Brightstar, Corp. v. PCS Wireless, LLC

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
BRIGHTSTAR CORP.,
Plaintiff/Counterclaim
Defendant,
V. C.A. No. N18C-10-250 PRW CCLD
PCS WIRELESS, LLC,
Defendant/Counterclaim
Plaintiff.
a a ae aa a aa a a a
Submitted: June 25, 2019
Decided: August 7, 2019
Upon Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff PCS Wireless, LLC’s
Motion to Dismiss Count II of the Complaint,
GRANTED.
Upon Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant Brightstar, Corp.’s
Motion to Dismiss Counts I and ITI of the Counterclaims,
GRANTED in part; DENIED in part.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Thomas E. Hanson, Jr., Esquire (argued), Barnes & Thornburg, LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware, Mark L. Durbin, Esquire (pro hac vice) (argued), Barnes & Thornburg,
LLP, Chicago, Illinois, Attorneys for Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant.
Jonathan A. Choa, Esquire, Potter Anderson & Corroon, LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware, Sean M. Douglass, Esquire (pro hac vice) (argued), Joseph M. Terry,
Esquire (pro hac vice) (argued), Williams & Connolly, LLP, Washington, District
of Columbia, Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff.
WALLACE, J.
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Brightstar Corporation brings this action against Defendant PCS
Wireless, LLC for claims arising from a June 1, 2016 Mutual Non-Disclosure
Agreement (the “NDA”) and a November 7, 2016 Buy/Sell Agreement, as amended
(the “Buy/Sell Agreement”), that Brightstar and PCS entered into as part of
negotiations for a proposed strategic alliance and potential merger. In its Complaint,
Brightstar brings one count each of breach of contract and misappropriation of trade
secrets, through which it seeks, inter alia, compensatory and exemplary damages.
PCS answered the Complaint and brings against Brightstar five
counterclaims: Counterclaim I — alleging fraud; Counterclaim II — alleging breach
of contract (in the alternative to Counterclaim I); Counterclaim III — alleging breach
of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (in the alternative to
Counterclaims I and II); Counterclaim IV — alleging misappropriation of trade
secrets; and Counterclaim V — alleging a separate breach of contract.
Now before the Court is PCS’s Motion to Dismiss Count I (misappropriation
of trade secrets) of Brightstar’s Complaint and Brightstar’s Motion to Dismiss PCS’s
Counterclaims I (fraud) and III (breach of the covenant of good faith and fair
dealing).
For the reasons explained below, the Court GRANTS PCS’s Motion. As to
Brightstar’s Motion, it is GRANTED, in part, and DENIED, in part.
lh
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND!
A. FACTUAL BACKGROUND OF THE ACTION.
Brightstar is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in
Miami, Florida, and is one of the largest subsidiaries of Japanese-based
conglomerate SoftBank Group.” Brightstar is in the business of distributing wireless
equipment and does so primarily using a “Buy-Back and Trade-In” model
(“BBTI’).?
PCS is a New Jersey limited liability company headquartered in Florham,
New Jersey.’ Ben Nash is PCS’s chief executive officer, co-founder, and controlling
shareholder.” Brightstar and PCS are leaders and competitors in the industry of
distributing new and pre-owned smartphones and other mobile devices.°®
| The Court summarizes here only the factual background pertinent to this motion. The
Court extracts this background from the undisputed facts found in Brightstar’s Complaint and
PCS’s Answer and Counterclaims. The Court notes differences in factual allegations wherever
applicable.
2 Def. PCS Wireless, LLC’s Countercls. JJ 13, 18 (Nov. 26, 2018) (D.I. 13) [hereinafter,
“Countercls.”].
2 Pl. Brightstar Corp.’s Compl. 4 16 (Oct. 22, 2018) (D.I. 1) [hereinafter, “Compl.”];
Countercls. 19.
7 Countercls. 4 12.
° Compl. § 18; Countercls. § 19.
: Compl. |] 16-17; Countercls. J 1, 17-18.
5
In 2016, Brightstar and PCS started to discuss a potential merger of the
companies.’ As their negotiations progressed, the parties entered into the NDA on
June 1, 2016,° then the Buy/Sell Agreement on November 7, 2016 (reinstated and
amended on June 1, 2017).? The Buy/Sell Agreement, in particular, memorialized
the terms under which PCS would purchase various used mobile devices from
Brightstar and Brightstar-approved vendors for resale to third-parties.!? The terms
most relevant to the present case include the pricing, confidentiality, and non-
circumvention provisions.
Specifically, the pricing terms provide that PCS will purchase mobile devices
from Brightstar at Brightstar’s cost of acquiring those devices plus a predetermined
]
markup.'! The confidentiality provision requires each party and its affiliates to
7 Countercls. § 1; Brightstar’s Reply to Countercls. and Affirmative Defenses at 1
(December 12, 2018) (D.I. 18) [hereinafter, “Brightstar Resp.”’].
8 Countercls. § 1; Brightstar Resp. at 1. See also Ex. 1 to Countercls. (Mutual Non-
Disclosure Agreement) [hereinafter, “NDA” ].
? The Buy/Sell Agreement entered into on November 7, 2016 was terminated by PCS on
January 19, 2017. On June 1, 2017, Brightstar and PCS executed a Reinstatement and First
Amendment Agreement (the “Amended Agreement”) to reinstate and amend the initial Buy/Sell
Agreement. After entering into the Amended Agreement, the parties executed addition
amendments to the original Buy/Sell Agreement on September 26, 2017, and November 7, 2017.
For ease of reference, the Court uses the term “Buy/Sell Agreement” to refer to the terms and
provisions as amended, and provides, if necessary, whether the referenced provisions are from the
initial Buy/Sell Agreement or its amendments thereof. See Compl. ¥ 19; Countercls. 91. See also
Ex. 2 to Countercls. (Buy/Sell Agreement) [hereinafter, “Buy/Sell Agreement”]; Ex. 3 to
Countercls. (Reinstatement and First Amendment to the Buy/Sell Agreement).
ip Buy/Sell Agreement Recitals, § I Definitions (Approved Vendors).
u Id. § Il.
“maintain in strict confidence” the Confidential Information (as defined in the
Buy/Sell Agreement).!? The non-circumvention provision imposes upon PCS a non-
solicitation obligation that during the term of the Buy/Sell Agreement and for a
certain period thereafter, PCS shall not solicit the purchase of mobile and iPad
devices from the suppliers specified in the Buy/Sell Agreement (including SoftBank,
Apple Inc., and their affiliated entities).!°
During 2016 and 2017, PCS purchased mobile devices from Brightstar under
the Buy/Sell Agreement.'* Ultimately, the merger contemplated between PCS and
Brightstar did not come to fruition.’> On February 12, 2018, PCS terminated the
Buy/Sell Agreement via written notice to Brightstar.'!® After the termination, PCS
made three payments to Brightstar in May and June of 2018 totalling about $6
million. This was purportedly to pay for devices PCS purchased pre-termination.'”
= Id. § IX.
= Id. §1V.H; Amended Agreement Art. IV.H.
7 PCS alleges that it purchased 1,862,284 mobile devices from Brightstar at a cost of
$469,508,751.44. Countercls. J§ 3, 36. Brightstar contends that the parties conducted
transactions, but denies PCS’s stated quantity and monetary value. Brightstar Resp. {If 3, 36.
'? Countercls. 4 4.
16 Id. 938.
7 Compl. § 31; Countercls. § 8 (describing that in May of 2018, PCS paid “approximately
$4.6 million to close out open invoices,” and then “another $1.6 million for the inventory.”).
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Brightstar and PCS do not dispute the above facts. However, the parties do
contest who is at fault and for what conduct. Brightstar alleges that PCS still owes
Brightstar an amount in excess of $10 million for the mobile devices purchased from
Brightstar before PCS terminated the Buy/Sell Agreement. '® Brightstar further
alleges that PCS solicited the purchase of mobile devices from restricted vendors in
violation of the non-circumvention and confidentiality provisions of the Buy/Sell
Agreement.!?
PCS denies any further payment obligation to Brightstar. Instead, PCS brings
several counterclaims against Brightstar. PCS says Brightstar fraudulently inflated
invoices issued to PCS causing PCS to overpay millions of dollars to Brightstar.”°
PCS further claims that Brightstar has improperly used PCS’s confidential
information—specifically, PCS’s product grading system and other commercially
valuable information.”!
B. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND OF THE ACTION.
This action is not the first attempt at resolving Brighstar and PCS’s payment
dispute. Brightstar first filed an action in the District Court of Delaware against PCS
Is Compl. 9§ 34, 41.
19 Id, at 40.
- Countercls. §§ 70, 73-74.
7 Id. 9] 94-99.
and Nash on July 6, 2018.7” Brightstar voluntarily dismissed the action for failure
to establish diversity because Nash—the beneficial owner of PCS—was a resident
of Florida and Brightstar has its principal place of business in Florida.”? Following
dismissal in the federal court, Brightstar and PCS attempted two unsuccessful
mediations on October 9 and 22, 2018. Then this action ensued.”*
Now before the Court are the parties’ cross-motions to dismiss.
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review on a motion to dismiss is derived from Superior Court
Civil Rule 12(b)(6), which provides that a respondent may bring a motion to dismiss
if the claimant fails “to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”* In
considering a motion to dismiss, the Court must:
(1) accept all well pleaded factual allegations as true,
(2) accept even vague allegations as “well pleaded” if they
give the opposing party notice of the claim,
(3) draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-
moving party, and
22 Compl. { 10.
23 Id. 4§ 12-14; Countercls. §§ 12-14.
24 Compl. § 15; Countercls. 4 15.
2 Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(b)(6).
(4) [not dismiss the claims] unless the [claimant] would not
be entitled to recover under any reasonably conceivable
set of circumstances.”°
However, the Court “is not required to accept every strained interpretation of
the allegations proposed by the [claimant].””’ The Court should “ignore conclusory
allegations that lack specific supporting factual allegations.”*® The Court also may
not consider extrinsic materials on a motion to dismiss except “where an extrinsic
document is integral to a plaintiff's claim and is incorporated into the complaint by
reference[.]””?
Dismissal is warranted when a party either fails to plead facts supporting an
element of its claim (or counterclaim), or where under no reasonable interpretation
of the facts alleged could its complaint (or answer) be read to state a claim (or
7 Central Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 535
(Del. 2011).
a Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1083 (Del. 2001).
7 Anderson v. Tingle, 2011 WL 3654531, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 15, 2011) (quoting
Ramunno v. Cawley, 705 A.2d 1029, 1034 (Del. 1998)).
= Furman v. Delaware Dep’t of Transp., 30 A.3d 771, 774 (Del. 2011). See also Winshall
v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 76 A.3d 808, 818 (Del. 2013), as corrected (Oct. 8, 2013); Price v. Koski
Trucking, Inc., 2012 WL 3549729, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. July 27, 2012); Capano v. Lockwood,
2015 WL 5178388, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 21, 2015). The Court notices that Brightstar does
not attach a copy of the Buy/Sell Agreement to its Complaint. The Court relies on the copy
provided by PCS as attached to PCS’s Counterclaims, thus, extrinsic to Brightstar’s allegations.
Because the Buy/Sell Agreement is integral to Brightstar’s claims asserted here and 1s incorporated
in its Complaint by reference, the Court finds it appropriate to consider the Buy/Sell Agreement
provided by PCS that is “extrinsic” to Brightstar’s Complaint.
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counterclaim) for which relief might be granted.*° If the Court engages these well-
accepted standards and finds the claimant (or counter-claimant) may recover, the
Court must deny the motion to dismiss.°!
Hil. DISCUSSION
A. PCS’s MOTION TO DISMISS COUNT IT (MISAPPROPRIATION OF TRADE
SECRETS) OF BRIGHTSTAR’S COMPLAINT.
In Count II, Brightstar asserts a claim for misappropriation of a trade secret
t.** According to Brightstar, the trade
under the Delaware Uniform Trade Secrets Ac
secret in question is “confidential information” as defined in the Buy/Sell
Agreement, including, without limitation, “information regarding the price
Brightstar would pay for products.”*? Brightstar claims that “PCS misappropriated
Birghtstar’s pricing information and used it to solicit business from Brightstar’s
suppliers.”4
To survive a motion to dismiss a DUTSA claim under Rule 12(b)(6), the
complaint must plead four elements:
(i) A trade secret exists;
30 Otto’s Candies, LLC v. KPMG, LLP, 2018 WL 1960344, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 25,
2018).
2 Spence v. Funk, 396 A.2d 967, 968 (Del. 1978).
7 DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 6, c. 20 (2016).
28 Compl. ¥ 44.
34 Id. 935.
(ii) The plaintiff communicated the trade secret to the
defendant;
(iii) The communication was made pursuant to an
express or implied understanding that the defendant
would maintain the secrecy of the information; and
(iv) The trade secret has been misappropriated within
the meaning of that term as defined in the
DUTSA.*
PCS moves for dismissal of Count II, contending that Brightstar failed to
successfully allege two of the elements required to state a DUTSA claim: (1) the
existence of a Brightstar trade secret*© and (2) alleged misappropriation by PCS.°”
To survive dismissal under Delaware’s notice pleading standard,°® “a plaintiff
need not plead evidence,” but at a minimum, must “allege facts that if true, state a
claim upon which relief can be granted.”*? “An allegation, though vague or lacking
in detail, is nevertheless ‘well-pleaded’ if it puts the opposing party on notice of the
claim being brought against it.”*°
7 Alarm.com Holdings, Inc. v. ABS Capital Partners Inc., 2018 WL 3006118, at *7 (Del. Ch.
June 15, 2018) (citing Wayman Fire Protection, Inc. v. Premium Fire & Security, LLC, 2014 WL
897223, at *13 (Del. Ch. Mar. 5, 2014)).
36 Def./Countercl. Pl.’s Opening Br. in Supp. of its Mot. to Dismiss Count II of the Compl.
at 5—10 (Nov. 26. 2018) (D.I. 15) [hereinafter, “PCS’s Br.”].
a Id. at 10-13.
38 Doe v. Cahill, 884 A.2d 451, 458 (Del. 2005) (“Delaware is a notice pleading
jurisdiction.”).
22 VLIW Technology, LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 611 (Del. 2003).
a Id. at 610-11.
1. Brightstar Sufficiently Alleges the Existence of a Trade Secret.
To make out a DUTSA misappropriation of trade secrets claim, the claimant
first must show the subject information qualifies as a “trade secret.” DUTSA defines
“trade secret” as “information” that:
a. derives independent economic value, actual or
potential, from not being generally known to, and not
being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other
persons who can obtain economic value from its
disclosure or use; and
b. is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the
circumstances to maintain its secrecy.*!
Thus, to be considered a trade secret, information must: (1) not be generally known
or readily ascertainable; (2) derive independent economic value from not being
generally known or readily ascertainable; and (3) be subject to reasonable efforts to
maintain its secrecy.”
PCS argues that Brightstar fails to adequately allege the existence of a trade
secret because: (1) the prices Brightstar would pay for products cannot be
Brightstar’s trade secrets since Brightstar itself derived no independent economic
_ DEL. ANN. CODE tit. 6, § 2001(4).
7 See Beard Research, Inc. v. Kates, 8 A.3d 573, 589 (Del. Ch. 2010), aff'd sub nom. ASDI
Inc. v. Beard Research, Inc., 11 A.3d 749 (Del. 2010); Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 2001 WL 541484,
at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 24, 2001) (quoting Wilmington Trust Co. v. Consistent Asset
Managment Co., 1987 WL 8459, at *3 (Del. Ch. Mar. 25, 1987)), aff'd, 812 A.2d 894 (Del. 2002)
(noting that a trade secret exists when “the statutory elements—commercial utility arising from
secrecy and reasonable steps to maintain secrecy [have] been shown.”).
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value from its secrecy;** (2) Brightstar fails to allege that the prices paid to its
suppliers were actually kept secret by its suppliers;** and (3) Brightstar’s Complaint
contains insufficient details of what pricing information it considers to be a trade
secret.*° While Brightstar responds that it has alleged sufficient facts under the
notice pleading standard to demonstrate that its pricing information can be
considered a trade secret.“
Brightstar’s Complaint sufficiently alleges the three elements required to
establish the existence of a trade secret under the liberal notice pleading standards
governing this motion.*’
a. Brightstar Sufficiently Alleges its Pricing Information is Not
Generally Known or Ascertainable Through Other Means.
To be considered a trade secret, information must not be “known to, and not
be[] readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain
economic value from its disclosure or use.”*® Brightstar says it “maintains its pricing
2 PCS’s Br. at 6-7.
a Id. at 9-10.
45 Id.
as Pl./Countercl. Def.’s Answering Br. in Opp’n to Def./Countercl. Pl.’s Mot. to Dismiss
Count II of the Compl. at 10-14 (Jan. 2, 2019) (D.I. 24) [hereinafter, “Brightstar’s Opp’n.”].
7 See Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 897 (Del. 2002).
7 DEL. ANN. CODE tit. 6, § 2001(4).
-ll-
information as confidential, stored it in a password protected system, and limited its
disclosure only to those with a need to know who are subject to confidentiality
agreements.”“? Also, Brightstar points out, the pricing information is “not generally
known, not available on the Internet, and not otherwise available to the public.”*°
On this motion to dismiss, the Court must accept Brightstar’s allegations as
! and draw reasonable inferences in its favor.°? Brightstar’s allegations
true, >
demonstrate that the pricing information is securely stored, disclosed on a need-to-
know basis and revealed only to those who are subject to certain confidentiality
arrangements. These assertions alone illustrate that the pricing information is not
generally known or readily ascertainable by the public at large.
PCS contends that the pricing information is not secret because Brightstar
gives it to suppliers in the course of business negotiations and fails here to
demonstrate any control over those supplier’s ability to publicize it.’ That’s it;
that’s really the sum of PCS’s no-secret argument. And it falls short here.
7 Compl. ¥ 46.
0 Id.
2 Central Mortg., 27 A.3d at 535.
52 Td.
a8 PCS’s Br. at 7-9; Def./Countercl. Pl.’s Reply Br. in Supp. of Its Mot. to Dismiss Count II
of the Compl. at 4 (Feb. 1, 2019) (D.I. 29) (“Brightstar has not alleged that it enforces or can
prevent other parties—including its suppliers—from disclosing the prices it has paid for
products[.]”).
ip
According to its Complaint, Brightstar’s pricing information is disclosed only
to third parties “with a need to know” it and “who are subject to confidentiality
”54 With this insistence of such an agreement as a precursor to
agreements.
disclosure, the Court finds it reasonable to infer that Brightstar’s suppliers are
subject to confidentiality obligations with respect to the pricing information in
question and are otherwise not free to publicize it in a manner that would make it
generally known or ascertainable by others.
b. Brightstar Sufficiently Alleges its Pricing Information has
Independent Economic Value.
Now “[{n]ot all confidential information is a trade secret.”°? To be considered
a trade secret, information must “[d]erive[] independent economic value” from its
secrecy.>° In the context of sophisticated commercial transactions, a fact-intensive
analysis of the economic activities at play may be required to determine both whether
“4 Compl. 4 46.
> EDIX Media Group, Inc. v. Mahani, 2006 WL 3742595, at *5 (Del. Ch. Dec. 12, 2006).
7 DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 6, § 2001(4) (2016). See also Beard Research, 8 A.3d at 589; Atlantic
Medical Specialists, LLC v. Gastroenterology Assocs., P.A., 2017 WL 1842899, at *9 (Del. Super.
Ct. Apr. 20, 2017) (“We can think of this requirement as one that the ‘secret’... have independent
economic value because it is a secret.”) (emphasis in original).
a.
protection is warranted?’ and the beneficiary of such protection.°® The independent
economic value requirement highlights DUTSA’s purpose—mainly, to protect the
“investment” behind “new marketing plans, chemical formulas, client lists, and other
materials developed by a business only after the extension of considerable effort.”
This Court has stressed the importance of protecting secrets that are the product of
considerable effort.”
Brightstar claims trade secret protection for “certain confidential information,
as that term is defined in the [Buy/Sell] Agreement, including, without limitation,
information regarding the price Brightstar would pay for products.”°! The Buy/Sell
Agreement defines “Confidential information” as follows:
[A]ny proprietary, financial or other non-public information
disclosed or made available by the other Party or its Affiliates
in connection with this [Buy/Sell] Agreement, including any
7 See, e.g., Savor, 2001 WL 541484, at *3 (holding that while a “rebate program” is not a
novel idea and “[the program] is not in and of itself a ‘trade secret’[,]” “[t]he process by which the
rebate program might be implemented . . . may qualify for trade secret protection.”).
se See, e.g., Atlantic Medical Specialists, 2017 WL 1842899, at *11 (“The insurance company
may have a protectable trade secret interest in the reimbursement rates it pays physicians, but it
does not follow that the physician likewise has one.”).
7 Id, at *9-10.
60 See id. See also EDIX Media Group, 2006 WL 3742595, at *6 (“In determining whether a
customer list qualifies as a trade secret, this Court places great weight upon whether competitors
could assemble a similar list through information in the public domain without a similar
expenditure of time and money. Where such assembly would be difficult or impossible, trade
secret protection may be appropriate, but where customers in a particular industry can be easily
identified, their identity is less likely to be a trade secret[.]’’).
7 Compl. ¥ 44.
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financial information, pricing information, marketing plans,
business plans and customer lists of such other Party hereto.
For clarity, the contact and other information regarding any
Supplier or its Affiliates provided by Brightstar to PCS shall
be Confidential Information of Brightstar hereunder.”
PCS contends that “pricing information” is vaguely plead and refers solely to “the
price Brightstar would pay for products.”®? According to PCS, the price Brightstar
pays to its suppliers derives economic value to the suppliers, not Brightstar.°* But
“Brightstar does not allege that the general idea of having pricing information is a
trade secret. Rather, [ ] [Brightstar contends its] overall pricing information and
strategy — established over years in the market as one of the global leaders — is the
trade secret.”
This is a motion to dismiss and so the Court must draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of Brightstar as the non-moving party.® Under that standard the
“pricing information” as plead in Brightstar’s Complaint represents more than just
the price Brightstar paid suppliers for its products; it includes the strategy behind
Brightstar’s pricing scheme. Seeing as though Brightstar and PCS are both in the
7 Buy/Sell Agreement §IX.
7 PCS’s Br. at 6-7.
64 Id.
65
Brightstar’s Opp’n at 14.
7 Central Mortg., 27 A.3d at 535.
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business of buying and selling new and used electronic devices,°’ Brightstar’s
pricing information and the underlying strategy could very well encompass some of
“the competitive advantage that [Brightstar] ha[s] in the marketplace.’ Brightstar
alleges that “[i]f a competitor obtained Brightstar’s pricing information, it could use
that information to undercut Brightstar in negotiating agreements with existing and
new suppliers, thereby avoiding the need to invest significant time and resources
into gathering pricing data for the industry or establishing a relationship with the
suppliers.”©? This concern embodies the type of “investment in the business, the
ideas, the effort and time spent by the business in developing it”’? that DUTSA was
designed to protect. So Brightstar sufficiently alleged its pricing information has
independent economic value by being kept secret.
c. Brightstar Sufficiently Alleges it Undertook Reasonable Efforts to
Maintain the Secrecy of the Pricing Information.
To qualify as a trade secret, the holder of protected information must
undertake efforts “reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.””!
87 Compl. {ff 16, 17.
68 Transcript of Oral Argument at 15, Brightstar Corp. v. PCS Wireless, LLC, N18C-10-250
PRW CCLD (Jun. 25, 2019) (D.1. 48).
°° Compl. § 48.
70 Atlantic Medical Specialists, 2017 WL 1842899, at *9-10.
2 DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 6, § 2001(4).
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The reasonable efforts requirement “is not a high bar.”” “Bare legally conclusive
assertions are inadequate; confidentiality provisions or policies intended to prevent
unauthorized disclosure are sufficient.””
As mentioned before, Brightstar’s Complaint alleges that it “maintained its
pricing information as confidential, stored it in a password protected system, and
limited its disclosure only to those with a need to know who are subject to
confidentiality.””* Accepting these allegations as true,” Brightstar’s use of secured
storage methods and insistence on disclosing the pricing information only to those
2 GWO Litigation Trust v. Sprint Solutions, Inc., 2018 WL 5309477, at *10 (Del. Super. Ct.
Oct. 25, 2018).
2 Id. Accord MHS Capital LLC v. Goggin, 2018 WL 2149718, at *14 (Del. Ch. May 10,
2018) (holding that the allegations are insufficient where the plaintiff simply alleged “[plaintiff]
made efforts to maintain the secrecy of the [i]nformation, and these efforts were reasonable under
the circumstances.”); Wayman Fire Protection, 2014 WL 897223, at *15 (observing that “[i]n
prior trade secrets cases . . . This Court [ ] has found that reasonable efforts were taken to preserve
confidentiality when a company had implemented specific policies to prevent disclosure of
information to outsiders or the company was in an industry where custom dictated that certain
information be kept confidential.”).
m4 Compl. { 46. The parties also entered into the NDA a few months prior to executing the
Buy/Sell Agreement. See Countercls. § 1; NDA. Curiously, Brightstar’s allegation makes no
mention of the NDA. The NDA is only referenced in, and annexed to, PCS’s Counterclaims.
Thus, for purposes of PCS’s motion to dismiss, the Court must only consider Brightstar’s
allegations and the extrinsic documents integral to and incorporated in its complaint. Given that
no reference is made to the NDA by Brightstar in its Complaint, the Court does not consider the
NDA as Brightstar’s “reasonable effort” undertaken to ensure the pricing information remains
confidential.
7 Central Mortg., 27 A.3d at 535.
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who agree to be bound by a confidentiality agreement demonstrates that Brightstar
undertook sufficiently reasonable measures to keep the information secret.
2. Brightstar Fails to Plead Facts in Support of
Misappropriation by PCS.
Having found that Brightstar has sufficiently alleged the existence of a trade
secret, the Court must now consider whether Birghtstar adequately plead facts
demonstrating that PCS engaged in any misappropriation of Brightstar’s pricing
information.
To make out a DUTSA trade secret misappropriation claim, the claimant also
must plead facts sufficient to demonstrate “misappropriation” by the defendant.
Under DUTSA, “misappropriation” is defined, in relevant part, as:
a. Acquisition of a trade secret of another by a person
who knows or has reason to know that the secret was
acquired by improper means; or
b. Disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without
express or implied consent by a person who:
1. Used improper means to acquire knowledge of
the trade secret; or
2. At the time of disclosure or use, knew or had
reason to know that his or her knowledge of the
trade was:
A. Derived from or through a person who had
utilized improper means to acquire it;
B. Acquired under circumstances giving rise
to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its
use; or
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C. Derived from or through a person who
owed a duty to the person seeking relief to
maintain its secrecy or limit its use . . .”°
On a motion to dismiss, the Court accepts as true all well-pleaded
allegations,”’ and draws all factual inferences in favor of the non-moving party.”
But, the Court need not accept “conclusory allegations that lack specific supporting
factual allegations.”’”? A complaint relying exclusively on “threadbare recitals of the
elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, [will] not
suffice.”*°
Brightstar’s Complaint asserts only that “PCS misappropriated Brightstar’s
pricing information and used it to solicit business from Brightstar’s suppliers.”®! It
is otherwise devoid of any specific details suggesting how PCS impermissibly used
the pricing information. Without any supporting factual allegation whatsoever,
ao Savor, 2001 WL 541484, at *2—3 (citing DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 6, § 2001(2)).
M Central Mortg., 27 A.3d at 535.
? Id. at 356; Ramunno, 705 A.2d at 1036 (the court must “draw every reasonable factual
inference in favor of the complainant.”) See, e.g., Washington v. William H. Porter, Inc., 2017
WL 3098210, at *5 (Del. Super. Ct. July 20, 2017); Doe v. Cedars Academy, LLC, 2010 WL
5825343, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Oct. 27, 2010); Wilmington Sav. Fund Soc’y, FSB v. Anderson, et
al., 2009 WL 597268, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 9, 2009) (citing Doe v. Cahill, 884 A.2d at 458)).
79 Anderson v. Tingle, 2011 WL 3654531, at *2 (quoting Ramunno, 705 A.2d at 1034).
80 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
2 Compl. § 35.
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Brightstar’s suggestions of misappropriation are precisely the type of legal
conclusions and threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action that fail to
put the opposing party on notice of the claim being brought against it.
PCS’s motion to dismiss Brightstar’s Count II—misappropriation of trade
secrets—is GRANTED.
B. BRIGHTSTAR’S MOTION TO DISMISS COUNTERCLAIMS I (FRAUD) AND ITI
(BREACH OF THE IMPLIED COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR
DEALING).
1. Counterclaim I—Fraud.
In Counterclaim I, PCS alleges fraud; PCS contends that Brightstar “made
false and fraudulent representations to PCS on all or nearly all of the invoices that
Brightstar submitted to PCS under . . . [the Buy/Sell Agreement] by repeatedly
82 Brightstar argues three
inflating its ‘Acquisition Cost’ for devices sold to PCS.
grounds for dismissal of PCS’s first counterclaim: (i) failure to satisfy the
heightened pleading standard under the Superior Court Civil Rule 9(b);® (ii)
a2 Countercls. {| 69-76.
83 Pl./Countercl. Def.’s Opening Br. in Supp. of its Mot to Dismiss Counts I and III of
Def./Countercl. Pl.’s Countercls. at 1-2, 9-13 (Dec. 17, 2018) (D.I. 19) [hereinafter, “Brightstar’s
Br.”].
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* and (iii) preclusion by
preemption by the already-asserted contract claims; ®
Delaware’s economic loss doctrine.®
To state a claim for fraud, one must allege: (1) a false representation, usually
one of fact; (2) the defrauder’s knowledge or belief that the representation was false,
or was made with reckless indifference to the truth; (3) an intent to induce the
claimant to act or to refrain from acting; (4) the claimant’s action or inaction taken
in justifiable reliance upon the representation; and (5) damage to the claimant as a
result of such reliance.*° A claim for fraud is subject to “a heightened particularity
standard” under Superior Court Civil Rule 9(b).®’ “The factual circumstances that
must be stated with particularity refer to the time, place, and contents of the factual
representations; the facts misrepresented; the identity of the person(s) making the
misrepresentations; and what that person(s) gained from making the
misrepresentation.”8® When the necessary facts are typically within the opposing
8 Id, at 2, 13-15.
8° Id, at 2, 15-17.
7 Hauspie v. Stonington Partners, Inc., 945 A.2d 584, 586 (Del. 2008) (citing Gaffin v.
Teledyne, Inc., 611 A.2d 467, 472 (Del. 1992)).
2 Khushaim v. Tullow Inc., 2016 WL 3594752, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. June 27, 2016) (citing
Super. Ct. Civ. R. 9(b)).
= Avve, Inc. v. Upstack Technologies, Inc., 2019 WL 1643752, at *5 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr.
12, 2019) (quoting Trenwick American Litigation Trust v. Ernst & Young, L.L.P.,906 A.2d 168,
207-08 (Del. Ch. 2006), aff'd sub nom. Trenwick American Litigation Trust v. Billett, 2007 WL
2317768 (Del. Aug. 14, 2007)).
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party’s control, less particularity is required and the claim can prevail so long as the
claimant describes the circumstances of fraud with “detail sufficient to apprise the
defendant of the basis for the claim.”®”
PCS contends Brightstar “made false and fraudulent representations to PCS”
in the form of emails and on at least 17 invoices purporting to state the “Acquisition
Cost” of at least one type of mobile device—the iPhone 6S Plus 64 GB.”
Specifically, PCS alleges Brightstar’s employees “and a rotating cast of executives”
falsely inflated the price Brightstar paid suppliers and concealed discounts it
received from suppliers for devices.” “PCS alleges that these misrepresentations
were made throughout a three-month period immediately following execution of the
first agreement (November 2016 through January 2017) and a roughly six-month
period immediately following execution of the second agreement (June 2017
through December 2017).”” According to PCS, these price alterations created an
7 CSH Theatres LLC v. Nederlander of San Francisco Associates, 2015 WL 1839684, at *22
(Del. Ch. Apr. 21, 2015) (quoting Abry Partners V, L.P. v. F&W Acquisition LLC, 891 A.2d 1032,
1050 (Del. Ch.2006)).
70 “Acquisition Cost” is defined in the Buy/Sell Agreement.
71 Countercls. [J 47-50, 70. PCS contends Brightstar had also been overcharging them for
other I Phone models. It is PCS’s belief that “discovery will demonstrate that Brightstar had been
systematically overcharging PCS with respect to devices from multiple vendors.” Jd. at ¥ 55.
2 Id. at $99, 56.
as Def./Countercl. PI.’s Answering Br. in Opp’n to Pl./Countercl. Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss
Counts J and II of the Countercls. at 13 (Jan. 17, 2019) (D.I. 25) [hereinafter, “PCS’s Opp’n’].
DoE
artificially high up-front profit margin on devices sold to PCS and ensured PCS did
not meet the target required for Brightstar to split the excess revenue with PCS upon
resale.*4 Even if PCS did conceivably plead with sufficient particularity the who,
what, where, when, and how of the fraud,”° the underlying conduct is not separate
and distinct from that constituting the alleged breach of contract such that the fraud
claim can survive this motion to dismiss.
Delaware Superior Court Civil Rule 8(e)(2) allows a party to “set forth two or
more statements of a claim or defense alternately or hypothetically, either in one
count or defense or in separate counts or defenses.” 7° No doubt “[a] fraud claim can
be based on representations found in a contract.”?? But “where an action is based
entirely on a breach of the terms of a contract between the parties, and not on a
"4 Countercls. § 50 (“On information and belief, Brightstar made the misrepresentations to
guarantee itself an artificially high up-front profit margin on all devices sold to PCS, and to ensure
that PCS would be burdened with low profit margins for which it could only claim credits against
future revenue-sharing payments — which only would occur if PCS resold the devices at more than
twice Brightstar’s artificially high margin.”).
7 This Court’s recent decision in Avve, Inc. v. Upstack Technologies, Inc. exposes at least
one possible deficiency in PCS’s fraud claim; that being, PCS’s description of when the alleged
fraudulent communications occurred. See Avve, Inc., 2019 WL 1643752, at *7 (finding the timing
description to be “imprecise” when plaintiff contended that defendant made false statements
during the course of pre-contract email communications and meetings occurring over a six-month
period).
76 Ashland LLC v. Samuel J. Heyman 1981 Continuing Trust For Heyman, 2018 WL
3084975, at *14 (Del. Super Ct. June 21, 2018) (internal quotations omitted).
7 Id. (quoting [TW Global Investments Inc. v. American Industrial Partners Capital Fund
IV, L.P., 2015 WL 3970908, at *6 (Del Super. Ct. June 24, 2015) (citing Ameristar Casinos, Inc.
v. Resorts Int'l Holdings, LLC, 2010 WL 1875631, at *11 (Del. Ch. May 11, 2010)).
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violation of an independent duty imposed by law, [one] must sue in contract and not
in tort.””8 A fraud claim brought contemporaneously with a breach-of-contract claim
might survive “so long as the claim is based on conduct that is separate and distinct
from the conduct constituting breach.””? Courts often focus on when the fraudulent
conduct is alleged to have occurred.!”° And “[a]llegations related to the inducement
to contract have been recognized as ‘separate and distinct’ conduct, while those
focused on inducement of continued performance are generally impermissible.” '®!
Although PCS posits its fraud claim details “an elaborate series of
misrepresentations about Brightstar’s intentions when it approached PCS about a
potential merger[,]” '° the crux of PCS’s fraud claim relates to Brightstar’s
performance under the Buy/Sell Agreement. PCS points to the invoices Brightstar
submitted under both iterations of the Buy/Sell Agreement and contends “Brightstar
made those representations to PCS with the intention of inducing PCS to rely upon
ue Id.
99 Furnari v. Wallpang, Inc., 2014 WL 1678419, at *8 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 16, 2014)
(internal quotations omitted).
100 EZLinks Golf, Inc. v. PCMS Datafit, Inc., 2017 WL 1312209, at *5 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar.
13, 2017); Hiller & Arban, LLC v. Reserves Management, LLC, 2016 WL 3678544, at *4 (Del.
Super. Ct. July 1, 2016).
= Hiller & Arban, 2016 WL 3678544, at *4 (citing Cornell Glasgow, LLC v. La Grange
Properties, LLC, 2012 WL 2106945, at *8 (Del. Super. Ct. June 6, 2012)).
102 PCS’s Opp’n at 10.
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them as accurate and enter into transactions with Brightstar for which PCS would be
overcharged.”!®? At best, these allegedly fraudulent statements induced PCS to
continue performing under the Buy/Sell Agreement. This is problematic since the
alleged fraud encompasses the exact same conduct as that constituting the purported
contract breach.
Brightstar’s motion to dismiss Counterclaim J alleging fraud is GRANTED;
PCS fails to plead a fraud counterclaim meeting Rule 9(b)’s particularity standard
that is based on conduct separate and distinct from that constituting breach of
contract. And so, the Court need not address duplicative damages or the application
of the economic loss doctrine.
2. Counterclaim [I—Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith
and Fair Dealing.
PCS’s Counterclaim II alleges that Brightstar breached the implied covenant
of good faith and fair dealing by “arbitrarily and unreasonably” delaying resolution
of “all amounts due to Brightstar after termination” of the Buy/Sell Agreement and
thereby unduly extending the period during which PCS was contractually obligated
to abide by the restrictions imposed by the non-circumvention provision of the
= Countercls. { 71; see also id. § 72 (‘PCS would not have entered into transactions under
either the Agreement or the Amended Agreement if 1t had known that Brightstar was overstating
its costs, causing PCS to pay inflated amounts for Brightstar’s products, Brightstar’s built-in profit
margins on those products, and the interest accruing on the additional amounts PCS was forced to
borrow to finance its payments of overcharges.”).
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Buy/Sell Agreement.’ Brightstar argues that Counterclaim III should be dismissed
as duplicative of the express terms of the Buy/Sell Agreement—specifically, its
dispute resolution provision.!°
a. Legal Standard Required of an Implied Covenant Claim.
To state a claim for breach of an implied covenant, a claimant must allege:
(1) a specific implied contractual obligation; (2) a breach of that obligation; and (3)
6 In its Counterclaim, PCS identified two “implied” duties
resulting damage. !°
breached by Brightstar: “a contractual obligation not unreasonably to withhold
consent to a determination of all such amounts [owed] by PCS [post-termination],
or in the alternative, to undertake reasonably timely and diligent effort in providing
PCS with Brightstar’s determination of all such amounts.”!%”
Under Delaware law, the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
attaches to every contract and “requires ‘a party in a contractual relationship to
refrain from arbitrary or unreasonable conduct which has the effect of preventing the
104 Countercls. J{ 88-91.
105 Brightstar’s Br. {J 17-19.
106 Khushaim, 2016 WL 3594752 at *3 (citing Kuroda v. SPJS Holdings, L.L.C.,971 A.2d
872, 888 (Del. Ch. 2009)).
107 Countercls. § 89.
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other party to the contract from receiving the fruits’ of the bargain.”!°8 But the
express terms of a contract must always control.!? So an implied covenant can’t be
used to re-write the agreement,'!° “to circumvent the parties’ bargain, or to create a
free-floating duty unattached to the underlying legal document.”'!! Implying a
covenant not contracted for by the parties is a “cautious enterprise” that “should be
[a] rare and fact-intensive” exercise, governed solely by “issues of compelling
fairness.”''* The Court will resort to implying a covenant only when “the contract
is truly silent with respect to the matter at hand, and... when... the expectations
of the parties were so fundamental that it is clear that they did not feel a need to
9113
negotiate about them. Where the questioned contract expressly addresses a
we Dunlap v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 878 A.2d 434, 441-42 (Del. 2005) (quotion Wilgus
v. Salt Pond Inv. Co., 498 A.2d 151, 159 (Del. Ch. 1985)).
109 Td. at 441; see also Kuroda, 971 A.2d at 888 (holding that in any event, an implied covenant
claim cannot be “invoked to override the express terms of [a] contract.”).
i Nationwide Emerging Managers, LLC v. NorthPointe Hldgs., LLC, 112 A.3d 878, 897
(Del. 2015).
MI Dunlap, 878 A.2d at 441-42.
112 Id. at 442 (citing E.L DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Pressman, 679 A.2d 436, 443 (Del.
1996)); Cincinnati SMSA Ltd. Pshp. v. Cincinnati Bell Cellular Sys. Co., 708 A.2d 989, 992 (Del.
1998) (“Delaware Supreme Court jurisprudence is developing along the general approach that
implying obligations based on the covenant . . . is a cautious enterprise.”).
= Allied Capital Corp. v. GC-Sun Holdings, L.P., 910 A.2d 1020, 1032-33 (Del. Ch. 2006);
Winshall, 76 A.3d at 816 (noting that when a sophisticated party “could have easily drafted the
contract to expressly” provide a specific contractual right, the failure to do so cannot be remedied
by relying on an implied covenant claim).
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particular matter, “an implied covenant claim respecting that matter is duplicative
and not viable.”!!4
b. The Buy/Sell Agreement is Silent on the Issue of Determining the
Total Amount Owed by PCS to Brightstar Post Termination.
The Court may contemplate implying a covenant only if the contract is truly
> Thus, the Court must first consider whether
silent on the contested issue. !'
Brightstar’s alleged “arbitrary and unreasonable” delay in cooperating with PCS on
the payment dispute is provided for by the express terms of the Buy/Sell Agreement.
PCS’s claim rests on the notion that the non-circumvention provision, which
limits PCS’s ability to purchase mobile devices from certain suppliers!!° “until the
later of sixty (60) days after the date of the termination notice or the date that all
amounts due to Brightstar after termination of this [Buy/Sell] Agreement shall have
been Paid{,|’''’ is silent as to how the amounts owed to Brightstar are to be
M4 Edinburgh Holdings, Inc. v. Education Affiliates, Inc., 2018 WL 2727542, at *9 (Del. Ch.
June 6, 2018).
MS Allied Capital, 910 A.2d at 1032-33.
116 These suppliers include SoftBank, Apple Inc., or any entities bearing their trade names, but
excluding Sprint Corporation and its affiliates. See Buy/Sell Agreement § IV.H, amended by
§ 3(i) of the Amended Agreement.
= Buy/Sell Agreement § IV.H, amended by § 3(i) of the Amended Agreement (emphasis
added). The restriction imposed in Section IV.H of the Buy/Sell Agreement provided for a duration
lasting for “the Term and for sixty (60) days thereafter or until such earlier date as all amounts
due to Brightstar after termination of this Agreement shall have been paid[.]”
-2.8-
determined.''® Therefore, PCS urges the Court to impute upon Brightstar an implied
“contractual obligation” to not “unreasonably withhold consent to a determination,”
or alternatively, to undertake efforts in providing PCS with Brightstar’s
determination of all such amounts.'!?
Brightstar contends that the now-contested post-termination payment issue is
expressly covered by the dispute resolution provision.!° The dispute resolution
provision states that each party may resort to mediation and/or court proceedings in
accordance with the timeline and procedures set forth therein.'?! Brightstar posits
that because the dispute resolution clause is available to PCS to resolve the payment
dispute, the Buy/Sell Agreement is not silent on the contested issue.!??_ According
to Brightstar, PCS’s failure to use the processes outlined in the dispute resolution
provision does not justify inviting the Court to impute an implied contractual
obligation upon Brightstar.!”°
118 Counterels. § 89.
191d 489.
120 Brightstar’s Br. at 18-19.
121 Id. at 19-20; Buy/Sell Agreement § XI(K) (provides procedures and respective timeline
for Mediation and court proceedings).
122 Pl./Countercl. Def.’s Reply in Further Supp. of Its Mot. to Dismiss Counts I and III of
Def./Countercl. Pl.’s Countercls. at 19-20 (Jan. 31, 2019) (D.I. 27) [hereinafter, “Brightstar’s
Reply.”].
123° Id. at ¥§ 19-20.
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But the dispute resolution clause Brightstar cites is a generally applicable
provision governing “any claim or controversy arising out of” the Buy/Sell
Agreement.'** It is not exclusively pertinent to the resolution of payment disputes;
nor does it expressly address the standard of conduct required of the parties in
determining post-termination amounts due under the Buy/Sell Agreement.
The non-duplication principle states that where a contract expressly addresses
a particular matter, “an implied covenant claim respecting that matter is duplicative
and not viable.”!?° The Court does not interpret the law as requiring dismissal of
PCS’s implied covenant claim simply because the Buy/Sell Agreement provided for
a method of resolving grievances generally.
c. The Implied Covenant Claim Withstands Dismissal.
Having found that the Buy/Sell Agreement is silent on how the parties should
go about determining any post-termination payments, the Court must now address
whether PCS’s Counterclaim sufficiently pleads an implied covenant claim. The
covenant of good faith and fair dealing “embodies the law’s expectation that ‘each
party to a contract will act with good faith toward the other with respect to the subject
matter of the contract.’”'7° The good faith and fair dealing covenant protects the
124 Buy/Sell Agreement § XI(K).
125 Edinburgh Holdings, 2018 WL 2727542, at *9.
126 Allied Capital, 910 A.2d at 1032.
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spirit of an agreement against underhanded tactics that deny a party the fruits of its
bargain.'*” But the implied covenant grants no substantive right that a claimant
failed to extract during negotiation. !”°
To sustain a claim for the implied covenant, the claimant must show that
(i) the parties’ expectations are so fundamental that they “d[o] not feel a need to
negotiate about them”!”?; and (ii) the factual allegations underlying the implied
covenant claim differ from those supporting an accompanying breach-of-contract
claim.'°° Here, the Court finds that PCS’s implied covenant claim meets both these
critera.
The implied covenant PCS suggests is that under the non-circumvention
clause, Brightstar had an implied obligation to collaborate with PCS to determine
the total amounts owed by PCS to Brightstar after the Buy/Sell Agreement was
terminated. Under the non-circumvention clause, PCS was prohibited from
purchasing mobile devices from several major suppliers, such as SoftBank and
= Marshall v. Priceline.com Inc., 2006 WL 3175318, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct. Oct. 31, 2006)
(citing Kelly v. McKesson HBOC, Inc., 2002 WL 88939, at *10 (Del. Super. Ct. Jan. 17, 2002)).
128 Allied Capital, 910 A.2d at 1032—33 (quoting Katz v. Oak Industries, Inc., 508 A.2d 873,
880 (Del. Ch. 1986)).
129 Td.
130 Central Mortg., 27 A.3d at 539.
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Apple, Inc., and their affiliates until all payments were made to Brightstar.'*! Thus,
PCS claims that the collaboration obligation is implied because without
collaboratively determining and making the full payments to Brightstar, PCS could
be indefinitely subject to the purchasing restriction. !?
While payment of “all amounts due to Brightstar after termination” is the
benchmark to relieve PCS from the purchasing restriction, the non-circumvention
clause does not provide how such amounts should be determined. Considering that
both parties had a vested interest in determining the total amount owed post-
termination, one would naturally infer that each party expected the other to “act
” 133 work collaboratively, and, without undue delay, come to a
reasonably,
satisfactory amount. The expectation to act reasonably and collaboratively should
be so fundamental to sophisticated parties entering into an agreement after arms-
length negotiations that it need not be memorialized in the terms of the agreement
itself,
Next, an implied covenant claim requires factual allegations that are different
from those underlying any accompanying breach-of-contract claims.!3* Otherwise,
i See Buy/Sell Agreement § IV.H, amended by § 3(i) of the Amended Agreement.
132 PCS’s Opp’n at 23.
133 Marshall, 2006 WL 3175318, at *4.
a Central Mortg., 27 A.3d at 539.
=p0-
the “implied covenant claim respecting that matter is duplicative and not viable.”!?°
PCS’s Counterclaims include two breach-of-contract counts. Under Counterclaim
II, the breach of contract is based on Brightstar allegedly inflating the acquisition
costs invoiced to PCS, and seeks damages of the overpayment PCS has made.!*° In
Counterclaim V, the breach of contract is predicated on Brightstar’s purported
violation of the NDA by misappropriating PCS’s confidential information acquired
during the parties’ negotiation and due diligence process.'3’ In contrast to these two
breach-of-contract counts, PCS’s implied covenant claim arises from Brightstar’s
failure to reasonably determine the total amounts PCS owed to Brightstar after the
termination of the Buy/Sell Agreement.'?* The factual allegations underlying these
two breach-of-contract claims are markedly different from those giving rise to the
implied covenant claim. Thus, the implied covenant claim is not impermissibly
duplicative of PCS’s breach-of-contract claims.
In turn, Brightstar’s motion to dismiss PCS’s Counterclaim III alleging a
breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is DENIED.
135 Edinburgh Holdings, 2018 WL 2727542, at *9.
a Countercls. {] 79-81.
137 Id. F§ 104-107.
38s Id. §§ 87-92.
-33-
IV. CONCLUSION
Brightstar’s suggestions of misappropriation—made without any supporting
factual allegations whatsoever—merely recite the elements of a misappropriation
cause of action. And so they fail to sufficiently put PCS on notice of the DUTSA
claim being brought against it. PCS’s motion to dismiss Brightstar’s Count []—
misappropriation of trade secrets—is GRANTED.
PCS fails to plead a fraud counterclaim meeting Rule 9(b)’s particularity
standard that is based on conduct separate and distinct from that constituting the
breaches of contract it elsewhere alleges. Brightstar’s motion to dismiss
Counterclaim I alleging fraud is GRANTED.
But PCS implied covenant claim is not impermissibly duplicative of its
breach-of-contract claims. In turn, Brightstar’s motion to dismiss PCS’s
Counterclaim III alleging a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
J be
Paul R. Wallace, Judge
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