prior to closing, IES notified NJDEP of the pending Linden Property
transfer, and advised NJDEP that IES (or any ISP affiliate) would not be associated with the
2‘ Pls.’ Compl. Ex. A, p. 14. (emphasis in originale v
:: The “Linden Transfer” is defined in SPA Section 2(a). See Pls.’ Compl. Ex. A, p. 14.
Id.
Linden Property after August 25, 2011.24 The letter did not advise NJDEP that LPH was
required to become an ordered party on the ACO and that IES was to be removed.25
LPH performed some affirmative duties under the ACO. lt replenished the outstanding
letter of credit.26 lt made payments to New Jersey to comply with its portion of the ACO.27
And, it applied for Remedial Action Permits (“RAPs”) for soil and groundwater at the Linden
Property.28 On February 17, 2012, NJDEP issued RAPs for soil and groundwater at the Linden
Property to LPH only.29 IES is not mentioned in either RAP.30
On July 3, 2012, LPH’s Environmental Compliance manager requested from NJDEP a
full satisfaction compliance letter.31 LPH did not mention IES, ISP, or Chemco in its letter.32
On December 23, 2013, NJDEP denied LPH’s full compliance request.33 NJDEP’s letter
specifically required an investigation, ecological risk assessment, and remediation of off-site
contamination34
On January 21, 2014, LPH again requested a full satisfaction letter from NJDEP.35 LPH
also mentioned, purportedly for the first time, that IES transferred the Linden Property to LPH,
and LPH had taken over on-site responsibilities36 LPH also alleged that IES was responsible for
any off-site remediation pursuant to the ACO.37
24 Id. 1[62; see also Pls.’ Compl., Ex. D.
13 ld. 11 63.
36 see id. at 1111 62, 64.
zs ld
39 let 11 69 (“The reference site name on that permit and on correspondence from NJDEP forwarding the permit to
LPl-l on that date is "Linden Property Ho|dings liLCfForrner GAF Chemical Corporation Site.”’).
3° ld. ii 70.
31 ld. 1174.
32 Id
33 ld. 1175.
34 ld.
On February 7, 2014, LPH’s in-house counsel advised Ashland that additional remedial
work, including an ecological risk assessment, remained38 Ashland contends this is the first
time the Heyman Defendants advised that off-site work remained. Ashland contends that
Heyman Defendants had been aware of the off-site requirements since 2007.39
Ashland responded on February 18, 2014.40 Ashland requested that, pursuant to the SPA,
LPH: (i) amend the ACO to add LPH as a party; (ii) obtain NJDEP approval to remove IES from
that ACO; (iii) obtain an extension of the statutory deadline to complete remediation
investigations; and (iv) complete all work necessary to comply with the ACO.41 Ashland also
requested that, pursuant to the SPA, the Heyman Defendants copy Ashland on all future
correspondence and submissions to the NJDEP.42 The Heyman Defendants did not seek an
extension of the statutory deadline to complete work. So, Ashland retained a Licensed Site
Remediation Professional (“LSRP”).43 On l\/Iarch 19, 2014, Ashland’s LSRP submitted a
Remedial Investigation Complete Timeframe Extension Form, and obtained an extension of the
statutory deadline to complete remedial work.44
On April 9, 2014, LPH again wrote to the NJDEP. LPH argued that it agreed to assume
on-site liabilities, while Ashland assumed off-site liabilities pursuant to the ACO.45 Further,
LPH argued that all on-site remediation was complete.46 On December 18, 2014, the NJDEP
informed LPH that: a) its liabilities were not limited to on-site, and b) it was obligated to
311d. 1185.
complete a remedial investigation pursuant to the Spill Act and N.J.S.A. 58:10B-l.3 as the
property owner.47
On July 23, 2015, the Office of the Attorney General of New Jersey advised LPH that its
$7,744,000 remediation source established in 2011 was solely “a replacement of the [remediation
funding source] originally required by the ACO for remediation of the entire site, including
remediation of offsite contamination.”48 The Office of the Attorney General advised that the
NJDEP was authorized to draw upon the $7,744,000 remediation source to complete remediation
of the off-site liabilities49 Concurrently, the NJDEP sent Ashland and GAF (and its successors)
a Demand for Stipulated Penalties for the parties’ collective failure to comply with the ACO.50
T he Litigation
Ashland commenced this action on October 20, 2015, and filed its First Amended
Complaint (the “Complaint”) on December 3, 2015. The Complaint alleges five causes of action
relating to purported obligations of the Heyman Defendants in connection with SPA Schedule
5.19 and purported responsibility for the investigation, remediation, and cleanup costs regarding
environmental contamination of the Arthur Kill, an off-site location. Count l of the Complaint is
a Declaratory Judgment - Breach of Contract claim asserted by Ashland against the Heyman
Parties for, among other things, the purported breach of Section 2(1) of Schedule 5.19 of the
SPA. Among other things, Count I alleges that the Heyman Defendants’ failure to amend the
ACO to include the name of LPH and remove ISP and its subsidiaries therefrom is in breach of
Section 2(f). The Defendants/Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Judgment on the
Pleadings filed by the Heyman Defendants seeks, under Civil Rule 12(c), judgment on Count l.
41see id. 1193.
On January 6, 2016, the Heyman Defendants filed their Answer to the Complaint and
Counterclaims. The Counterclaims assert six causes of action related to the same off-site
liabilities associated with the LPH Property. Counts ll and lIl of the Counterclaims are Breach
of Contract and Declaratory Judgment - Breach of Contract claims asserted by the SPA Seller
Successor Parties and RFH against Ashland in light of Ashland’s purported breach of Section
2(e) of Schedule 5.19 of the SPA.
On August 26, 2016, the Heyman Defendants filed their Opening Brief in Support of
Defendants/Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Judgment on the Pleadings (the “MJP
Motion”).5 l The Heyman Defendants seek judgment on the pleadings on its two Breach of
Contract Counterclaims (Counterclaims ll and III), and on Ashland’s Count l. The Heyman
Defendants contend that no discovery is needed for the court to determine the parties’ rights and
obligations pursuant to Sections 2(e) and 2(f) of the SPA. The sections use mandatory terms like
“shall” and “any” to delineate each party’s respective post-closing obligations
On September 19, 2016, Ashland filed its Answering Brief of Plaintiffs/Counterclaim
Defendants in Opposition to Motion of Defendants/Counterclaim Plaintiffs for Partial Judgment
on the Pleadings (the “MJP Opp.”). Ashland argues that Sections 2(e) and 2(f) can be read in
conjunction: 2(e) allocates the parties’ liability, and 2(f) imposes unequivocal obligations on the
Heyman Defendants. Ashland also contends that the MJP Motion must be denied because
Ashland alleged there is post-closing discharge from the Linden Property.
The Court heard oral argument on October 4, 2016. At the close of the hearing, the Court
took the MJP Motion under advisement. The parties submitted post-trial briefing and sur-replies
51 The Court notes that the parties had already noticed and briefed a Motion to Dismiss and a Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment.
8
in November, completing the process on December 15, 2016, This is the Court’s decision on the
MJP l\/Iotion.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW_MOTION
FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS
A party may move for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Civil Rule l2(c).52 ln
determining Rule 12(c) motion, the Court is required to view the facts pleaded and the inferences
to be drawn from such facts in a light most favorable to the non-moving party.53 The Court must
take the well-pleaded facts alleged in the complaint as admitted54 The Court also assumes the
truthfulness of all well-plead allegations of fact in the complaint55 The Court must, therefore,
accord a party opposing a Rule 12(c) motion the same benefits as a party defending a motion
under Rule 12(b)(6).56 The Court may grant a motion for judgment on the pleadings only when
no material issue of fact exists and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.57
III. DISCUSSION
Under Delaware law, the Court may interpret an unambiguous contract as a matter of law
by giving clear and unambiguous terms their plain and ordinary meaning.58 The cardinal rule in
contract construction is to give effect to all contract provisions.59 Delaware courts “look to
harmonize the entire agreement and remain consistent with the objective intent of the parties that
drafted the contract.”60
52 Super. Ct. Civ. R. lZ(c).
33 An-mh LLC v. Lex:ngmn lns. Co., 2016 WL 369576, at *4 (Del. super. Jan. 27, 2016) (citing Deser¢ Equmes, ma
§§ Morgan Stanley Leveraged Equity Fund, ll, L.P., 624 A.2d 1199, 1205 (Del. 1993)).
Id.55 Id
56 Id
57 ]d
58 Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Del. 20|0).
59 See, e.g. Mrn'r."n Mrn'ie!tu Mn!er'."nls, Inc. v. Vulcan Mn‘terirnls Co., 68 A.3d 1208, 1221 (Del. 2012).
60 Lanrf-Lock, !_’,L(‘ v. Pnrnd.".re Prop., LLC, 2008 WL 5344062, at *3 (Del. Super. Dec. 23, 2008).
9
In harmonizing Sections 2(e) and 2(f), and viewing the facts pleaded and the inferences
to be drawn from such facts in a light most favorable to Ashland, the Court finds material issues
of fact exist and holds that the Heyman Defendants are not entitled to judgment as a matter of
law on Count I of the Complaint or Counterclaims ll and III. In fact, at this stage of the
proceedings, the Court is not comfortable that there are not ambiguities in the SPA or in the way
the parties to this civil action interpret the SPA, including the parties’ responsibilities under the
ACO.
The Heyman Defendants claim that harmonizing the two Sections requires judgment in
their favor.61 SPA Section 2(e) is rather straightforward As relevant here, under SPA Section
2(e), the Heyman Defendants (the “Seller Parties”) agree to assume all “Liabilities” under
applicable “Environmental Law” so long as those liabilities do not include any off-site migration
or disposal of “Hazardous Materials” from the Linden Property prior to the Closing. The
Heyman Defendants also agreed, under SPA Section 2(e)(v), to assume all “Liabilities” relating
to the Linden Transfer whether arising before, on or after the “Closing Date.” The “Liabilities”
assumed under SPA Section 2(e)(v) are also subject to SPA Section 2(e)(i). Under SPA Section
2(e), therefore, the Heyman Defendants agreed to onsite and post-SPA offsite liabilities and
Linden Transfer liabilities subject to SPA Section 2(e)(i). The SPA’s plain language reinforces
this dichotomy. The Heyman Defendants’ liabilities “shall not” include “any” off-site
migration or disposal of Hazardous Materials from the Linden property prior to closing.
Delaware Courts define “shall not” as mandatory.62 Delaware Courts also generally define “any”
31 MJP Mot. at 23.
62 See, e.g., Nrn‘do v, Bn". OfP!'nnrhi'ng i"i``,rrm."r.r, 2001 WL 845663, at *3 (Del. Super. Apr. 17, 2001), aff'd, 787 A.2d
10], 2001 WL 15 13054 (Del. 2001) (``I``ABLE) (finding that “shall not” is a mandatory requirement in statutory
interpretation).
10
as all-encompassing63 The contract allocated pre-closing off-site liabilities to Ashland. The
Heyman Defendants assumed all liabilities for the Linden property, except for “off-site migration
or disposal of Hazardous Materials from the Linden Property prior to closing.”64
The Heyman Defendants contend that Section 2(f) only requires them to undertake
“reasonable best efforts” to amend “any consent decree of binding agreement with any
Governmental Entity” regarding the Linden Property relates purely to the “Linden Excluded
Liabilities.”65 SPA Section 2(e) defines “Linden Excluded Liabilities” to include the Linden
Property.66
Ashland agrees that SPA Sections 2(e) and 2(f) must be read together. However,
Ashland contends that reading the two provisions together clearly establishes that the Heyman
Defendants would retain liabilities relating to the Linden Property under the ACO.67
The Court finds that there are ambiguities regarding the Heyman Defendants’ duties and
liabilities pursuant to SPA Section 2(f) Read in isolation, the Heyman Defendants’
interpretation is plausible. But, SPA Section 2(f) seems to mean more than that. SPA Section
2(f) requires the Heyman Defendants to replace or substitute any related financial assurance
relating to consent decrees with Governmental Entities. Moreover, SPA Section 2(f) requires the
Heyman Defendants to use reasonable best efforts to (i) include the Linden Transferee (LPH) on
any consent decree relating to the Linden Excluded Properties and (ii) remove the name of ISP
from any consent decree relating to the Linden Excluded Properties. As the record exists, the
ACO appears to be a consent decree with a Governmental Entity (NJDEP). As such, SPA
63 See, e.g., Prestancia Mgmt. Group, lnc. v. Virginia Heritage Found., 11 LLC, 2005 WL 1364616, at *7 (Del. Ch.
May 27, 2005).
6‘1 Pls.’ Compl. Ex. A, at 14.
63 MJP Mot. a123.
66 Pls.’ Compl. Ex. A, at 14.
61 MJP opp. at 21.
11
Section 2(f) can be read to mean that the Heyman Defendants are to take on any financial
assurances relating to the ACO, that LPH is to become a liable party on the ACO, and that, if
NJDEP would agree, ISP would no longer be a responsible party on the ACO.
Under Delaware law, specific terms of a contract supersede more general terms.68 SPA
Section 2(f) is the more specific provision relating to the Linden Property, the ACO (a consent
decree with a Governmental Entity) and who is to undertake what responsibilities with respect to
the ACO. As drafted, SPA Section 2(f) does not carve out (as SPA Section 2(e) does) on-site
liability and off-site migration liability. Questions arise as to why LPH would agree to be a party
to the ACO but think that NJDEP would not look to it for both on-site liability and off-site
migration liability, or why the Heyman Parties would replace or substitute related financial
assurances but believe the new financial assurance would not be used to address both on-site
liability and off-site migration liability.69
Moreover, the Heyman Defendants were required to use reasonable best efforts as to the
ACO (a consent order with a Govemmental Entity (i. e., the NJDEP)). Ashland has pled that the
Heyman Defendants did not. This is an issue as to a material fact. Judgment on the pleadings at
this point is inappropriate due these types of issues.
58 See. e.g., DC.``V Holding.s, fnc, v. Cr)n,dgro, fnc.. 889 A.2d 954, 961 (Del. 2005).
"° These questions seem more troubling when the indemnification provisions are applied to the Heyman Defendants``
analysis ofSI’A Sections 2(e) and 2(f) Under SPA Section d (ofSchedule 5.19 ot``the SPA), it appears that the
Heyman Defendants expressly agree to indemnify Ashland for any losses Ashland may incur that arise out ofthe
Linden Excluded Liahilities. l``»``ls.1 Co:npl., Ex. A, at 15 (SPA Section 4). I-lowever, it also seems that Ashland does
not have an express obligation to indemnify the Heyman Defendants or LPI'I for losses relating to off-site migration
liabilities arising under substituted financial assurances under consent decrees with Governmental Entities, or
liability L,Pll may incur as a new party to any existing consent decree with a Governmental Entity. id This raises
additional questions as to how LPH or the Heyman Defendants were to recover from Ashland ifNJ Dl-``iP went
against the $7.?44 million letter of credit Ll’l-I obtained for the remediation ofthe Linden site or ifN.IDEP took any
direct action against LPH.
12
IV. CONCLUSION
The Court DENIES the MJP Motion on Counts II and III of the Counterclaims. There
remains a controversy about whether the Heyman Defendants performed all of their contractual
obligations pursuant to SPA Section 2(f). The Court also DENIES the MJP Motion on Countl
of the Complaint. Ashland has pled sufficient facts to create genuine issues of fact as to whether
the Heyman Defendants complied with SPA Section 2(f) as to the ACO and alike.
1
l ``QL y
av/is,\.ludge
IT IS SO ORDERED.
13