Diana Coba, etc. v. Tricam Industries, Inc.

Supreme Court of Florida
____________
No. SC12-2624
____________
DIANA COBA, etc.,
Petitioner,
vs.
TRICAM INDUSTRIES, INC., et al.,
Respondents.
[May 14, 2015]
PARIENTE, J.
When a jury in a civil case returns with an inconsistent verdict and a party
does not object before the jury is discharged, the well-established law has been that
the party waives any objections to the inconsistent verdict. The conflict issue
presented in this case is whether, in products liability cases, there is a “fundamental
nature” exception to this general rule—that is, an exception that does not require a
party to immediately object to an inconsistent verdict—where the jury finds that
the defendant was negligent in the design of the product but also finds that the
product did not contain a design defect.
The decision of the Third District Court of Appeal in Tricam Industries, Inc.
v. Coba, 100 So. 3d 105 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012), applied the “fundamental nature”
exception, which was previously recognized by the Fourth District Court of Appeal
in Nissan Motor Co. v. Alvarez, 891 So. 2d 4, 8 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004), and the Fifth
District Court of Appeal in North American Catamaran Racing Ass’n (NACRA) v.
McCollister, 480 So. 2d 669, 671 (Fla. 5th DCA 1985). Application of the
“fundamental nature” exception, however, is in express and direct conflict with a
line of cases that require a party to object to an inconsistent verdict prior to the
discharge of the jury and that require a jury, rather than an appellate court, to
resolve an inconsistent verdict. See, e.g., Cocca v. Smith, 821 So. 2d 328, 330-31
(Fla. 2d DCA 2002); Gup v. Cook, 549 So. 2d 1081, 1083-84 (Fla. 1st DCA 1989).
We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(3), Fla. Const.
Consistent with our long-standing precedent, we hold that a party must
timely object to an inconsistent verdict under these circumstances or the issue is
waived. Thus, we reject the reasoning of the Third District majority and agree
with Judge Schwartz’s dissent that there is no “fundamental nature” exception to
the inconsistent verdict law in a civil case that applies only to products liability
cases, because there is “no conceptual or reasoned basis for the distinction and no
cognizable way to apply it.” Tricam Indus., 100 So. 3d at 115 (Schwartz, J.,
dissenting).
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In applying this exception in this case, the Third District improperly
disregarded the jury’s determination of liability in favor of the plaintiffs and
directed the trial court to enter judgment in favor of the party that failed to raise the
inconsistent verdict issue before the jury was discharged. This holding also
conflicts with well-established law, which requires a jury—not a court—to resolve
the inconsistency.
We accordingly quash Tricam Industries and disapprove of Nissan Motor
and NACRA. Because the defendants, Tricam Industries and Home Depot, failed
to timely raise their objection to the jury’s inconsistent verdict, the trial court did
not err in denying the defendants’ motion to set aside the verdict, and thus the trial
court’s judgment should be reinstated.
FACTS
This case stems from a tragic accident in which Roberto Coba fell from a
thirteen-foot aluminum ladder, resulting in his death. Diana Coba, as the personal
representative of Roberto Coba’s estate, filed an action against Tricam Industries,
which manufactured the ladder involved in the accident, and against Home Depot,
which sold the ladder. In the complaint, Coba alleged that both Tricam Industries
and Home Depot were liable on the basis of strict liability because they designed,
manufactured, marketed, distributed, or sold a ladder in a defective and dangerous
condition. The complaint further alleged that the defendants were also liable under
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negligence theories because they had a duty to use reasonable care to market, sell,
and distribute the ladder in a reasonably safe condition.
At trial, Coba presented testimony from the decedent’s daughter and
stepson, both of whom were present when the accident occurred. Coba also
presented evidence as to whether the ladder had a design defect—evidence that
was disputed. As summarized by the Third District:
[T]he plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Farhad Booeshaghi, a consulting engineer
and accident reconstructionist, testified that the ladder was defectively
designed because it was capable of falsely appearing to be in a locked
position since the pins in the “J locks,” which attached to the ladder’s
outer rails, “click[ed]” as if they were locked even when they were
not. He explained that when that occurred, the ladder was capable of
temporarily holding a person’s weight, giving the user a false sense of
security. Dr. Booeshaghi opined that at the time of the accident, the
ladder was in such a “false lock” position, and the false-lock-failure,
combined with the decedent’s weight, caused the ladder to “telescope”
at full extension, impelling the ladder forward and launching the
decedent backward. He also opined that the inclusion of an additional
crossbar would have increased the structural rigidity of the ladder and
prevented the ladder from telescoping. Lastly, he testified that the
accident would not have occurred had the locks been properly locked,
and that it was ultimately the decedent’s responsibility to properly
lock the ladder.
Conversely, the defendants’ expert, Mr. Jon Ver Halen, a
consulting engineer, testified that the ladder was not defectively
designed. He opined that it was impossible for a “false lock” to occur
on an articulating ladder, and explained that, given the “factor of
safety” built into the ladder’s “load factor,” it could not have
structurally failed when used in its intended manner. In addition, Mr.
Ver Halen explained that, based on the ladder’s length and likely
position against the house, and the location and types of marks and
deformations left on the wall, floor, and ladder, the accident could not
have been caused by the telescoping process described by Dr.
Booeshaghi. Instead, according to Mr. Ver Halen, the physical
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evidence suggested that the ladder was set up on a “relatively
slippery” surface, enabling the ladder to slide as the decedent climbed
it, and ultimately giving way, causing the decedent to fall.
Tricam Indus., 100 So. 3d at 107 (footnote omitted).
Although Coba had initially also claimed that the warnings on the ladder
were defective, she later withdrew that claim. The jury was instructed as to the
standard for finding a design defect under strict liability and the standard for
finding negligence on the basis of design, distribution, and sale of the ladder.
Specifically, the jury instructions on these two issues read:
Plaintiff claims that Defendants, Tricam Industries and Home
Depot, were negligent in the design, distribution, and sale of its
Tricam ladder, which caused the death of Roberto Coba.
Plaintiff also claims that regardless whether Tricam Industries
and Home Depot were negligent or not, it is strictly liable because it
placed a ladder on the market in a defective condition, unreasonably
dangerous to the user, and that the defect was the cause of Roberto
Coba’s death.
Defendants, Tricam Industries and Home Depot, deny those
claims, and also claim that Roberto Coba was himself negligent in his
use of the ladder, which caused his death.
The parties must prove their claims by the greater weight of the
evidence.
As to negligence, the trial court gave the standard jury instruction at that time:
Negligence is the failure to use reasonable care, which is the
care that a reasonably careful person would use under like
circumstances. Negligence is doing something that a reasonably
careful person would not do under like circumstances, or failing to do
something that a reasonably careful person would do under like
circumstances.
The trial court then explained the claim of strict liability as follows:
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A product is defective if by reason of its design the product is in
a condition unreasonably dangerous to the user and the product is
expected to and does reach the user without substantial change
affecting its condition. A product is unreasonably dangerous because
of its design if the product fails to perform as safely as an ordinary
consumer would expect when used as intended or in a manner
reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer.
The trial court also provided the jury with special interrogatories, without
objection from either side, in which the question of design defect preceded the
question of negligence, and the jury returned the following verdict as to liability
issues:
1. Did Defendants, Tricam Industries and/or Home Depot, place the
ladder on the market with a design defect, which was a legal cause of
Roberto Coba’s death?
YES ______ NO ___X___
2. Was there negligence on the part of Defendants, Tricam Industries
and/or Home Depot, which was a legal cause of Roberto Coba’s
death?
YES ___X___ NO ______
Following the special interrogatories, the jury verdict form directed the jury:
“If your answer to either or both Question 1 and 2 is ‘YES’, please continue to
answer the remaining questions,” at which point the verdict form asked whether
the decedent was at fault and to apportion fault. The jury made the following
findings:
3. Was there negligence on the part of the decedent, Roberto Coba,
which was a legal cause of his death?
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YES ___X___ NO ______
4. Please state the percentage of fault you charge to:
Defendant, Tricam [&]
Defendant, Home Depot __20%__
Roberto Coba, decedent __80%__
As to the award of damages, the jury awarded no damages to the estate for
medical and funeral expenses, awarded $70,000 to Coba’s daughter for the loss of
her father’s support and services, and awarded $1,500,000 to Coba’s daughter for
the loss of parental companionship and for pain and suffering as a result of the
death of her father. After the verdict was read, neither party objected to the
verdict. The jury was then discharged.
The defendants subsequently filed a motion to set aside the verdict, asserting
that the jury verdict was fundamentally inconsistent because there could be no
finding of a negligent design without finding that a design defect contributed to the
fall, and the jury determined that there was no defect. In response, Coba asserted
that the inconsistent verdict claim was waived since the defendants failed to raise
this claim before the jury was discharged. Alternatively, Coba stated that if the
trial court “should see fit to relieve the Defendants of their burden to object to an
inconsistent verdict before the discharge of the jury, the remedy that should be
granted is not a judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Instead, the only proper
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remedy would be a new trial on all liability issues.” The trial court denied the
defendants’ motion to set aside the verdict.
Coba also filed a post-trial motion, asserting that she was entitled to a new
trial on various grounds, including that the amount of the verdict was legally
insufficient since it failed to award the undisputed amounts of the decedent’s
medical expenses and funeral bills. The trial court denied Coba’s motion for a new
trial, except for the portion alleging an inadequate verdict as to the undisputed
medical expenses, and increased the jury’s verdict to include an award of medical
expenses in the amount of $179,739. After reducing the total amount of damages
based on the percentage of fault attributed to the decedent (80%), the trial court
entered judgment for Coba in the amount of $349,947.80. Both parties appealed.
As to the conflict issue before this Court pertaining to the inconsistent
verdict, the Third District disagreed with the trial court’s decision to deny the
defendants’ motion to set aside the verdict, despite their failure to timely object. In
reaching this decision, the Third District first recognized that, generally, a party
must object if that party believes that a verdict is inconsistent; otherwise, that
objection is waived. Tricam Indus., 100 So. 3d at 108-09. However, after
reviewing decisions in other products liability design cases, the Third District held
that a party does not waive a challenge to an inconsistent jury verdict by failing to
object prior to the discharge of the jury so long as the inconsistency is of a
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“fundamental nature.” Id. at 111. As applied in this case, the Third District
determined that the jury’s inconsistent verdict was of a “fundamental nature”
because in one portion of the jury’s verdict, the jury found that there was no design
defect, but in another portion, the jury found that the defendants were negligent—a
claim that was predicated on finding a design defect. Id.
The Third District then determined that the trial court should have entered
judgment in favor of the defendants, explaining that “the only evidence offered
against the defendants related to a purported design defect, and the jury specifically
found there was no design defect. Because there was no evidence to support any
other cause of action, there remains no issue to be resolved on remand.” Id. The
Third District did not, however, explain how it could determine which of the
conflicting findings in the jury’s verdict represented the jury’s actual intent.
Judge Schwartz dissented with regard to the treatment of the “fundamental
nature” exception. As Judge Schwartz explained, in his view, the defendants
waived this issue by not raising it after the jury returned an inconsistent verdict,
and that even if this were not the case, the appropriate remedy would be a new
trial:
a) The [defendants] waived the right to complain of any
inconsistent verdict because of [their] failure to request that the
conflict be resolved by the jury after its allegedly flawed verdict was
returned.
b) Even if this were not so, the appropriate remedy is not, as
the majority does, simply to resolve the conflict in favor of
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[defendants] but a new trial so that a jury and not the court may decide
the question.
Id. at 114 (Schwartz, J., dissenting).
While Judge Schwartz recognized that the majority had adopted the
“fundamental nature” exception previously recognized by the Fourth District and
the Fifth District, Judge Schwartz questioned the validity of this exception, stating,
“The simple comeback is that there is no conceptual or reasoned basis for the
distinction and no cognizable way to apply it.” Id. at 115. Judge Schwartz also
disagreed that a court could resolve an acknowledged inconsistent verdict on its
own, much less resolve the inconsistency in favor of the party who failed to object
and in a manner contrary to the verdict itself. Id. at 116-17.
ANALYSIS
The conflict issue before this Court is whether there is a “fundamental
nature” exception to the general jurisprudence recognized in a long line of cases
that require parties to object to an inconsistent verdict prior to the discharge of the
jury and that require a jury—rather than a court—to resolve an inconsistent verdict
when that issue was timely raised. We begin by discussing the general obligations
imposed on parties when a jury’s verdict is inconsistent, the purpose of requiring
an immediate objection, and the appropriate relief that is necessary when a party
timely objects to an inconsistent verdict. We then examine the origin of the
“fundamental nature” exception and how the courts that adopted this exception
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have resolved an inconsistent verdict. Finally, we conclude that a timely objection
is required for all inconsistent verdicts and apply our holding to this case.
I. General Law Pertaining to Inconsistent Jury Verdicts
A jury’s verdict in a civil case is generally “clothed with a presumption of
regularity.” Republic Servs. of Fla., L.P. v. Poucher, 851 So. 2d 866, 869 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2003). Thus, “an appellate court will not disturb a final judgment if there is
competent, substantial evidence to support the verdict on which the judgment
rests.” Berges v. Infinity Ins. Co., 896 So. 2d 665, 675-76 (Fla. 2004). In fact, an
appellate court is not authorized to substitute its judgment for that of the jury. Id.
at 676. This Court has long held that if no objection to the verdict is made by
either party, any defect to the form of the verdict is waived. See Higbee v. Dorigo,
66 So. 2d 684, 685 (Fla. 1953).
Courts have distinguished cases involving inadequate verdicts from those
that are characterized as inconsistent. A verdict is not necessarily inconsistent
simply because it fails to award enough money or even no money at all. In those
circumstances, “the issue is the adequacy of the award, not its consistency with any
other award by the verdict.” Deklyen v. Truckers World, Inc., 867 So. 2d 1264,
1266 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004) (quoting Avakian v. Burger King Corp., 719 So. 2d
342, 344 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998)). An objection to the inadequacy or excessiveness
of a verdict can be raised in a motion for a new trial without requiring a party to
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object prior to the jury’s discharge. Progressive Select Ins. Co. v. Lorenzo, 49 So.
3d 272, 277 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010); Causeway Vista, Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Transp.,
918 So. 2d 352, 355 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005).
On the other hand, an inconsistent verdict is defined as when two definite
findings of fact material to the judgment are mutually exclusive. See Smith v. Fla.
Healthy Kids Corp., 27 So. 3d 692, 695 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010); Alvarez v. Rendon,
953 So. 2d 702, 710 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007). “Where the findings of a jury’s verdict
in two or more respects are findings with respect to a definite fact material to the
judgment such that both cannot be true and therefore stand at the same time, they
are in fatal conflict.” Smith, 27 So. 3d at 695 (quoting Crawford v. DiMicco, 216
So. 2d 769, 771 (Fla. 4th DCA 1968)). “To preserve the issue of an inconsistent
verdict, the party claiming inconsistency must raise the issue before the jury is
discharged and ask the trial court to reinstruct the jury and send it back for further
deliberations.” Ellender v. Bricker, 967 So. 2d 1088, 1091 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007)
(quoting Cocca, 821 So. 2d at 330).
Each of Florida’s five district courts of appeal has long recognized the
general rule that a party must object to an inconsistent jury verdict before the jury
is discharged. See, e.g., Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Harrell, 53 So. 3d 1084,
1088 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (“To preserve the issue of an inconsistent verdict, the
party claiming inconsistency must raise the issue before the jury is discharged.”);
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Ellender, 967 So. 2d at 1091 (“To preserve the issue of an inconsistent verdict, the
party claiming inconsistency must raise the issue before the jury is discharged and
ask the trial court to reinstruct the jury and send it back for further deliberations.”
(quoting Cocca, 821 So. 2d at 330)); J.T.A. Factors, Inc. v. Philcon Servs., Inc.,
820 So. 2d 367, 371 (Fla. 3d DCA 2002) (“A contention that a jury verdict is
inconsistent must be raised at the time the verdict is read and before the jury is
released in order to allow an opportunity to cure.”); Progressive Select Ins. Co., 49
So. 3d at 277 (“Consistent with common law and its evolution throughout Florida
case law, a jury verdict which is truly inconsistent requires an objection prior to the
discharge of the jury.” (footnote omitted)); Simpson v. Stone, 662 So. 2d 959, 961
(Fla. 5th DCA 1995) (“It has long been the general rule that a party is obligated to
object to an inconsistent verdict prior to discharge of the jury.”). Further, the
appellate courts have been uniform in enunciating the principle that if a party fails
to timely object, the issue is waived. If a party timely objects to an inconsistent
verdict and the trial court erroneously denies the objection and discharges the jury,
the correct remedy is to grant a new trial.
The reasons for requiring an immediate objection are numerous. First, by
requiring parties to object as soon as they are aware of the verdict, the jury is still
available to correct the error. Moorman v. Am. Safety Equip., 594 So. 2d 795, 799
(Fla. 4th DCA 1992) (“It is quite basic that objections as to the form of the verdict
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or to inconsistent verdicts must be made while the jury is still available to correct
them.”).
Second, by requiring this type of objection to be voiced prior to a jury’s
discharge, it prevents a party from strategically sitting on the objection until after
the jury is no longer available to correct its decision. As numerous courts have
observed, permitting later challenges would encourage parties to not timely object
“as a conscious choice of strategy” since the complaining party may risk having
the award unfavorably adjusted. See C.G. Chase Constr. Co. v. Colon, 725 So. 2d
1144, 1145 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998); Keller Indus., Inc. v. Morgart, 412 So. 2d 950,
951 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982) (“For all we know, defendant’s trial counsel
intentionally, for tactical reasons, chose not to bring the problem to the court’s
attention.”).
Third, mandating parties to immediately object preserves limited judicial
resources, since it permits the error to be rectified during the initial trial and
reduces the likelihood that a second trial would become necessary. See Moorman,
594 So. 2d at 799 (“[T]he societal interest in furnishing only a single occasion for
the trial of civil disputes would be entirely undone by the granting of second trials
for reasons which could have been addressed at the first.”).
Finally, requiring an objection at the time the jury can still correct its error
maintains the strong deference that the judicial system places on a jury’s verdict.
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In fact, it is for this reason that in cases where a trial court erroneously denies a
timely challenge to an inconsistent verdict, the proper remedy is a new trial, rather
than entry of judgment in favor of the objecting party. As was recognized by the
Fourth District in Moorman, “the importance of the right to trial by jury implicates
a strong deference to a jury’s decision, requiring that its verdict be sustained if at
all possible.” Id. In light of these principles, we now review the decisions
applying the “fundamental nature” exception in products liability cases and the
basis underlying this exception.
II. Whether There is a “Fundamental Nature” Exception to An Inconsistent
Verdict for Products Liability Design Cases
The law surrounding inconsistent verdicts is twofold: (1) the objecting party
must bring an inconsistent verdict to the trial court’s attention before the jury is
discharged or the issue is waived; and (2) if the inconsistent verdict is not resolved
by the jury, a new trial is required. However, in Tricam Industries, NACRA, and
Nissan Motor, the district courts enunciated a “fundamental nature” exception in
products liability cases and then, instead of ordering a new trial, entered judgment
in favor of the non-objecting party by elevating one jury finding (that there was no
design defect) over the other jury finding (that there was negligence in the design
that was a legal cause of injury or death).
Specifically, in the decision which first created this exception, NACRA, the
plaintiff brought an action against a boat manufacturer on the basis of strict
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liability and negligence, alleging that the defendant was negligent in designing a
catamaran. NACRA, 480 So. 2d at 670. The jury found that the catamaran was
not defective, but held that the defendant was negligent. Id. at 670-71. The
defendant did not object to the verdict before the jury was discharged. Id. at 671.
However, in a later motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the defendant
asserted that the verdict was inconsistent and required a new trial. Id. at 671 n.2.
The Fifth District recognized that while generally a party must object to an
inconsistent verdict before the jury is discharged in order to preserve the claim, this
rule did not apply to this specific situation because the inconsistency was of a
“fundamental nature,” where the jury explicitly held that there was no design
defect. Id. at 671. Accordingly, the court reversed the judgment and remanded for
entry of judgment in the defendant’s favor. Id.
However, the two cases relied upon in NACRA to establish the
“fundamental nature” exception actually stand for the opposite holding and stress
that a party must timely object to any error pertaining to the verdict or the
argument is waived. See Robbins v. Graham, 404 So. 2d 769, 771 (Fla. 4th DCA
1981) (“Objections to the form of the verdict, under these facts, must be timely
made and failure to object resulted in a waiver by appellee.”); Papcun v. Piggy Bag
Disc. Souvenirs, Food & Gas Corp., 472 So. 2d 880, 881 (Fla. 5th DCA 1985) (“It
is well established that a failure to object to a verdict form regarding defects not of
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a constitutional or fundamental character constitutes a waiver of such defects.”).
Even the Fourth District itself has seemed perplexed as to NACRA’s reliance on its
opinion in Robbins for the “fundamental nature” exception. See Moorman, 594
So. 2d at 799 (“Curiously, the court cites our Robbins decision for this proposition,
but there is really nothing in it to support the citation.”). When Nissan Motor later
adopted the “fundamental nature” exception in 2004, the court simply relied on the
holding in NACRA and failed to define the parameters of this exception. See
Nissan Motor, 891 So. 2d at 8.
Beyond its lack of support in caselaw, there are numerous problems with the
so-called “fundamental nature” exception in general. First, the “fundamental
nature” exception is at odds with the general principles that govern inconsistent
verdicts and the judicial policy reasons undergirding the requirement of a timely
objection, including upholding the sanctity of the jury’s role in a trial, preventing
strategic gamesmanship, and increasing judicial efficiency.
Second, an inconsistent verdict does not mean that there was no evidence to
support one finding over another finding. If that were the case, the proper
procedure would have been a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
Specifically, a JNOV motion alleges that the evidence was insufficient to
support the verdict at all. When a court is faced with a motion for a JNOV, the
court must view all facts and reasonable inferences “in favor of the verdict.” Irven
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v. Dep’t of Health & Rehab. Servs., 790 So. 2d 403, 406-07 (Fla. 2001). “A
motion for directed verdict or JNOV should be granted only if no view of the
evidence could support a verdict for the nonmoving party and the trial court
therefore determines that no reasonable jury could render a verdict for that party.”
New Jerusalem Church of God, Inc. v. Sneads Cmty. Church, Inc., 147 So. 3d 25,
28 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (emphasis added) (quoting Lindon v. Dalton Hotel Corp.,
49 So. 3d 299, 303 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010)). This standard preserves the sanctity of
the verdict itself by resolving all doubts in favor of the verdict. In contrast, the
“fundamental nature” exception rests on the verdict itself—i.e., although sufficient
evidence was presented to permit the jury to determine the factual issues, one
portion of the verdict conflicts with another portion of the verdict. One cannot
resolve this conflict “in favor of the verdict” because the verdict itself is the
problem.
Third, the “fundamental nature” exception is at odds with the extremely
limited use of “fundamental” errors as specifically applied in civil cases. In
contrast to criminal cases where the “fundamental error” doctrine is utilized, in
civil cases, reversal based on the concept of “fundamental error” where a timely
objection has not been made is exceedingly rare. This Court has gone so far as to
explain that fundamental error must implicate a constitutional right, such as due
process, or the error must be so significant that requiring a new trial is essential to
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maintain public trust in our jury trial system. See, e.g., Murphy v. Int’l Robotic
Sys., Inc., 766 So. 2d 1010, 1026 (Fla. 2000). In other words, the error must have
been so significant that it deprived one party of the right to a fair trial and due
process. Such a circumstance is not before the court where the jury reached a
verdict and determined damages, even if its findings could be termed inconsistent
as to the basis for its liability determination but there was evidence to support the
jury’s findings. The parties have an opportunity to object to an inconsistent verdict
if they choose to do so.
Fourth, the parameters of the exception are difficult, if not impossible, to
define. Despite the enunciation of this “fundamental nature” exception in products
liability cases, there is no conceptual legal basis to distinguish those cases from
other cases in which the jury verdict was equally inconsistent but the exception did
not apply.
Specifically, a review of multiple inconsistent verdict cases demonstrates
that district courts have not consistently utilized the “fundamental nature”
exception, even where one portion of the verdict absolutely precluded the finding
that a jury made in another portion of its verdict. For example, in Wharfside Two,
Ltd. v. W.W. Gay Mechanical Contractor, Inc., 523 So. 2d 193 (Fla. 1st DCA
1988), the investors in a hotel brought a lawsuit against Chanen Construction
Company, which was the general contractor, and Gay Mechanical Contractor, the
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subcontractor that constructed the hotel’s water system. As the only problem
involved the water system installed by Gay, Chanen’s liability was completely
derivative based on its status as the general contractor who employed subcontractor
Gay; no other basis of liability against Chanen existed. Id. at 195. Yet, the jury
returned a verdict that found Chanen liable to Wharfside, but found Gay not liable.
Id. Chanen asserted that the verdict was fatally inconsistent. Id. at 194.
The First District agreed that “the verdict contains [an] inconsistency which
fundamentally undermines its underlying basis.” Id. at 196 (emphasis added).
Despite making that observation, however, the First District did not apply the
“fundamental nature” exception that would require judgment to be entered in favor
of Chanen, as no independent basis existed for its liability in light of the finding
that Gay was not liable. Instead, because the jury was not provided with the
opportunity to correct its inconsistent verdict, the case was remanded for a new
trial. This Court approved the First District’s holding on that basis, stating, “[t]he
district court’s discussion of verdict inconsistency fully addresses that issue.”
W.W. Gay Mech. Contractor, Inc. v. Wharfside Two, Ltd., 545 So. 2d 1348, 1351
(Fla. 1989).
Other courts have reached similar conclusions in other inconsistent verdict
cases that do not involve products liability claims, including even cases from the
Third and Fifth Districts where the “fundamental nature” exception has been
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recognized for products liability cases. In First Sealord Surety, Inc. v. Suffolk
Construction Co., 995 So. 2d 609, 610 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008), the Third District did
not apply the “fundamental nature” exception to an inconsistent verdict where the
jury held that a principal was not liable and the surety was liable, despite the fact
that the surety’s liability cannot be greater than the principal’s liability. Instead,
the Third District held that if a party fails to raise a claim that a verdict is
inconsistent, that issue has been waived. See id. at 611; see also Sunbank & Trust
Co. of Brooksville v. Transcon. Ins. Co., 666 So. 2d 198, 199 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995)
(not applying the “fundamental nature” exception to a “fatally” inconsistent verdict
where the jury found that one of the defendants was not negligent and then
determined that defendant’s percentage of negligence to be twenty percent).
There is no other specific reason to apply a “fundamental nature” exception
unique to products liability cases. While the defendants assert that products
liability law dictates a different result, we have found no case that would require
products liability cases to be treated in a different manner than other cases
involving equally inconsistent verdicts.1
1. The cases mentioned in oral argument by the defendants do not support
the argument that products liability law requires this “fundamental nature”
exception. See Auburn Mach. Works Co., Inc. v. Jones, 366 So. 2d 1167, 1172
(Fla. 1979); West v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., Inc., 336 So. 2d 80, 92 (Fla. 1976);
Cassisi v. Maytag Co., 396 So. 2d 1140, 1144 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981); Royal v. Black
& Decker Mfg. Co., 205 So. 2d 307, 310 (Fla. 3d DCA 1967). These cases set
forth the general principles addressing products liability claims and do not pertain
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To the contrary, there may be a reason why juries in products liability cases
have arrived at inconsistent verdicts. For example, in reaching its findings, the
jury may have been confused about the jury instructions defining strict liability or
may have believed, based on the instructions, that all it needed to do to hold the
defendant liable was find either a design defect or negligent design.2 The standard
products liability jury instructions specifically direct that the jury should consider
comparative negligence and damages if the jury finds either a design defect or
negligent design. Yet, the possibility of juror confusion regarding the instructions
to inconsistent jury verdicts at all. See Auburn Mach. Works Co., 366 So. 2d at
1172 (holding that in products liability cases, the obviousness of a hazard is not an
exception to a manufacturer’s liability, but is a defense that a manufacturer can use
to show a plaintiff did not exercise reasonable care based on the openness and
obviousness of the danger); West, 336 So. 2d at 92 (holding that a manufacturer
may be held liable under the theory of strict liability in tort where the manufacturer
places a product on the market with a defect that causes an injury but, as a defense,
the manufacturer can assert contributory negligence if based upon grounds other
than a failure of the user to discover a defect in the product); Cassisi, 396 So. 2d at
1152 n.26 (same); Royal, 205 So. 2d at 310 (holding that a manufacturer does not
breach its duty when it has supplied materials that are reasonably safe, even though
the materials might conceivably be made more safe).
2. The possibility of an inconsistent verdict in this type of case, where both
theories are presented to the jury, is actually referred to in the comments of
Florida’s Standard Jury Instructions—Product Liability: “In cases involving claims
of both negligence and defective design, submission of both claims may result in
an inconsistent verdict.” Standard Jury Instructions—Civil Cases (No. 02-2), 872
So. 2d 893, 896 (Fla. 2004). This comment has remained unchanged in our recent
opinion in In re Standard Jury Instructions in Civil Cases—Report No. 13-01
(Products Liab.), No. SC13-683, 2015 WL 1400770, at *6 (Fla. Mar. 26, 2015).
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or the special verdicts is exactly what is recognized as the core of all inconsistent
verdict cases.
In inconsistent verdict cases outside of the products liability context, if there
has been no objection to the inconsistent verdict, appellate courts have held that
any error in the inconsistent verdict is waived. In contrast, in this situation, the
district courts in Tricam Industries, NACRA, and Nissan Motor erroneously
determined that one portion of the inconsistent verdict represented an established
fact that the jury found and then examined the evidence presented at trial to
determine whether an independent basis existed for the conflicting verdict. By
elevating one of the findings over the other inconsistent finding, the appellate
courts failed to view all of the facts “in favor of the verdict.” Thus, the
“fundamental nature” exception has been applied in a contrary manner to the
general legal principles discussed above. There is no principled basis for
distinguishing products liability cases when it comes to inconsistent verdicts.
In conclusion, we reject a products liability “fundamental nature” exception
that obviates the need for an objection before the jury is discharged. Any
inconsistency in a verdict must be resolved by a jury—not a court attempting to
guess the jury’s intent. Thus, we further reject the Third District’s determination,
as well as the conclusions reached in NACRA and Nissan Motor, that the proper
remedy in such a situation would be for a court to enter a judgment for the defense,
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which is contrary to the jury’s award of damages. Even in cases where there is a
timely objection, if the jury is unable to resolve the inconsistency after being
reinstructed, or if the trial court fails to re-submit the case to the jury, the remedy is
not to enter a judgment but to order a new trial so a new jury can make the
necessary findings to resolve the case. See, e.g., Southland Corp. v. Crane, 699 So.
2d 332, 334 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997) (requiring a new trial where the court discharged
the jury after the objection to an inconsistent verdict).
In cases where no objection is raised, the remedy is certainly not to enter
judgment in favor of a party who failed to timely object. This is especially true
where the judgment is entered in a manner contrary to the jury’s ultimate
resolution, thus rewarding the non-objecting party for strategically remaining silent
with the hope that a court will resolve the inconsistency in its favor. We therefore
agree with Judge Schwartz’s dissent below that “it is simply wrong for the court
either here or in NACRA and [Nissan Motor], to resolve the acknowledged
inconsistency itself, much less to do so in favor of the loser.” Tricam Indus., 100
So. 3d at 116-17 (Schwartz, J., dissenting).
III. Application of the Law to this Case
In this case, the jury received standard jury instructions on both negligence
and strict liability contained in the approved standard jury instructions. The special
interrogatory then instructed the jury to consider damages if its answer to either the
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first question (design defect) or the second question (negligent design) was “yes.”
While the jury received standard jury instructions pertaining to products liability, it
is certainly plausible that the jury was confused about the significance of its
findings as to design defect under strict liability and negligent design. The jury
could have determined that it needed only to return a verdict in favor of the
plaintiff on one theory before proceeding to determine damages. Certainly, this is
a logical explanation given that the jury also found that the decedent contributed to
cause the accident, by finding the decedent 80% negligent, and then proceeded to
award substantial damages for the losses sustained by the surviving daughter.
Although the defendants did not timely object and the trial court entered
judgment for the plaintiff after reduction for comparative negligence, the
defendants continue to argue that a judgment in their favor should have been
entered. The Third District accepted this argument and concluded that, because the
jury found “no design defect,” the jury could not have also found “negligence” in
the design. Tricam Indus., 100 So. 3d at 111. This is merely an inconsistent
verdict, however, and the very nature of all inconsistent jury verdicts is that the
jury’s “finding” as to one part of the verdict is mutually exclusive with the other
finding, thus making the jury’s intent unclear.
Based on our holding in this case that a timely objection is required, we
conclude that the objection to the inconsistent verdict was waived. The purpose in
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requiring that an objection be voiced before the jury is discharged is so that any
inconsistency in a verdict may be corrected by the jury. If the proper relief to an
inconsistent verdict was always a new trial, thus not providing the jury with an
opportunity to correct its own inconsistency, there would be no need to voice an
objection prior to the jury’s discharge. Further, both parties have recognized that if
the objection were waived, reinstatement of the original judgment should be
ordered.3 Thus, we hold that the trial court did not err in denying the defendants’
motion to set aside the verdict, as the defendants failed to timely raise the
inconsistent verdict.
CONCLUSION
For all these reasons, we hold that a timely objection is required to an
inconsistent verdict in a civil case and disapprove the use of the “fundamental
nature” exception to the general law pertaining to inconsistent verdicts as has been
carved out for products liability cases. In circumstances involving an inconsistent
verdict, a party is still obligated to object prior to the time that the jury is
discharged so the parties and the trial court can consider whether the jury’s
confusion can be rectified through additional jury instructions or a new verdict
3. The defendants agree that, if the judgment in their favor is set aside,
reentry of the original judgment, rather than a new trial, should be the remedy in
this case.
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form. If a party fails to timely object to an inconsistent verdict, that party waives
the objection and unless there is no evidence to support one finding, the trial court
may properly enter judgment pursuant to that verdict.
Our reaffirmation of the requirement of an objection serves numerous
important policy concerns. First, the requirement of a timely objection discourages
gamesmanship by precluding objections that a party sat on, in an effort to obtain a
calculated benefit by raising it later. Second, our ruling enhances the efficiency of
judicial proceedings, requiring the error to be raised immediately so that it can be
rectified as soon as possible without increasing the likelihood that a new trial will
be required. Third, the requirement of a timely objection promotes the sanctity of
the jury verdict and permits a jury to correct a clearly erroneous verdict that may
be based on some underlying confusion brought on by the parties, the court, or the
jury instructions.
Accordingly, we quash the Third District’s decision applying the
“fundamental nature” exception in Tricam Industries and remand to the district
court with instructions that the case be returned to the trial court for entry of the
original judgment in favor of Coba. We further disapprove of the decisions in
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NACRA, 480 So. 2d 669, and Nissan Motor, 891 So. 2d 4, because they are
inconsistent with our holding.4
It is so ordered.
LABARGA, C.J., and LEWIS, QUINCE, CANADY, POLSTON, and PERRY, JJ.,
concur.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.
Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal - Direct
Conflict of Decisions
Third District - Case No. 3D11-50
(Miami-Dade County)
Roy D. Wasson of Wasson & Associates, Chartered, Miami, Florida; and Orlando
D. Cabeza of DeMahy Labrador Drake Victor Payne & Cabeza, P.A., Coral
Gables, Florida,
for Petitioner
Jeffrey Arthur Mowers and Cindy Jane Mishcon of Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard &
Smith LLP, Fort Lauderdale, Florida,
for Respondents
4. We decline to reach the other issues raised by Coba regarding alleged
juror misconduct and various evidentiary issues, as these claims are beyond the
scope of the conflict. See DK Arena, Inc. v. EB Acquisitions I, LLC, 112 So. 3d
85, 97 (Fla. 2013) (declining to address issues beyond the scope of the conflict on
which this Court granted review).
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