State v. Taylor

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
STATE OF DELAWARE )
)
)
v. ) ID No. 1511017784A&B
)
)
BOBBY TAYLOR )
Submitted: August 11, 2023
Decided: August 16, 2023
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Upon Defendant Bobby Taylor’s Motion for Postconviction Relief,
DENIED.
Elizabeth R. McFarlan, Esquire and Andrew J. Vella, Esquire, Deputy Attorneys
General, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Wilmington, Delaware, for the State of
Delaware.
Christopher S. Koyste, Esquire, LAW OFFICE OF CHRISTOPHER S. KOYSTE, LLC,
Wilmington, Delaware, for Bobby Taylor.
WALLACE, J.
Bobby Taylor has filed a motion under Superior Court Criminal Rule
61 seeking postconviction relief. Taylor’s1 sole complaint is that his trial counsel
should have requested a Lolly/Deberry2 instruction because the police never
investigated nor generated a report explaining when and how Taylor’s victim’s cell
phone got from the victim’s car (where he was shot) to the nearby black top (where
first-responders tried to save him).
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. THE FATAL NOVEMBER 27, 2015 SHOOTING OF ALOYSIUS TAYLOR.
On the morning of November 27, 2015, Taylor shot and killed Aloysius.3
Taylor and Aloysius were both working at Shorty’s Car Wash that morning when
Taylor approached Aloysius (who was sitting in his own car), pulled out a gun, and
fatally shot him.4
Immediately thereafter, Taylor fled.5 He first went to his apartment and
disposed of his unused bullets.6 Thereafter, knowing he was wanted, Taylor
1
Movant Bobby Taylor is of no known familial relation to his victim Aloysius Taylor. To
avoid confusion, the Court will dispose of its customary use of honorifics and refer to Movant
Bobby Taylor as “Taylor” and victim Aloysius Taylor as “Aloysius.” Neither undue familiarity
nor disrespect is intended.
2
This shorthand for Delaware’s criminal missing-evidence instruction jurisprudence is derived
from the two state supreme court cases that are most-oft cited—Lolly v. State, 611 A.2d 956(Del. 1992) and Deberry v. State, 457 A.2d 744 (Del. 1983).
3
9/25/19 Trial Tr. at 120, 164-65, 179 (D.I. 71).
4
Id. at 88-90, 158-65, 179.
5
Id. at 115-17.
6
Id. at 117.
-2-
travelled between motels and friends’ homes to evade capture.7
Taylor outran police in Delaware for approximately four months before
deciding to leave the state and head South.8 Taylor fled to Chattanooga,
Tennessee, where he laid low for another year.9 With the assistance of the United
States Marshals Service, he was eventually arrested and brought back to
Delaware.10
During the entirety of his nearly year-and-a-half-long flight, Taylor made no
contact with the authorities or his car wash coworkers.11 And when he was finally
apprehended, he never uttered a word to police or anyone in law enforcement
about his shooting of Aloysius.12 Up until the defense opening statement of his
trial, his version of what happened at the car wash and why he shot Aloysius
remained a mystery to all but himself and his legal team.13 That all changed in
court.
B. THE TRIAL
During the opening of his first trial, his lawyer finally revealed Taylor’s
7
Id. at 178.
8
Id. at 178-80.
9
Id. at 180.
10
Id. at 68, 180.
11
See id. at 178-79.
12
See State v. Taylor, 2019 WL 4647669, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Sept. 23, 2019).
13
See id.-3-
justification claim. And Taylor eventually testified on his own behalf in support
thereof. It was then that he first admitted to shooting Aloysius, but insisted he did
so in self-defense.14 He said that as Aloysius sat in his car on the Shorty’s lot that
fatal morning, he (Aloysius) had a gun.15 According to Taylor’s telling, had he not
shot Aloysius first, Aloysius would have shot him.16
Taylor told the jury that two nights prior to the car wash slaying, he had
almost been shot himself while merely walking down the street.17 So on the
morning of November 27th, when Aloysius allegedly threatened—“We see that we
didn’t get your ass”—Taylor deduced Aloysius was part of the group that had shot
at him earlier and that Aloysius wanted to kill him.18
To hear Taylor tell it, Aloysius—in those few fateful moments of November
27th—was motioning towards the center console of his car and attempting to pull
out a black semiautomatic handgun.19 Taylor says that’s when he stepped back,
pulled the gun he had armed himself with earlier that morning, and shot Aloysius.20
During his trial testimony, Taylor was shown Aloysius’s cell phone and asked
14
9/25/19 Trial Tr. at 108-16.
15
Id.16
Id.17
Id.at 99-102, 108-16.
18
Id. at 108-16.
19
Id. at 111-12.
20
Id. at 105-06, 112.
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whether he believed the cell phone could have been what he claimed was the gun.21
No, Taylor said: “I believed that he had a semiautomatic.”22
No gun was ever found on or near Aloysius despite the fact others were
tending to him within moments of Taylor’s attack.23 As best can be derived from
the trial evidence, when Aloysius was removed from his car by those first-
responding, the contents of his clothes’ pockets and items in the driver’s area were
disturbed.24 Those objects later found nearby included a cigarette pack, a lighter,
and a cellphone.25 All were collected by the police.26
In addition to Taylor’s testimony, the jury heard from three witnesses who
were present at the scene of the shooting: Robert Coates, Shawn Stanford, and
Timothy Sawchuck. All were co-workers of Taylor’s and Aloysius’s.27
Robert Coates, Shorty’s manager, testified that Aloysius and he were
attempting to move an immobilized car; Mr. Coates was steering the disabled car
while Aloysius used his own Ford Taurus to push it.28 While Mr. Coates and
21
Id. at 114.
22
Id.
23
See id.; see 9/24/19 Trial Tr. at 112-14 (D.I. 80).
24
See 9/24/19 Trial Tr. at 61, 66, 112-14.
25
Id. at 50; see Am. Mot. for Postconviction Relief Appendix (“PCR Appendix”) at A23-A29
(D.I. 97 and D.I. 98) (pictures of Aloysius’s belongings).
26
See 9/24/19 Trial Tr. at 46.
27
Id. at 75-77, 99.
28
Id. at 102.
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Aloysius were attempting this, Taylor approached Aloysius (who was sitting in the
Taurus) and pointed a gun at him.29
Mr. Coates heard a sound and watched Taylor head away from Aloysius’s
car and into the car wash’s office.30 Mr. Coates went to the Taurus and saw that
Aloysius had been shot.31 When Mr. Coates was asked at trial, he answered “[n]o”
to whether he saw “anything around [Aloysius] that looked like a gun.”32
Mr. Coates also told the jury that he immediately ran to a nearby gas station and
flagged down a police officer for assistance.33
Shawn Stanford, another Shorty’s employee, recounted that he heard a “loud
boom,” turned around to see Taylor walking toward the car wash office, and then
went over to Aloysius who had been shot.34
Last, Timothy Sawchuck explained that he too heard a “pop” (which he first
thought was car back-fire) and then saw Taylor “fast walking toward” the office.35
The first non-Shorty’s employee on the scene was an Amtrak police officer,
Brian Niedelman, whom Mr. Coates had flagged down immediately after the
29
Id. at 102-05.
30
Id. at 105-09.
31
Id.
32
Id. at 111-12.
33
Id. at 109-10.
34
Id. at 159-62.
35
9/25/19 Trial Tr. at 9.
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shooting.36 Off. Niedelman testified that Mr. Coates had waved to him for
assistance as he was driving by in his marked Amtrak police vehicle.37 When
Off. Niedelman pulled over, he checked to see if the shooter (Taylor) was still
present. Then, he checked Aloysius for a pulse. He found none.38
According to Off. Niedelman, “two to five minutes” after Mr. Coates
flagged him down, medical and local police personnel arrived.39 Once the
paramedics were on scene, Off. Niedelman and a paramedic removed Aloysius
from the car and placed him on the ground, where CPR was performed.40 Aloysius
didn’t make it.
Approximately two-and-a-half hours after the shooting, Delaware State
Police evidence technician Officer Roger Cresto arrived on the scene.41 Once on
scene, Officer Cresto began taking pictures of the crime scene including Aloysius’s
belongings, which were lying on the black top “[a]pproximately 15 feet” from the
car.42
Unsurprisingly, no one testified that they had paid any particular attention to
36
See 9/24/19 Trial Tr. at 36.
37
Id. at 36-37.
38
Id. at 38.
39
Id. at 39.
40
Id. at 38 (“I assisted, I believe, a paramedic in getting the gentleman out of the car to begin
CPR.”).
41
Id. at 60.
42
Id. at 49-55.
-7-
where Aloysius’s phone or any of his other effects were when they saw him
immediately after he was shot, nor how those items got to their resting place on the
black top close by.
C. TAYLOR’S VERDICT AND POST-CONVICTION MOTION.
After a three-day jury trial and an abbreviated bench trial, Taylor was found
guilty of second-degree murder (as a lesser of the indicted murder in the first-
degree count), possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony
(PFDCF), and possession of a firearm by a person prohibited (PFBPP).43 He was
later sentenced to serve, inter alia, 30 years of imprisonment.44
Before docketing his present postconviction relief motion, Taylor filed a
direct appeal of his conviction.45 That appeal focused on this Court’s September
23, 2019 judgment denying his motion to dismiss the indictment after granting an
earlier mistrial.46 The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed Taylor’s conviction.47
Thereafter, Taylor docketed a pro se motion for postconviction relief.48 The Court
appointed Taylor postconviction relief counsel who then filed an amended
43
9/26/19 Trial Tr. at 104 (D.I. 81); 9/27/19 Trial Tr. at 8 (D.I. 82).
44
D.I. 67 (Sentencing Order).
45
D.I. 68.
46
See Taylor v. State, 2021 WL 1227762, at *1 (Del. Mar. 31, 2021).
47
Id.48
Mot. for Postconviction Relief (D.I. 88).
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motion.49 Due to the nature of Taylor’s claim, the record has been expanded.50
The State has responded,51 Taylor has replied,52 the Court held argument on the
motion, and the matter is now ripe for decision.
II. THE POSTCONVICTION MOTION
A. TAYLOR’S MOTION CAN BE CONSIDERED ON ITS MERITS.
Before the Court can consider the substance of any postconviction claim, it
must first address Criminal Rule 61’s procedural requirements.53 The procedural
bars in Rule 61 are timeliness, repetitiveness, procedural default, and former
adjudication.54
Here, Taylor’s postconviction motion was filed less than a year after his
judgment of conviction became final. So, it’s timely. This is also Taylor’s first
motion for postconviction relief. So, it’s not repetitive. And as Taylor’s claim is
alleging ineffective assistance of counsel—which generally can’t be raised on
direct appeal—he is neither procedurally barred from raising it in this collateral
49
Order Granting Appointment of Counsel (D.I. 91); Am. Mot. for Postconviction Relief (D.I.
96).
50
See Del. Super. Ct. Crim. R. 61(g); D.I. 95 (Amended Scheduling Order) ¶¶ 5-6; D.I.
100 (affidavit of trial counsel Eugene J. Maurer, Jr. Esq.); D.I. 101 (affidavit of trial counsel
Elise K. Wolpert, Esq.).
51
State’s Response (D.I. 102).
52
Reply Br. (D.I. 104).
53
Maxion v. State, 686 A.2d 148, 150 (Del. 1996); State v. Jones, 2002 WL 31028584, at *2
(Del. Super. Ct. Sept. 10, 2002).
54
State v. Taylor, 2017 WL 5054262, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Oct. 23, 2017). If any of these bars
apply, then the movant must show entitlement to relief under Rule 61(i)(5). Id.-9-
proceeding nor has it been formerly adjudicated.
Accordingly, the Court will address the merits of Taylor’s postconviction
claim.
B. TAYLOR’S SOLE POSTCONVICTION CLAIM
Taylor complains his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to demand a
Lolly/Deberry instruction55 as “to the State’s failure to gather and/or preserve
evidence pertaining to Mr. A Taylor’s cell phone, specifically who moved the cell
phone at the scene of the crime from its initial location and the initial location it
had been found before being moved.”56 Says Taylor, if his trial counsel had made
that request, not only would the jury surely have received a missing-evidence
instruction, it would have just as surely acquitted him of all but the PFBPP
charge.57
III. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS
A movant who claims ineffective assistance of counsel must demonstrate
that: (a) his defense counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness, and (b) there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s
55
Coleman v. State, 289 A.3d 619, 625 (Del. 2023) (explaining that under the Lolly/Deberry
line of cases “the State’s failure to gather or preserve evidence material to the defense entitles the
defendant to an inference that, if such evidence were available at trial, it would be exculpatory”
(citations omitted)).
56
Am. Mot. for Postconviction Relief at 15-16.
57
Id. at 16-35 (“In light of the aforementioned, the probability that had Mr. Taylor received a
proper missing evidence instruction, the jury would have acquitted him on all four possible
homicide charges. . . . Mr. Taylor would only have been convicted of PFBPP.”).
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errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.58
There is a strong presumption that a criminal defense counsel’s
representation was reasonable.59 When assessing the reasonableness of counsel’s
conduct, the Court considers “not what is possible or what is prudent or
appropriate, but only what is constitutionally compelled.”60
Too, one claiming ineffective assistance “must make specific allegations of
how defense counsel’s conduct actually prejudiced the proceedings, rather than
mere allegations of ineffectiveness.”61
Lastly, a movant must demonstrate both deficient attorney performance and
resulting prejudice to succeed on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.62
Failure to do so on either will doom that claim and obviate any need for the Court
to address the other.
58
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984); see also Alston v. State, 2015 WL
5297709, at *2-3 (Del. Sept. 4, 2015).
59
Green v. State, 238 A.3d 160, 174 (Del. 2020) (explaining there is “a strong presumption that
counsel’s conduct falls within a wide range of reasonable professional assistance” (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689)).
60
Id. (quoting Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 794 (1987)).
61
Alston, 2015 WL 5297709, at *3 (citing Wright v. State, 671 A.2d 1353, 1356 (Del. 1996));
Monroe v. State, 2015 WL 1407856, at *5 (Del. Mar. 25, 2015) (citing Dawson v. State, 673
A.2d 1186, 1196 (Del. 1996)).
62
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; Ploof v. State, 75 A.3d 811, 825 (Del. 2013) (“Strickland is a
two-pronged test, and there is no need to examine whether an attorney performed deficiently if
the deficiency did not prejudice the defendant.” (citation omitted)); State v. Hamby, 2005 WL
914462, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 14, 2005).
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IV. DISCUSSION
TRIAL COUNSEL WEREN’T INEFFECTIVE
WHEN THEY DID NOT SEEK A LOLLY/DEBERRY INSTRUCTION.
Under Strickland and its progeny, “there is no need to examine whether an
attorney performed deficiently if the deficiency did not prejudice the defendant.”63
“[I]f the court finds that there is no possibility of prejudice even if a defendant’s
allegations regarding counsel’s representation were true, the court may dispose of
the claim on this basis alone.”64 Here, the Court finds Taylor cannot possibly show
prejudice from what he dubs deficient performance by trial counsel. So the Court
will delve there first.
Again, Taylor’s sole complaint is that counsel didn’t ask for a Lolly/Deberry
missing-evidence instruction targeting “the State’s failure to gather and/or preserve
evidence pertaining to Mr. A Taylor’s cell phone, specifically who moved the cell
phone at the scene of the crime from its initial location and the initial location it
had been found before being moved.”65 If his trial counsel had made that request,
says Taylor, “the jury would have acquitted him on all four possible homicide
63
Ploof, 75 A.3d at 825 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697). Strickland, 466 U.S. 670 (“A
court need not first determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the
prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies. If it is easier to dispose
of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, that course should be
followed.”).
64
State v. Manley, 2014 WL 2621317, at *7 (Del. Super. Ct. May 29, 2014).
65
Am. Mot. for Postconviction Relief at 15-16.
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charges” and he “would only have been convicted of PFBPP.”66
Under Lolly/Deberry and their progeny, when the State fails “to gather or
preserve evidence material to the defense” the defendant can seek to have the
Court instruct the jury to “infer[] that, if such evidence were available at trial, it
would be exculpatory.”67
To determine whether a Lolly/Deberry instruction is warranted, the Court
first asks three things:
(1) Would the requested material, if extant in the possession of the
State at the time of the defense request, have been subject to
disclosure under Criminal Rule 16 or Brady v. Maryland?68
(2) If so, did the government have a duty to preserve the material?
(3) If there was a duty to preserve, was the duty breached, and what
consequences should flow from the breach?69
As explained most recently by our Supreme Court in Coleman v. State, the
reading of a Lolly/Deberry missing-evidence instruction is limited to instances
“where potentially exculpatory physical evidence was either not collected by law
enforcement or collected but not preserved during the course of the prosecution.”70
66
Id. at 35.
67
Coleman, 289 A.3d at 625 (citations omitted); see also State v. Lindsey, 2023 WL 2535895,
at *8 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 16, 2023) (stating a Lolly/Deberry missing-evidence jury instruction
is “an instruction that the jury should infer that any such . . . evidence would have been
exculpatory to [the defendant] had the State obtained and preserved it” (citations omitted)).
68
373 U.S. 83 (1963).
69
Coleman, 289 A.3d at 624-25.
70
Id. at 626 (emphasis in original).
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And when the Supreme Court has spoken of physical evidence it has meant, for
example: “clothing worn during an alleged rape, a crash vehicle in a vehicular
homicide case, blood observed near a boobytrapped window, or clothing
concealing firearms that were the basis of criminal charges.” 71 Recall, all the
physical items that the police could associate with Aloysius were photographed in
situ where the police first saw them. They were then each collected and preserved.
But, according to Taylor, that’s not where the police failed. And to get anywhere
close to what Lolly/Deberry envisions (as explained in Coleman), Taylor engages a
creative read of what is “physical evidence” and what it means to “gather” and
“preserve” it.
Taylor insists officers had a duty to create a document or report on “who
moved [Aloysius’s] cell phone and where [the first-responders] originally observed
the cell phone . . . .”72 It is this non-existent investigative document, says Taylor,
that “could easily have [been] gathered and preserved,” and therefore warrants the
missing-evidence instruction.73
71
Id. (citing Johnson v. State, 27 A.3d 541, 547 (Del. 2011); Deberry, 457 A.2d at 753;
Hammond v. State, 569 A.2d 81, 85 (Del. 1989); Lolly, 611 A.2d at 958).
72
Am. Mot. for Postconviction Relief at 17 (“The information as to who moved the cell phone
and where he or she originally observed the cell phone and from where he or she moved the cell
phone and why was evidence that the State could easily have gathered and preserved through a
report or other document memorialized by the individual or individuals who relocated the
physical evidence at the crime scene.”).
73
Id. And Taylor tags the police as “grossly negligent” for not realizing the importance of this
tracking of the phone’s travel, and documenting how it may have gotten from the victim’s person
or car to the nearby black top. Id. at 19.
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So, to Taylor: “gather” would mean to investigate certain aspects of an
incident and create a police report; “physical evidence” would be that police
report; and “preserve” would mean to hold onto the police-generated report
because it just might have some as-yet unknown exculpatory value. The
Lolly/Deberry lineage supports no such thing. Indeed, it seems Taylor wants this
Court to do just that which our Supreme Court said it would not from the
beginning.74
It is undisputed that Aloysius’s cell phone itself was gathered and preserved.
What was not gathered, complains Taylor, is information as to how the cell phone
was purportedly moved from Aloysius’s vehicle or person to the black top.75 But,
that is not physical evidence.
The physical evidence is Aloysius’s cell phone, not its location—or more
aptly here some investigation and memorialization of how the cell phone got from
its apparent original placement within the victim’s car to the ground nearby. If
there was any possible Lolly/Deberry-recognizable evidence here it was the cell
74
See Deberry, 457 A.2d at 752 (“We do not purport to explicitly prescribe what administrative
procedures are necessary for the Attorney General and the various law enforcement agencies in
this State to fulfill the duty to preserve evidence.”).
75
See Am. Mot. for Postconviction Relief at 19 (“It is unfathomable why law enforcement
would not collect evidence of who moved each of these items and where they were originally
located/observed.”).
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phone itself. And that is exactly what the police gathered and preserved.76
While Taylor himself notes that a missing-evidence instruction applies “to
the State’s failure to gather and/or preserve evidence,”77 he attempts to divine
some further requirement that evidence be created. And yet, Taylor himself
admits he can identify no case—state or federal78—that has recognized such a
requirement. Previous attempts to expand Lolly/Deberry in this way have been
soundly rejected.79 Taylor’s now-suggested attempt would have fared no better at
76
Even at its extreme “the duty to preserve exculpatory evidence does not include a duty to
seek out exculpatory evidence.” Mason v. State, 2009 WL 189839, at *1 (Del. Jan. 5, 2009).
But that is what Taylor says is required. And even if he’s right—which he’s not—there was no
reason to believe the original location of the cell phone was relevant—let alone exculpatory—
and so there was no duty for police to investigate it. Powell v. State, 49 A.3d 1090, 1101 (Del.
2012) (“[F]or the police to have a duty to collect and preserve specific evidence, the police must
have had a reason, at that time, to believe the evidence might be exculpatory.”).
77
Am. Mot. for Postconviction Relief at 15-16 (emphasis added). “[T]he State’s failure to
gather or preserve evidence material to the defense entitles the defendant to an inference that, if
such evidence were available at trial, it would be exculpatory.” Coleman, 289 A.3d at 625
(emphasis added) (citations omitted).
78
D.I. 108.
79
Coleman, 289 A.3d at 626-67 (rejecting defendant’s contention that a missing-evidence
instruction was required where police “fail[ed] to record the position of” the defendant’s two
firearm magazines in relation to the firearm itself); Baynum v. State, 133 A.3d 963, 967-69 (Del.
2016) (rejecting defendant’s contention that officers had a duty under Lolly/Deberry to create
evidence of a cell phone call that occurred outside of when officers were questioning the victim);
King v. State, 2015 WL 5168249, at *3 (Del. Aug. 26, 2015) (finding a duty under Lolly/Deberry
is not triggered where evidence “simply d[oes] not exist”); Ruffin v. State, 131 A.3d 295, 308
(Del. 2015) (finding Lolly/Deberry “only requires that the State adequately gather and preserve
physical evidence,” not test that physical evidence (citations omitted)).
Our sister courts, too, understand missing-evidence instructions are only to be used where
evidence is actually lost or destroyed. United States v. Fries, 781 F.3d 1137, 1152 (9th Cir.
2015) (rejecting missing-evidence instruction where “the FBI agent merely failed to record the
telephone call,” and finding a missing-evidence instruction is only to be used where “evidence
was lost or destroyed” (citation omitted)); United States v. Flores, 1991 WL 171394, at *14
(E.D. Pa. Aug. 29, 1991) (declining to give missing-evidence instruction where the government
-16-
his trial and certainly fares no better now.
Because Taylor would not have been entitled to a Lolly/Deberry missing-
evidence instruction, he cannot show prejudice stemming from his trial counsel’s
failure to request one.80 And his suggestion that had a missing-evidence
instruction been given he certainly would have been acquitted of any homicide
charge comes nowhere close to the reasonable probability Strickland requires.81
Failure on the prejudice prong alone is enough to find Taylor didn’t satisfy his
burden under Strickland. But there’s more. Taylor is equally unable to show
counsel deficiency.
The burden is on Taylor to show that his counsel’s conduct fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, “i.e., that no reasonable lawyer would have
“failed to record some calls,” and concluding that “no evidence was missing”), aff’d, 970 F.2d
900 (3d Cir. 1992); Metcalf v. Commonwealth, 158 S.W.3d 740, 747 (Ky. 2005) (finding a
missing-evidence instruction was not warranted where the “recording device malfunctioned,”
since the evidence was neither lost nor destroyed, instead it “never existed”); Hajireen v. State,
39 A.3d 105, 119-20 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2012) (finding the State’s failure to record the
defendant’s interview was not evidence for which a missing-evidence instruction would be
warranted).
80
State v. Reyes, 155 A.3d 331, 355 (Del. 2017) (finding that prejudice cannot be established
where there is “no proper basis for giving a missing evidence instruction”); Cook v. State, 2000
WL 1177695, at *4 (Del. Aug. 14, 2000) (finding that “because Cook has not demonstrated that
he was entitled to a ‘missing evidence’ jury instruction, Cook was not prejudiced by defense
counsel’s failure to request such an instruction”).
81
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 112 (2011) (“The likelihood of a different result must be
substantial, not just conceivable.” (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693)); Baynum v. State, 211
A.3d 1075, 1084 (Del. 2019) (stating that prejudice requires that there is “a substantial
likelihood—i.e., a meaningful chance—that a different outcome would have occurred but for
counsel’s deficient performance”).
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conducted the defense as his lawyer did.”82 There is a strong presumption that his
attorneys’ representation was reasonable,83 and “[i]t is not this Court’s function to
second-guess reasonable . . . tactics” engaged by trial counsel.84 Indeed, an
attorney’s strategic or tactical choices made after thorough investigation of the
relevant law and facts are virtually unchallengeable.85
Lead trial counsel explained first that he was aware that the initial location
of the cell phone—whether it was in Aloysius’s hand, pocket, or elsewhere—was a
significant issue for Taylor’s self-defense theory.86 But he elected not to highlight
the issue for the State nor prod further out of “concern that the State might call a
witness to specifically explain that the cell phone and other items had fallen out of
the victim’s possession when they were moved, either by the EMT or one of the
initial officers.”87 Because the State did not call such a witness, trial counsel was
free to argue in closing that the State had not shown that Aloysius’s phone was in
his pocket, as opposed to in his hand—supporting the defense argument that
Taylor, in the heat of the moment, reasonably mistook Aloysius’s phone for a gun
82
Green, 238 A.3d at 174 (citing Kemp, 483 U.S. at 791).
83
Wright, 671 A.2d at 1356.
84
State v. Drummond, 2002 WL 524283, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 1, 2002).
85
Green, 238 A.3d at 174.
86
Maurer Affidavit ¶ 6 (D.I. 100).
87
Id.
-18-
in his hand and felt compelled to shoot first.88 Trial counsel were each aware of
the Lolly/Deberry case law and did not believe the State’s lack of knowledge as to
“how the items got to where they” ended up could possibly warrant a missing-
evidence instruction request.89
Lead trial counsel knew the State failed to explain the travel of the cell
phone and chose not to highlight it until closing so he could make his best self-
defense argument then.90 And trial counsel understood well—as the Court has
explained—Lolly/Deberry to be inapplicable here.91 As such, Taylor’s trial
attorneys’ conduct can hardly be found to have been objectively unreasonable.
Given that, Taylor has failed equally to satisfy Strickland’s counsel-deficiency
prong. In turn, his ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails on that independent
basis.
88
Id. ¶ 7; Wolpert Affidavit ¶¶ 3-4 (D.I. 101) (Ms. Wolpert was Taylor’s second-chair trial
counsel).
89
Maurer Affidavit ¶¶ 11-12; Wolpert Affidavit ¶ 5.
90
See State v. Madison, 2022 WL 3011377, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. July 29, 2022) (“Trial
counsel made a strategic decision when he chose not to seek such testing and that was a decision
no court would be willing to disturb.” (citations omitted)); see, e.g., Drumgo v. State, 2012 WL
1377596, at *2 (Del. Apr. 17, 2012) (trial counsel’s strategic decision to forego DNA testing to
protect client from possibly incriminating results and also provide the defense with an argument
of insufficient evidence based on the prosecutor’s failure to produce the test results was
reasonable).
91
State v. Peters, 283 A.3d 669, 696 (Del. Super. Ct. 2022) (“Counsel cannot be ineffective for
failing to make futile arguments.” (cleaned up)), aff’d, 2023 WL 3880124 (Del. June 7, 2023).
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V. CONCLUSION
Taylor has proved neither the deficient performance by counsel nor the
prejudice required for relief under Strickland. Accordingly, Taylor’s Rule 61
postconviction relief motion is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Paul R. Wallace, Judge
Original to Prothonotary
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