& SC13-2330 Michael A. Hernandez, Jr. v. State of Florida and Michael A. Hernandez, Jr. v. Julie L. Jones, etc.

Supreme Court of Florida
____________
No. SC13-718
____________
MICHAEL A. HERNANDEZ, JR.,
Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
____________
No. SC13-2330
____________
MICHAEL A. HERNANDEZ, JR.,
Petitioner,
vs.
JULIE L. JONES, etc.,
Respondent.
[September 17, 2015]
PER CURIAM.
Michael A. Hernandez, Jr., appeals an order of the circuit court denying his
motion to vacate his conviction of first-degree murder and sentence of death filed
under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851. He also petitions this Court for a
writ of habeas corpus, alleging ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. We
have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), (9), Fla. Const. For the reasons explained
below, we affirm the order denying postconviction relief and deny his petition for a
writ of habeas corpus.
BACKGROUND AND FACTS
Michael A. Hernandez, Jr., age twenty-three at the time of the crime, was
convicted of the November 18, 2004, first-degree murder of Ruth Everett
(“Everett”) in Milton, Florida. Hernandez and a friend, Christopher Shawn
Arnold, went to the home of Everett and her son David Everett, also known as
“Snapper,” from whom Arnold sometimes obtained drugs. Arnold and Hernandez
went there looking for crack cocaine. When Everett answered the door and told
them that her son was not home, Hernandez grabbed her and forced her into the
house. Once Hernandez and Arnold were inside, Arnold demanded money and
then went looking around the house for drugs. He returned, however, with a
pillow, which he put over Everett’s face in an attempt to smother her while
Hernandez held her. During the struggle or thereafter she suffered a broken neck.
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Arnold left the house with the victim’s purse and Hernandez then stabbed her in
the neck. Hernandez returned to the car with blood on his clothes, and he and
Arnold drove away. They used her ATM card several times to withdraw money
which they used to buy crack cocaine.
The evidence presented at trial showed that Hernandez’s former stepfather
Richard Hartman, Sr., his wife Tammy Hartman, and Arnold’s girlfriend Michelle
Rose, who is Tammy Hartman’s daughter, were told by Arnold about the murder.
Richard and Tammy then went to Hernandez’s home and confronted him.1
Subsequently, both Arnold and Hernandez turned themselves in to police and gave
statements. Hernandez was indicted for one count of first-degree premeditated or
felony murder while carrying a knife and one count of robbery with a deadly
weapon. He was later also charged with burglary with an assault or battery.
Arnold, who was also charged, entered a plea and received a sentence of life in
prison and Hernandez proceeded to trial. At trial, the medical examiner testified
that Everett died from the combined effects of blunt and sharp force injuries to the
1. Hernandez is the son of Richard Hartman’s former wife Cheryl and
Michael Hernandez, Sr.
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neck, and that either the broken neck with laceration of the spinal cord or the slash
through her neck could have been fatal, but also could have been survivable if
medical help had been summoned. Hernandez was convicted on February 6, 2007,
of all three counts.
At the penalty phase proceeding, the defense called two family members and
two mental health experts to present evidence in mitigation, including statutory
mental health mitigation. The State presented evidence of statutory aggravation
and also presented its own expert, Dr. Harry McClaren, who disagreed that
statutory mental health mitigation was present. The jury recommended death by a
vote of eleven to one and a Spencer2 hearing was held before sentencing. On
March 22, 2007, the trial court entered an order sentencing Hernandez to death,
finding four aggravating circumstances and giving each great weight, as follows:
(1) the defendant was convicted of prior violent felonies (§ 921.141(5)(b), Fla.
Stat. (2007)); (2) the murder was committed during a robbery with a deadly
weapon and a burglary of an occupied dwelling with an assault or battery while
2. Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993) (providing for a hearing
after trial at which the parties may present to the sentencing judge any additional
information or evidence pertinent to the appropriate sentence to be imposed and to
afford the defendant an opportunity to be heard in person).
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armed with a dangerous weapon (§ 921.141(5)(d), Fla. Stat. (2007)); (3) the
murder was committed to avoid or prevent a lawful arrest (§ 921.141(5)(e), Fla.
Stat. (2007)); and (4) the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel (HAC)
(§ 921.141(5)(h), Fla. Stat. (2007)). The trial court rejected the statutory mental
health mitigators that the murder was committed while Hernandez was under the
influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance (section 921.141(6)(b),
Florida Statutes (2007)), and that Hernandez’s capacity to appreciate the
criminality of his conduct or conform his conduct to the law was substantially
impaired (section 921.141(6)(f), Florida Statutes (2007)). The trial court did find
the statutory mitigator of lack of significant criminal history and gave it some
weight. See § 921.141(6)(a), Fla. Stat. (2007). The trial court also found
nonstatutory mitigating circumstances, which were given varying degrees of
weight.3 See § 921.141(6)(h), Fla. Stat. (2007).
3. Hernandez offered twenty-eight mitigating circumstances, and the court
added a twenty-ninth, and found the following: (1) dysfunctional, neglectful, and
impoverished childhood (some weight); (2) no normal family home, no regular
schooling, parents were separated, abusive foster homes, and abandonment
(substantial weight); (3) his parents were outlaws, motorcycle gang members, hard
drug dealers and abusers, who were under threat of death from the motorcycle
gang (substantial weight); (4) his parents introduced him to narcotics at an early
age (substantial weight); (5) his mother’s live-in paramours were physically,
mentally, and emotionally abusive to her and to defendant (some weight); (6) he
witnessed physical abuse of his mother on many occasions (some weight); (7) he
was abandoned by his mother on more than several occasions (substantial weight);
(8) his father fatally overdosed on drugs at the hands of a girlfriend while
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On direct appeal, Hernandez raised eight claims,4 and this Court also
decided sufficiency of the evidence and proportionality. We affirmed in
defendant was living with him (some weight); (9) defendant was mentally,
physically, emotionally, and sexually abused in foster care over a four year period
as a pre-teen/early teen (some weight); (10) he ran away from a foster home
because of abuse and because his mother would not come to his aid and told him
she was going to commit suicide (some weight); (11) he was dysfunctional and
began to live on the streets and continued to use drugs (some weight); (12) he lived
with his half-brother for a period of time, but was subjected to continued drug
exposure and use at the hands of his half-brother’s father, Richard Hartman (some
weight); (13) when he did attend school he was in learning disabled classes (some
weight); (14) he was able to marry and support his family for two years (some
weight); (15) he was characterized as a loving person, loving father, and husband
(some weight); (16) he has a life-long addiction to controlled substances due to his
involuntary exposure to them at an early age (some weight); (17) he was enticed
into bingeing on cocaine at the time of the instant offense by the codefendant (not
proven; no weight); (18) he had been drinking the night before and was still under
the influence of alcohol on the morning of the offense (some weight); (19) the
offense was unplanned and was initiated by the codefendant (not proven; no
weight); (20) the homicide was a spontaneous, unplanned act (not proven; no
weight); (21) the codefendant took the property of the decedent in hopes of finding
money or means to get money to purchase cocaine (not mitigating; no weight);
(22) when confronted, the defendant accepted responsibility for taking part in the
offense (substantial weight); (23) he has continuously shown remorse for his
conduct (slight weight); (24) he has cooperated with the police (some weight);
(25) he has attempted suicide (some weight); (26) the codefendant was offered a
life sentence and was equally culpable, and actually initiated the entire episode (not
mitigating; no weight); (27) the defendant is not worthy of the death penalty for his
participation in this crime (argumentative; no weight); (28) he has mental and
cognitive disorders that do not qualify as statutory mitigating circumstances (some
weight); and (29) his family members have attested to his good character (some
weight).
4. The claims raised on direct appeal by Hernandez were: (1) trial court
error in failing to strike the venire and failing to declare a mistrial after one
prospective juror saw Hernandez in shackles, although that juror was excused for
cause; (2) trial court error in refusing to excuse juror L for cause due to her
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Hernandez v. State, 4 So. 3d 642 (Fla. 2009), and in the opinion, we recounted
Hernandez’s statement given to law enforcement shortly after the murder as
follows:
According to Hernandez’s statements, the following events
occurred on November 18 and 19, 2004. Hernandez left his house at
8:30 a.m. on November 18 to go to work, but he and [Shawn] Arnold
instead “went to a crack friend’s house and got some crack . . . with
the gas money and cigarette money [Hernandez] had for the day.”
Although he had used crack before moving to Florida, Hernandez had
not used it since moving to Florida. They were “doing crack,” and
Arnold suggested going to the house of “Snapper,” an individual
whom Arnold knew. Arnold had done cocaine with “Snapper” before,
but Hernandez did not know him. Arnold told him “he was going to
try and get some money.” Hernandez and Arnold drove to
“Snapper’s” house in Arnold’s car. They went to the door and spoke
with an “old lady” at the house. Arnold told Hernandez to “grab her,”
and Hernandez grabbed the lady by the mouth and pulled her into the
house. Hernandez “got her quiet” and told her, “shh, calm down,
calm down. We ain’t going to hurt you.” The lady sat down in a
chair. Arnold told the lady that “Snapper” owed him $300 and that
Arnold had a gun put to his head over this money. Arnold had made
up this story. Arnold told her that they would try to get the money
from her and that they would leave her son alone if they got the
money. The lady told them that all she had was $20. Arnold said,
“All right,” and then asked to use the bathroom and came back with a
personal encounters with substance abuse problems in her family and her contacts
with law enforcement; (3) trial court error in excusing Dr. McClaren, the State’s
mental health expert, from the rule of sequestration during both lay and expert
testimony in the penalty phase; (4) trial court error in failing to dismiss the
indictment, which did not allege aggravating circumstances, and failing to require
specific jury findings regarding aggravators; (5) trial court error in giving the jury
instruction on victim impact evidence; (6) trial court error in finding the avoid
arrest aggravator; (7) trial court error in finding the HAC aggravator; and (8)
disparate sentence given because codefendant Arnold received life in prison after
pleading nolo contendere and Hernandez received death.
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pillow. Arnold stuck the pillow over the lady’s face while she was
still in the chair. Arnold told Hernandez to grab the lady’s hands, and
Hernandez did. Hernandez and Arnold were “suffocating her” and
she was “struggling.” While Hernandez and Arnold were “choking
her,” “she stopped moving for a minute.” Hernandez said the
following then occurred: “And we let her up and tried to drag her over
to the couch and lay her down. And she drops, and I go to grab her,
and I grab her head. And her head cracked. And Shawn helped me
get her on the couch. And I . . . got the knife from him and cut her
neck . . . . After she was dead.” Hernandez had grabbed Arnold’s
pocket knife before entering the house and had used it to “chop up a
crack block earlier.” Hernandez said he did not know why he cut the
lady’s neck.
Hernandez, 4 So. 3d at 649-50. In affirming, the majority of the Court found that
the claims were without merit, the evidence was sufficient, and the sentence was
proportionate.5 The United States Supreme Court denied certiorari in Hernandez v.
Florida, 558 U.S. 860 (2009).
Postconviction Proceedings
Hernandez filed his initial motion for postconviction relief under Florida
Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851 in September 2010 in the circuit court of Santa
Rosa County. The motion alleged ineffective assistance of lead trial counsel Ted
5. Justice Pariente concurred in result only with an opinion in which
Justices Lewis and Quince concurred. Justice Pariente agreed that the conviction
and sentence should be affirmed but concluded that the trial court abused its
discretion in allowing the State’s expert, Dr. McClaren, to remain in the courtroom
during the testimony of the defense’s penalty phase witnesses, although she found
the error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 674-75 (Pariente, J.,
concurring in result only).
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Stokes and lead penalty phase counsel Michael Rollo.6 The motion also alleged a
Brady/Giglio claim.7
6. In claim one of the motion, Hernandez contended that he was denied
adequate adversarial testing in the guilt and penalty phases and was denied
adequate investigation, preparation, and presentation of a defense case in the
following respects: (A) trial counsel declined the opportunity to select a jury in a
manner that would allow counsel to save a peremptory challenge for a specific
juror; (B) trial counsel failed to object to incriminating testimony of Hernandez’s
wife on the grounds of marital privilege; (C) trial counsel failed to investigate or
prepare a meaningful challenge to testimony of Tammy Hartman; (D) trial counsel
failed to preserve for appeal the issue of Tammy’s daughter’s unsolicited testimony
that Hernandez threatened to kill someone the night after the murder; (E) trial
counsel failed to object to overbroad victim impact testimony and elicited
testimony critical of the victim; (F) trial counsel failed to investigate or prepare to
challenge the evidence in support of the prior violent felony aggravator; (G) trial
counsel failed to ensure that Hernandez and Shawn Arnold were separated
following their arrests and incarceration; (H) trial counsel failed to sufficiently
develop evidence that the victim’s neck was likely broken by Arnold when he was
trying to smother the victim; (I) trial counsel failed to object to improper
prosecutorial argument, failed to develop a coherent theory in the guilt phase,
failed to coordinate the guilt phase presentation with the penalty phase
presentation, failed to recognize the impact of guilt phase evidence on the penalty
phase, and failed to realize that poorly-conceived denial as a defense can increase
the likelihood of a death sentence; (J) trial counsel performed an inadequate
investigation and presentation of Hernandez’s personal and family background and
improperly allowed the State’s expert witness to observe the penalty phase
testimony; and (K) penalty phase counsel failed to prepare his mental health
experts and failed to obtain and present adequate mental health mitigation.
In claim two, Hernandez claimed that the State withheld material and
exculpatory evidence in violation of Brady, and presented false and misleading
evidence in violation of Giglio, regarding, in part, the testimony of Tammy
Hartman. By agreement of the parties during the evidentiary hearing, a claim was
added that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to argue that Hernandez was told
he would not be given the death penalty if he surrendered.
7. Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) (when favorable, material
evidence is willfully or inadvertently not disclosed by the government); Giglio v.
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A case management conference was held on February 25, 2011, and the
circuit court entered an order granting an evidentiary hearing on most of the
subclaims raised in claim one of the motion and on the Brady claim raised in claim
two of the motion. The claims raised in claim one, subclaims A and G, and the
Giglio claim raised in claim two were denied by the court without an evidentiary
hearing. The circuit court held an evidentiary hearing in four different sessions, on
January 9-13, 2012; May 25, 2012; July 16, 2012; and July 25, 2012, and denied
postconviction relief on all claims in an order entered on March 28, 2013. Thus,
the court denied the Defendant’s Motion to Vacate Conviction and Sentence in its
entirety, although not all of those claims have been appealed here. Because most
of the postconviction claims contend that trial counsel was ineffective in
representation of Hernandez in either the guilt phase or the penalty phase, the
standard of review for those claims is set forth next.
Standard of Review for Claims of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Pursuant to the Supreme Court’s decision in Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668 (1984), two requirements must be satisfied to establish ineffective
assistance of counsel:
First, the claimant must identify particular acts or omissions of
the lawyer that are shown to be outside the broad range of reasonably
United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972) (when prosecution presents or fails to correct
false, material testimony that the prosecutor knew was false).
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competent performance under prevailing professional standards.
Second, the clear, substantial deficiency shown must further be
demonstrated to have so affected the fairness and reliability of the
proceeding that confidence in the outcome is undermined. Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984); Downs v. State, 453 So. 2d 1102
(Fla. 1984). A court considering a claim of ineffectiveness of counsel
need not make a specific ruling on the performance component of the
test when it is clear that the prejudice component is not satisfied.
Maxwell v. Wainwright, 490 So. 2d 927, 932 (Fla. 1986). Because both prongs of
Strickland present mixed questions of law and fact, this Court employs a mixed
standard of review. The Court will defer to the circuit court’s factual findings that
are supported by competent, substantial evidence, and will review the circuit
court’s application of the law to those facts de novo. See Johnson v. State, 135 So.
3d 1002, 1013 (Fla. 2014). There is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s
conduct falls within the “wide range of reasonable professional assistance,” and “a
fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be made to
eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of
counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s
perspective at the time.” Deparvine v. State, 146 So. 3d 1071, 1097 (Fla. 2014)
(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). “[S]trategic decisions do not constitute
ineffective assistance of counsel if alternative courses have been considered and
rejected and counsel’s decision was reasonable under the norms of professional
conduct.” Occhicone v. State, 768 So. 2d 1037, 1048 (Fla. 2000). The defendant
must “overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged
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action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’ ” Deparvine, 146 So. 3d at 1083
(quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)). “The reasonableness of
counsel’s actions may be determined or substantially influenced by the defendant’s
own statements or actions.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691.
Under the prejudice prong of Strickland, the defendant must prove that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” White v. State, 964 So. 2d
1278, 1285 (Fla. 2007) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). Importantly, that
reasonable probability is one “sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Id. Where the defendant claims that counsel provided ineffective assistance in the
penalty phase, “the question is whether there is a reasonable probability that,
absent the errors, the sentencer . . . would have concluded that the balance of
aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.” State v. Woodel,
145 So. 3d 782, 798 (Fla. 2014) (quoting Sochor v. State, 883 So. 2d 766, 771 (Fla.
2004) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695)), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 1735 (2015).
As we reiterated in Foster v. State, 132 So. 3d 40 (Fla. 2013), a defendant is not
required “to show ‘that counsel’s deficient conduct more likely than not altered the
outcome’ of his penalty proceeding, but rather that he establish ‘a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in [that] outcome.’ ” Id. at 52 (quoting Porter
v. McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 44 (2009) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693-94)).
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Within this framework, we turn to the claim that trial counsel was ineffective
in handling the testimony of Tammy Hartman.
ANALYSIS
Testimony of Tammy Hartman
Hernandez first contends that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to
investigate and develop a meaningful challenge to the testimony of Tammy
Hartman (“Tammy”). Hernandez argues, as he did below, that reasonably
competent counsel would have investigated her pretrial statements and been
prepared to cross-examine her in detail about certain inconsistencies between her
pretrial statements, her deposition, and her trial testimony. Hernandez also claims
that counsel should have moved to exclude any of her testimony that related what
Arnold told her, as opposed to what Hernandez told her—and that when she
expressed confusion over which one told her, counsel should have objected based
on hearsay.
Hernandez cites several examples of Tammy’s testimony that he contends
trial counsel should have impeached as inconsistent or objected to as inadmissible
hearsay. For example, he cites Tammy’s trial testimony that Hernandez told her
Arnold tried to revive the victim by having her breathe into a bag after Arnold tried
to smother her with the pillow. She amended that testimony by noting that it might
have been Arnold who told her that. This trial testimony was also in conflict with
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her first statement to police, and Arnold’s deposition, which indicate that Arnold
gave a bag to the victim to breathe into before the smothering incident began. In
another example, Hernandez contends that counsel was deficient in failing to
object to hearsay when Tammy testified she was not sure who told her that Arnold
complained to Hernandez at the time of the incident that they “weren’t going to do
this.” Hernandez cited other specific examples of testimony he contends counsel
should have impeached or to which he should have objected. The postconviction
court denied the claim, finding that counsel did object to hearsay statements told to
her by Arnold, that he did obtain a copy of her deposition and read it before she
testified, and that it was trial counsel’s reasonable strategy to allow Tammy to
show she was confused and inconsistent in her testimony.
Without doubt, Tammy’s trial testimony was sometimes inconsistent with
earlier statements and was often confused. In fact, trial counsel Stokes testified at
the evidentiary hearing that it was his strategy to use her confusion to argue that
“she did not know what she was talking about” and, thus, her testimony was not
reliable. Stokes explained that it was also his trial strategy to show that Tammy
was partial to Arnold because he was the father of her granddaughter, and that “we
weren’t so concerned with her inconsistencies as we were her motivation.”
Hernandez also argues that trial counsel should have attempted to present Arnold
to testify because his deposition and evidentiary hearing testimony showed
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conflicts with some of Tammy’s testimony. Even if counsel should have objected
to more of her testimony when it was inconsistent with earlier statements or when
she was not sure if the facts she was testifying to were told to her by Arnold or
Hernandez, prejudice has not been shown. Nor was prejudice shown in counsel’s
failure to secure Arnold’s trial testimony.
First, Tammy’s testimony was consistent that Hernandez told her he initially
had the victim in a choke hold and that he slit the victim’s throat because she
would not die. Further, much of what Tammy testified to was confirmed in the
statement Hernandez gave police soon after the murder. Moreover, we agree with
the postconviction court that Tammy’s confused testimony was more helpful to
Hernandez than Arnold’s deposition testimony. After entering his plea in this
murder, Arnold gave a May 25, 2006, deposition, prior to Hernandez’s trial, taken
by Hernandez’s first attorney. Arnold testified that when they went to the victim’s
home looking for David Everett and found he was not home, Hernandez pushed
the victim into the house into a recliner chair. Arnold testified in his deposition
that he went in and Hernandez had the victim in “a neck hold sort of kind of
pushing on her neck.” He further testified that he told Hernandez, “Come on, don’t
do this” and that Hernandez released the victim, who was still in the recliner and
was hysterical. Arnold said that is when he gave the victim the bag to breathe into
because she was very upset as he was asking her where her son was. Arnold said
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the victim was still in the recliner, and did calm down some. Arnold said he asked
to use the bathroom, but came back with a pillow which he “put . . . over Ms.
Everett’s head. . . . over her face.” Arnold testified that when he did that,
Hernandez had his hands around the victim’s throat.
Arnold also testified in his deposition that when he pulled the pillow off the
victim’s face and announced he “could not do this,” Hernandez asked him to hold
her arms because she was struggling. Arnold then said Hernandez “grabbed her
[by her head] and sort of slung her onto the floor. . . . Pulled her out of the chair
and slung her on the floor.” Arnold testified that he took the pillow and her purse
and left. He also testified that when Hernandez returned to the car, he had blood
on his clothes and told him he had stabbed the victim in the neck because he
wanted to make sure she was dead. The sworn statement Arnold gave on
November 19, 2004, the day after the murder, was consistent in most respects with
this later deposition. Postconviction counsel also contends that if trial counsel had
questioned Arnold prior to trial, he could have used his testimony to dispute
Tammy’s testimony that Hernandez knocked Arnold out of the way after Arnold
said they “weren’t going to do this.” Arnold testified at the evidentiary hearing
that it was the action of the recliner after Hernandez jumped on it during the
smothering incident that knocked Arnold back against the wall. Because Arnold’s
pretrial statement to police and his deposition taken before trial show he did not
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address the issue of being knocked aside—either by Hernandez or by the action of
the recliner, the claim that counsel could have obtained this testimony to dispute
Tammy’s version is speculative.
Even if some of his testimony could have disputed portions of Tammy’s
version of events, the overall effect of his testimony would have been more
damaging to Hernandez’s defense than Tammy’s confused and inconsistent
testimony. Further, postconviction counsel did not establish that Arnold would
have testified at Hernandez’s trial. Arnold testified at the evidentiary hearing that
he had advised his attorney that he was not going to testify at Hernandez’s trial,
and trial counsel also believed that if Arnold had been forced to testify at trial, his
testimony would not have been helpful to Hernandez. Even if counsel was
deficient in several minor respects in failing to bring out discrepancies in portions
of Tammy’s testimony, or discrepancies between her testimony and Arnold’s,
prejudice has not been shown. Hernandez’s own confession disclosed that he
forced the victim into the house and into the recliner, he held her while Arnold
tried to smother her, he grabbed the victim’s head and felt a snap, and he cut the
victim’s neck after Arnold left.
Hernandez also argues briefly in this appeal that Stokes should have retained
an expert such as Dr. Leroy Riddick, a medical examiner, who testified in the
evidentiary hearing that the victim’s neck was not broken by “a violent twisting” as
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Tammy had testified Hernandez reported having done. Dr. Riddick testified at the
hearing that of three hypothetical scenarios—where the neck was broken by
twisting, by having the head pushed back by force with the pillow, and by the head
hitting the floor—the “most reasonable would be the pillow with a lot of force
being pushed against her face” and that due to spinal shock and lack of oxygen, she
“could” have been “brain dead” at that point. Postconviction counsel contends that
this type of testimony would have shown that the victim’s neck was broken when
the pillow was forcefully pushed against her face by Arnold, and that she “could
have been” brain dead, but with a beating heart, before Hernandez cut her throat
and she bled profusely. However, on cross-examination at the evidentiary hearing,
Dr. Riddick stated that he did not disagree with any of the testimony and opinions
of Dr. Andrea Minyard, the medical examiner who testified at trial. He also agreed
that the victim’s neck could have broken when Hernandez was “manhandling” her
head, as Hernandez stated in his confession.
Furthermore, the jury did hear from Dr. Minyard that the victim’s neck
could have been broken by having her head forced back by the pillow when she
was in the recliner or when her head hit the floor when she was dropped.8
8. Dr. Minyard testified at trial that the victim had bruising all over her face
and her gums caused by hard pressure by a soft surface on her face. Dr. Minyard
also testified that the victim could have died from suffocation by a pillow, but that
if the victim had died from suffocation, she would not have bled so much when her
throat was cut. Dr. Minyard testified that the victim had a fractured fifth vertebrae
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Dr. Minyard testified that the victim was not dead, however, when the knife cut
was made to her neck because, had she been dead, she would not have bled so
much. Trial counsel did argue to the jury in closing that Dr. Minyard testified the
broken neck could have resulted from Arnold forcefully smothering her with the
pillow. Trial counsel also argued that the evidence showed Hernandez thought the
victim was dead after Arnold smothered her and that when they went to move her,
she was accidentally dropped and could have broken her neck then, according to
the medical examiner. Thus, trial counsel was not deficient in failing to call an
independent medical expert to say that the twisting motion to the victim’s neck that
Tammy testified about could not have caused the injury. The jury heard testimony
and argument that would have allowed them to conclude the victim’s neck was
broken while Arnold was attempting to forcefully suffocate her. Trial counsel
argued that is how it most likely occurred and no deficiency has been shown.
in her neck and a laceration to the spinal cord inside the vertebrae. When asked if
the broken vertebrae in the victim’s neck was consistent with the head being
twisted, she testified, “Any upward motion would be consistent, if it’s a twist, if
it’s straight up, it really wouldn’t matter, but the upward motion is why it is
important.” On cross-examination, Dr. Minyard testified that the vertebrae in the
victim’s neck could have been broken by being forced backward during the
suffocation in the recliner chair. Dr. Minyard also agreed on cross-examination
that the broken neck could have occurred when the victim was dropped on the
floor.
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As to the claim that trial counsel was deficient in failing to object to
Tammy’s testimony based on hearsay when she expressed uncertainty if certain
statements were made by Arnold or by Hernandez, prejudice has not been
demonstrated. Hernandez’s sworn statement to Detective Shuler given on
November 19, 2004, admitted the main points of the attack and the murder. From
Hernandez’s own statement it can be seen that even though it was Arnold’s idea to
go to Everett’s house, it was Hernandez who forced the victim into the home by
grabbing her throat and mouth; it was Hernandez who pushed her into the recliner;
and it was Hernandez who helped subdue her and was “choking her” while Arnold
was attempting to smother her. By his own statement, Hernandez told police that
when Everett ended up on the floor, he picked her up or dragged her by the head
and heard something snap, and that after Arnold left, Hernandez stabbed the victim
in the throat. Hernandez said in his statement that Arnold helped him get her to the
couch and that after Arnold left with her purse and the pillow, Hernandez took the
knife that he had obtained earlier from Arnold to chop up crack and “stuck her in
the neck” with it. These statements by Hernandez were consistent with some of
the most harmful aspects of Tammy’s testimony, and objections to her testimony
when she related events that she thought either Arnold or Hernandez told her, even
if sustained, would not have overcome the damaging effects of Hernandez’s own
statements to police. Further, it would have been clear to the jury from the totality
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of Tammy’s testimony and Stokes’ closing argument that she was confused in her
recitation of events and that she favored Arnold, who was the father of her
grandchild.
Under the prejudice prong of Strickland, the defendant must prove that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” White, 964 So. 2d at 1285
(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). A reasonable probability is one that is
“sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. Even if trial counsel was
deficient in failing to impeach Tammy’s testimony by showing each inconsistency,
and failing to object to hearsay every time Tammy was unsure which defendant
told her the facts she was relating, such are insufficient to undermine this Court’s
confidence in the guilty verdict and the sentence. For all these reasons, the
postconviction court’s denial of this claim is affirmed.
Giglio Claim Concerning Tammy Hartman’s Testimony
Hernandez also contends that the prosecutor presented testimony of Tammy
Hartman about numerous statements she attributed to Hernandez, but knew at the
time that Tammy had been inconsistent about whether it was Hernandez or Arnold
who made the statements. In earlier statements, Tammy had identified Arnold as
the source of some of the statements, not Hernandez. He argues that the prosecutor
refreshed her recollection in one instance using a portion of her pretrial deposition
- 21 -
when he knew that she said something contrary on a later page of her deposition.
Hernandez contends that this amounts to presentation of testimony that the
prosecutor knew was untrue, and thus violates Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S.
150 (1972).
We have explained, as the Supreme Court held in Giglio, that a violation
occurs if (1) the prosecutor presented or failed to correct false testimony; (2) the
prosecutor knew the testimony was false; and (3) the false evidence was material.
Foster, 132 So. 3d at 64. If the first two elements are proven, materiality is
presumed and the State must prove that there is no reasonable possibility that the
testimony affected the verdict because it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Conahan v. State, 118 So. 3d 718, 728 (Fla. 2013). The Court applies a mixed
standard of review, deferring to the trial court’s findings of fact that are supported
by competent, substantial evidence and reviewing de novo the application of the
law to those facts. Id. at 729.
The postconviction court denied the claim, finding that Hernandez failed to
prove that Tammy Hartman’s trial testimony was false. The court based this
finding in part on the fact that Tammy’s evidentiary hearing testimony did not
show that her trial testimony was false, but showed only that she was confused
over who told her certain things. The court concluded that confusion is not the
equivalent of a Giglio violation. We agree. The circuit court also found that
- 22 -
Hernandez failed to prove that the prosecutor knew any of Tammy’s testimony was
false, especially where other witnesses corroborated much of her testimony.
At the evidentiary hearing, the trial prosecutor testified that he had no reason
to believe Tammy’s trial testimony was false. He testified, “There’s no statement
that she’s made that I could look at and say, I know that statement is false.” He
explained that she was a witness who had great difficulty giving specific testimony
about her recollections. He agreed there were inconsistencies in her statements
made in her deposition and between her trial testimony and portions of the
deposition. He also noted that she said several times she could not recall whether
Arnold or Hernandez had told her certain things, but that if any of her trial
testimony was in fact false, he did not knowingly present it.
Citing page thirty-five of the deposition, the prosecutor was asked at the
evidentiary hearing about why he did not refresh Tammy’s recollection at trial with
that part of her deposition concerning whether Hernandez told her he “knocked
Shawn back” during the attack. The prosecutor agreed that he did not bring to
Tammy’s attention, or to the attention of defense counsel, Tammy’s statements on
page forty-two of the same deposition. There, Tammy had testified, “I want to say
that Shawn told me that Michael knocked him back, but I don’t know if Michael
told me that or Shawn told me that.” In the deposition excerpt on page forty-two,
the prosecutor cautioned Tammy, “If you’re not sure, I don’t want you to tell me,”
- 23 -
to which she responded, “I don’t know then.” The fact that Tammy gave two
inconsistent statements in her deposition and was asked about only one of them at
trial does not prove that the trial testimony was false. She admitted that she did not
recall whether Arnold or Hernandez told her; thus, either version could have been
true—and no evidence has been provided to conclusively establish which version
is the true one. Hernandez does not cite any other specific examples of alleged
false testimony but makes reference generally to inconsistencies in her various
statements.
Even though Tammy’s testimony and her earlier statements and deposition
demonstrate that there were inconsistencies, and some confusion in her rendition of
events, such “mere inconsistences” have been held insufficient to establish a Giglio
violation. See Franqui v. State, 59 So. 3d 82, 104-06 (Fla. 2011); Maharaj v. State,
778 So. 2d 944, 956 (Fla. 2000) (citing United States v. Bailey, 123 F.3d 1381,
1395-96 (11th Cir. 1997)). “[A] challenge to evidence through another witness or
prior inconsistent statements [is] insufficient to establish prosecutorial use of false
testimony.” United States v. Martin, 59 F.3d 767, 770 (8th Cir. 1995) (bracketed
material added) (quoting United States v. White, 724 F.2d 714, 717 (8th Cir.
1984). “[M]ere differences in testimony found in witness statements made at
different times, or between witnesses on the same subject, are not alone sufficient
to show perjury.” Ferguson v. State, 101 So. 3d 895, 897 (Fla. 2012). See also
- 24 -
Barwick v. State, 88 So. 3d 85, 104-05 (Fla. 2011) (finding that witness’s
description of events at different trials represented reinterpretation of facts, not
false testimony); Ferrell v. State, 29 So. 3d 959, 978 (Fla. 2010) (finding no Giglio
violation merely on showing that two witnesses contradict each other.). “In the
Giglio context, the suggestion that a statement may have been false is simply
insufficient; the defendant must conclusively show that the statement was actually
false.” Maharaj v. Sec’y Dept. of Corrs., 432 F.3d 1292, 1313 (11th Cir. 2005)
(citing Moon v. Head, 285 F.3d 1301, 1315 (11th Cir. 2002), and Brown v. Head,
272 F.3d 1308, 1317-18 (11th Cir. 2001)).
The most that can be said is that Tammy Hartman gave inconsistent versions
of several things she thinks she was told either by Arnold or Hernandez, and that
she admitted at trial and in her deposition that she could not recall the exact details
of some of the conversations. However, this does not prove that the version the
prosecutor presented at trial was actually false. The fact that a different version
may have been marginally more favorable to Hernandez’s theory of defense or
mitigation does not make the trial version of Tammy’s testimony false. Nor does it
establish prejudice. Whether Hernandez or Arnold told her that Hernandez
knocked Arnold back after he expressed a desire not to go forward with the murder
did not change the fact that Arnold left the home before the victim was killed, and
Hernandez went forward with cutting the victim’s throat. Moreover, Tammy is not
- 25 -
the only witness that testified Hernandez cut the victim’s throat. Hernandez
confessed to cutting her throat in his statement to police. His wife, Stephanie, and
Tiffany Telin also heard and testified about his statement. Because Hernandez has
failed to establish that any of Tammy Hartman’s testimony was actually false, and
has failed to demonstrate that the prosecutor knowingly presented false evidence,
his Giglio claim fails and was properly denied by the postconviction court.
Trial Counsel’s Performance Regarding Aggravating Circumstances
Hernandez next raises three claims of ineffective assistance of penalty phase
counsel in regard to the evidence of aggravation. We discuss each in turn.
1. The conviction for battery on a jail detainee.
Hernandez contends that penalty phase counsel was deficient in preparing to
rebut the State’s evidence of prior violent felony convictions offered as
aggravation. The State first presented evidence that Hernandez was convicted of
battery on a jail detainee, Shawn Arnold, which occurred while the two were in jail
after their arrests. Battery by a jail detainee on another jail detainee is a third-
degree felony.9 Hernandez contends that because penalty phase counsel did not
9. Section 784.082(3), Florida Statutes (2007), provides in pertinent part
that whenever a person who is being detained in a prison, jail, or other detention
facility is charged with a battery upon any visitor to the facility or upon another
detainee in the facility, the offense of battery is reclassified to a felony of the third
degree. § 784.082(3), Fla. Stat. (2007).
- 26 -
familiarize himself with the trial of this charge, he was not prepared to rebut the
penalty phase testimony of Deputy Matthew Bartley that he saw Hernandez
“strangling” Arnold in their shared cell. Hernandez also contends that had counsel
reviewed the medical records for Arnold’s injury, he could have shown that Arnold
had no neck injury; and that counsel should have presented Arnold to testify that
Hernandez did not “strangle” him. Finally, Hernandez contends that if counsel had
properly prepared to challenge this aggravator, he would have realized that the
copy of the judgment of conviction that was entered into evidence stated that
Hernandez had also been charged with attempted first-degree murder—a charge on
which the jury could not reach a verdict. After the verdict on battery on a jail
detainee was entered, the State entered a nolle prosequi on the attempted murder
charge. Hernandez contends that although the judgment mentioned that the State
had entered a nolle prosequi, the document was still confusing as to whether
Hernandez was also convicted of attempted first-degree murder.
The circuit court denied relief on this claim, finding prejudice was not
shown because the prosecutor made clear in the penalty phase that the conviction
was for battery on a jail detainee, and that even if the judgment had been redacted
to remove any reference to the charge of attempted first-degree murder, the jury
would still have heard the details of the crime from Deputy Bartley. We agree.
The court also denied relief on the claim that counsel should have objected to
- 27 -
Deputy Bartley’s testimony that he saw Hernandez “strangling” Arnold. First, the
court correctly noted that Deputy Bartley did not use the word “strangling” in his
testimony and said only that he saw Hernandez and Arnold “wrestling around” and
Hernandez “squeezing” Arnold’s throat. Second, the circuit court noted that the
prosecutor did not use the term “strangling” in his closing argument but referred to
the fact that Hernandez had his hands around Arnold’s neck. The postconviction
court also found that Deputy Bartley’s testimony that he saw Hernandez squeezing
Arnold’s neck and blood on Arnold’s face was not refuted by the medical records.
The court noted that, at the evidentiary hearing, Arnold testified he was asleep
when the attack began and did not know if Hernandez had his hands on his neck.
The circuit court was correct in denying relief on this claim based on
Hernandez’s failure to demonstrate prejudice. Penalty phase counsel should have
sought redaction of the reference in the judgment to the fact that Hernandez was
originally charged with both attempted first-degree murder and battery upon a jail
detainee. However, the judgment entered into evidence did indicate, immediately
below reference to attempted first-degree murder, the phrase “nol prossed 9-18-
06.” Moreover, the prosecutor only argued to the jury that Hernandez had been
convicted of “battery upon a jail visitor or detainee.” Even if the judgment had
been redacted, there were no grounds to exclude Deputy Bartley’s description of
what he witnessed. And, the jury also had before it a conviction for a separate
- 28 -
prior violent felony, which is sufficient to support the prior violent felony
aggravator found by the trial court at sentencing. For these reasons, Hernandez
failed to meet the second prong of Strickland and relief was properly denied.
2. The conviction for battery on a law enforcement officer.
Hernandez also contends that trial counsel was deficient in failing to
familiarize himself with Hernandez’s separate trial on charges that he committed
aggravated battery on a law enforcement officer. Thus, he contends, counsel was
unprepared to rebut the jury’s belief in the penalty phase that Hernandez was
convicted of aggravated battery “with great bodily harm.” At the penalty phase,
the State presented, as evidence of a prior violent felony conviction aggravator,
Hernandez’s judgment of conviction for an aggravated battery on Deputy John
Wade Jarvis. Deputy Jarvis testified that when Hernandez was in jail prior to the
trial in this case, the deputy transported him to the office of a Dr. Larson for an
evaluation. Deputy Jarvis removed Hernandez’s handcuffs and waist chain at the
request of the doctor’s staff, but Hernandez still had on ankle shackles. About an
hour into the evaluation, Hernandez was escorted to the restroom without incident.
About ninety minutes later, he was escorted to the restroom again and Deputy
Jarvis waited outside the door. Deputy Jarvis testified that Hernandez opened the
door and when Deputy Jarvis glanced away, Hernandez hit him on the head with
the ceramic toilet tank lid, which shattered on impact. Deputy Jarvis then
- 29 -
struggled with Hernandez until he was subdued and another deputy had a Taser
aimed at Hernandez. When asked to describe his injuries, Deputy Jarvis said he
“was scraped up, little small lacerations, and of course a big knot on my head.”
The trial court admitted into evidence at the penalty phase, without objection, a
copy of the judgment of conviction, which stated that Hernandez was convicted of
“aggravated battery on a law enforcement officer with great bodily harm and with
a weapon.”
Hernandez points out that the jury verdict in the aggravated battery trial
found him guilty of aggravated battery on Deputy Jarvis with a “deadly weapon”
and only “slight injury.” (Emphases added). Hernandez contends that trial counsel
was deficient in failing to inform the penalty phase jury that the verdict did not find
“great bodily harm.” The postconviction court denied the claim, stating that it
would have been clear to the penalty phase jury, based on his testimony, that
Deputy Jarvis did not suffer great bodily harm; thus, no prejudice has been shown.
The postconviction court also found no prejudice had been demonstrated because,
in light of the other aggravators, there was no reasonable probability of a life
sentence even if the jury’s verdict in the battery trial had been shown to the jury.
As the State points out, there are two forms of aggravated battery—one
involving great bodily harm and one involving a deadly weapon. See
§ 784.045(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2007). The jury found the heavy porcelain toilet lid
- 30 -
was a deadly weapon but found only slight injury. On this basis, Hernandez was
convicted of aggravated battery on a law enforcement officer, which properly
served as a basis for the prior violent felony conviction aggravator regardless of
whether the judgment incorrectly led the jury to believe the aggravated battery
resulted in great bodily harm.
We agree with the postconviction court that Hernandez has failed to
demonstrate prejudice. Even if trial counsel should have become more familiar
with the trial proceedings in which Hernandez was convicted of aggravated battery
on Deputy Jarvis, and should have clarified the discrepancy between the verdict
and the judgment, prejudice has not been shown. The jury heard the direct
testimony of Deputy Jarvis that after he was struck, he was able to subdue
Hernandez and that his injury was a laceration and a big knot. Moreover, the
conviction for aggravated battery supports the prior violent felony aggravator.
There is no reasonable probability that, even if the matter had been clarified for the
jury, a lesser sentence would have been recommended or imposed—a reasonable
probability being measured in terms of whether our confidence in the outcome is
undermined. For these reasons, relief on this claim was properly denied.
3. The Marital Privilege.
The State presented the testimony of Hernandez’s wife, Stephanie, at the
penalty phase of trial. Stephanie was asked if Hernandez told her what happened
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to the victim when she, Hernandez, Tammy Hartman, and Richard Hartman were
at the home of Hernandez and Stephanie discussing the incident. Penalty phase
counsel Rollo objected and asked for a proffer to determine if marital privilege
applied. When asked on proffer if she had had a private conversation with
Hernandez about what happened, Stephanie replied, “It was always in front of
somebody else. . . . in front of Tammy and Richard Hartman.” Stephanie testified
that Hernandez told her and the Hartmans at the same time that he cut the victim’s
throat “because he was afraid she wasn’t dead yet.” Penalty phase counsel did not
object to her testimony after this proffer. When she testified before the penalty
phase jury, Stephanie said that Hernandez told her “and the Hartmans” that he cut
the victim’s throat “[t]o make sure she was dead.” Hernandez contends that
counsel was ineffective in failing to object to her penalty phase testimony on the
ground of marital privilege. Section 90.504(1), Florida Statutes (2007), provides
that “[a] spouse has a privilege during and after the marital relationship to refuse to
disclose, and to prevent another from disclosing, communications which were
intended to be made in confidence between spouses while they were husband and
wife.” § 90.504(1), Fla. Stat. (Emphasis added).
In the postconviction evidentiary hearing, Stephanie confirmed that the
statement that Hernandez cut the victim’s throat because he was afraid she was not
dead yet was made by Hernandez in front of her, but was directed to Tammy in
- 32 -
response to her questions, and that it was not a private conversation between
Stephanie and her husband. The postconviction court denied the claim that penalty
phase counsel was deficient in failing to object to Stephanie’s testimony on the
basis of the marital privilege, citing the fact that the statement was made in the
presence of third parties and was directed to Tammy Hartman, not Stephanie. We
conclude the circuit court was correct.
Stephanie testified both at trial and at the postconviction evidentiary hearing
that Hernandez told her and the Hartmans that he cut the victim’s throat to make
sure she was dead. Hernandez contends that even if the statement was overheard
or recorded, it is still privileged if the spouse is the only person who can testify to
it—and he contends that neither Tammy nor Richard Hartman testified that
Hernandez made that statement. Richard Hartman testified at the evidentiary
hearing that when they were at the Hernandez’s home and Tammy was confronting
Hernandez about what had occurred with the victim, Hartman did “not think
[Hernandez] said any details.” Tammy had testified at trial that when she
confronted Hernandez at his home that morning, he did not tell her what happened
at the victim’s home. However, Stephanie’s sister, Tiffany, testified in the guilt
phase that she was present at the Hernandez home the day after the murder and that
the other persons present were Stephanie, Tammy and Richard Hartman, and
Tiffany’s husband. Tiffany testified that Hernandez told them all that he and
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Arnold had gone to the victim’s home for crack, that Arnold put a pillow over the
victim’s face, and that Hernandez said he stabbed the victim in the throat when she
was “almost dead.” Even if Tammy or Richard Hartman did not hear or recall
Hernandez making the statement at his home that he cut the victim’s throat, the
marital privilege does not apply if the statement was knowingly made in their
presence without any reasonable expectation of privacy or intent that the statement
be made only to the spouse. Tiffany was also present and remembered hearing
Hernandez discuss, in front of Stephanie and others, cutting the victim’s throat.
Hernandez cites Boyd v. State, 17 So. 3d 812 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009), for the
premise that the recording of a conversation does not compromise the privilege if
the only person who can testify regarding its contents is a spouse. In Boyd,
however, the husband and wife were conversing, ostensibly privately, in a police
interrogation room. Id. at 814-15. Moreover, we noted in Boyd that section
90.507, Florida Statutes, provides that a privilege will be waived if a holder of the
privilege makes the communication in circumstances in which he has no
reasonable expectation of privacy. Id. at 817. Hernandez also cites Taylor v.
State, 855 So. 2d 1, 26 (Fla. 2003), to contend that the privilege still applies if there
are third parties nearby. In Taylor, the statements were made in the jail, but we
noted that “there was no third party involved, no one overheard the conversation.”
Id. at 27 n.30. We also stated that, “[a]s a general rule, when third party
- 34 -
eavesdroppers hear otherwise privileged communications, the communications are
not privileged unless the communicating parties had reasonable expectation of
privacy.” Id. at 27 n.30.
We have held that a communication between spouses is not privileged where
the parties were aware of the presence of a third party and were “speaking in a
manner and place where they had a reasonable chance of being overhead, and they
knew the possibility at that time.” Proffitt v. State, 315 So. 2d 461, 465 (Fla.
1975). We noted in Proffitt that there was “no testimony indicating that either the
appellant or his wife made any attempt, no matter how little, to keep the
conversation from being overheard.” Id. Similarly, in this case, there was no
indication that Hernandez or his wife attempted to keep the conversation private.
Stephanie made clear in her testimony that Hernandez was telling her as well as
Tammy and Richard Hartman what happened at the victim’s home. Whether
Tammy or Richard Hartman recalled Hernandez making the statements does not
change the fact that Hernandez made the statements in the obvious presence of
third parties and exhibited no intent that the communication be in confidence, as
required by statute; thus, he had no reasonable expectation of privacy in making
the statements.
Moreover, even if counsel had objected, there is no reasonable probability
that the outcome of the penalty phase would have been different—that being a
- 35 -
probability sufficient to undermine this Court’s confidence. A wealth of other
testimony was admitted that Hernandez stated that he stabbed the victim in the
throat, and why. Tammy Hartman testified that Hernandez told her later, from the
jail, that he cut the victim’s throat because she would not die and because she had
seen their faces. Tiffany Telin also heard, and testified to, Hernandez’s statement
about cutting the victim’s throat. Thus, even if Stephanie’s testimony in the
penalty phase had been excluded, the jury had ample testimony on which to find
that Hernandez stabbed the victim in the throat to make sure she was dead and
because she had seen their faces. Because neither deficiency nor prejudice has
been established, relief was properly denied on this claim.
Trial Counsel’s Performance Regarding Background and Family Mitigation
In his next claim, Hernandez contends that trial counsel was ineffective in
the investigation and presentation of background and family mitigation evidence in
the penalty phase. He argues that counsel should have located and presented
numerous friends, family members, and other significant persons from
Hernandez’s childhood to present a complete picture of the defendant’s life. He
criticizes the fact that penalty phase counsel let Hernandez complete a
“Confidential Assessment” form by himself. On the form, Hernandez did list
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persons who had a significant role in the family, including Floyd Wayne Merritt,
Deana Merritt, Joe Rudis, Tiffany Merritt (Telin), Amber Merritt, and his mother.
The postconviction court denied this claim, finding that trial counsel was not
deficient in investigation and presentation of mitigation in the penalty phase. The
circuit court found that penalty phase counsel presented two mental health experts
who discussed Hernandez’s exceptionally dysfunctional childhood and exposure to
drugs and alcohol at an early age. The circuit court noted that penalty phase
counsel also presented the testimony of Hernandez’s mother Cheryl Walker and his
half-brother Richard Travis Hartman. Further, a social services report from the
Calaveras Works and Human Services Agency of California, which detailed the
abuse Hernandez received when he was informally “fostered” by Dan and Leola
Estabrook, was admitted into evidence and discussed by the defense experts.
Penalty phase counsel Rollo testified at the evidentiary hearing that he was
able to furnish the experts with all the information they needed to establish the
mitigators in the best and most credible way, in accord with his strategy to have the
background information come in primarily through the experts who could rely on
reports, hearsay, and testing. The court found that in preparation for the penalty
phase, Rollo spoke with Hernandez as well as other potential witnesses, and
rejected the idea of calling some because their testimony would have been
cumulative. The circuit court stated in its order, “Given the amount of evidence
- 37 -
Rollo was able to present in this manner, it was not necessary for him to identify
and interview every other family member, friend, or other person involved in
Defendant’s life.” The court also noted that numerous mitigating factors were
supported by the evidence Rollo did present in the penalty phase. Based on that
mitigation, the trial court found twenty-four nonstatutory factors that were to
varying degrees mitigating. The postconviction court also found prejudice was not
established because the additional lay testimony presented at the postconviction
evidentiary hearing “provided nothing dramatically different than what was
established at trial.” Further, the court concluded that “[t]o the extent the
additional background information presents anything new, it would not have
altered the sentencing profile presented to the judge and jury.” We agree with all
these assessments and find relief is not warranted on this claim.
At the penalty phase of trial, counsel presented the testimony of Dr. John
Bingham, a mental health counselor who met with Hernandez on three different
occasions and was provided with the Calaveras County report and Arnold’s
statement. Dr. Bingham also interviewed Hernandez’s wife and read the
deposition of Hernandez’s mother. Dr. Bingham testified about Hernandez’s
physical and emotional abuse as a child, his childhood introduction to drug use, his
dysfunctional family life, his chronic substance dependency, and his cocaine
intoxication on the day of the murder. Hernandez was exposed to drugs at a very
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early age and was taught how to use crack cocaine by his father. He was required
to roll marijuana cigarettes for him at the age of five, and started smoking
marijuana and using other illegal substances on a daily basis. His father introduced
him to crack at age ten. Dr. Bingham testified that Hernandez first used alcohol at
age nine, and continued to use it until he got married. Dr. Bingham explained that
Hernandez also used hallucinogens, crystal methamphetamine, heroin, and
tranquilizing pills as a teenager, and that he met the diagnostic criteria for a
chemical dependency to marijuana and cocaine. Dr. Bingham described for the
jury the effects on the brain when crack cocaine is smoked and when an individual
becomes dependent upon it—chronic crack cocaine use blocks the ability to have
empathy or compassion, and causes aggressive behavior.
Dr. Bingham also testified about the records provided by the Calaveras
Works and Human Services Agency of California, which detailed the abuse
Hernandez received while living with the Estabrook family. Dr. Bingham related
reports of physical and psychological abuse, including Hernandez being slapped,
spanked, dragged by the hair, and punched in the face, chest, and stomach, all on
an inconsistent basis without any understanding of what he had done wrong. This
abuse lasted about three years, until the social services agency removed Hernandez
from the Estabrook home.
- 39 -
Based on information learned from the Calaveras County report, Dr.
Bingham testified that Hernandez received no psychological care and that
“[b]ecause of the abuse he was placed in protective custody in May of 1996.” Dr.
Bingham told the jury that he believed Hernandez “definitely was affected by the
different types of abuse that he has experienced it [sic] in his lifetime, as well as
other things that have occurred in his lifetime.” The jury heard that Hernandez was
essentially abandoned by his parents and subjected to violence by his mother’s
boyfriends when he was with her. Dr. Bingham also related that Hernandez’s step-
grandmother, Barbara, confirmed that Hernandez’s parents were members of a
motorcycle gang and continuously used drugs. When his father died, Hernandez
went to live with his mother but was unable to stay because of her dangerous
lifestyle, resulting in his going to live with the Estabrooks. Dr. Bingham also
testified that Hernandez had a good relationship with his wife, Stephanie, and was
a good, loving father to his two daughters.
As to statutory mental health mitigation, Dr. Bingham testified at trial that
Hernandez’s actions on November 18, 2004, appeared to reflect “an absence of
thinking and more reaction to the situation as it unfolded. . . . All they were
interested in is responding in the sense of getting crack cocaine.” Dr. Bingham
testified that Hernandez’s ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or
conform his conduct to the requirements of law was substantially impaired as a
- 40 -
result of his chronic cocaine use and being under the influence at the time, as well
as because of the psychological and physical abuse he had experienced.
As the postconviction court noted, a second defense mental health expert
was presented in the penalty phase. Dr. Brett Turner, a neuropsychologist, became
involved after Dr. Bingham identified a history of possible brain injuries and
sought further testing to confirm brain damage. Dr. Turner explained that because
of Hernandez’s lack of participation and lack of motivation during his testing,
several of the tests were invalid, including the neurological testing. Although he
was not able to substantiate damage to Hernandez’s frontal lobe because of the
invalid neurological test score, Dr. Turner testified that Hernandez’s history
suggested it. Dr. Turner also explained that Hernandez’s IQ score was accurate
and was a full scale IQ score of 89, which is in the low-average range, and that
Hernandez’s achievement testing identified a learning disability. The penalty
phase jury heard from Dr. Turner that Hernandez was also diagnosed with
polysubstance dependence disorder, meaning that he had a potential addiction to
most drugs because of his lengthy drug history that started at an early age, as well
as depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, impulse control disorder or
cognitive disorder not otherwise specified, and antisocial personality disorder.
Dr. Turner opined that Hernandez was “under extreme emotional
disturbance at the time of the offense as a result of a chronic history of emotional
- 41 -
instability deficits and behavior control and deficits in his reasoning and cognitive
abilities all acutely exacerbated by the effects of cocaine intoxication.” He
explained, “[Hernandez’s] anxious and even manic state was also likely even more
acute in the midst of even possibly recognizing that they were out of cocaine at the
time, which again, would even inflame and exacerbate the anxiety and the feelings
that were probably there . . . .” Dr. Turner also opined that Hernandez’s capacity
to appreciate the criminality of his conduct was substantially impaired “because
appreciate actually means to be fully aware, and I do not believe that he was fully
aware at the time of the incident offense. I believe he was engaged in a string of
behavioral responses, one leading to the next . . . .”
In addition to the two mental health defense experts, defense counsel also
presented mitigation testimony at trial from Hernandez’s half-brother, Richard
Hartman, Jr., and Hernandez’s mother Cheryl Walker. We discussed their
testimony in the direct appeal opinion as follows:
The defense then presented testimony from Hernandez’s half-
brother, Richard Hartman Jr., and Hernandez’s mother, Cheryl
Walker,FN5 about Hernandez’s dysfunctional childhood in which he
was exposed to drugs and violence from a young age. According to
their testimony, Cheryl and Hernandez’s father, Michael Hernandez
Sr., used marijuana on a regular basis in Hernandez’s presence when
he was a child and also used crystal methamphetamine and cocaine.
They wandered around the country and were in hiding from the
Bandidos, a motorcycle group from which they had fell out of favor.
Cheryl later left Michael Sr. and relocated to California with
Hernandez. In California, Cheryl, who was no longer using
methamphetamines but was drinking heavily, briefly reunited with
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Michael Sr. They later separated, and Cheryl left Hernandez, who
was approximately three years old at the time, with his father while
she sold drugs. Michael Sr. lived with the Esterbrooks (sic), who
were also using and dealing drugs.
FN5. Cheryl testified through a videotaped
deposition because she was serving a sentence in a
correctional facility for killing her husband, Anthony
Walker.
Richard Jr. and Cheryl testified that Hernandez returned to live
with Cheryl several years later after she met and married Michael
Murphy. Murphy, who also abused drugs, beat Cheryl in front of her
children and was jailed for putting a gun in her mouth. Cheryl sent
Hernandez back to his father because she was afraid for his life when
she was with Murphy. Hernandez lived with his father in a hotel
room until his father’s death from a drug overdose.
Richard Jr. and Cheryl also testified that Hernandez lived with
Cheryl and her new husband, Anthony Walker. Anthony was verbally
and physically abusive, and Hernandez witnessed him choke, beat,
and shake Cheryl. Anthony also once punched Hernandez so hard
that he needed an appendectomy. Furthermore, both Cheryl and
Anthony used alcohol and marijuana.
According to the testimony of Hernandez’s relatives, Cheryl
later sent Hernandez to live with the Esterbrooks (sic) once more, and
Hernandez never lived with her again. Hernandez reported being
beaten and molested at the Esterbrooks’ (sic) home, and he eventually
left their home and was in the custody of the state.
In addition, Richard Jr. and Cheryl testified that Hernandez’s
paternal grandparents, Al and Barbara Hernandez, later took him to
live with them, and he never saw his mother again until he testified for
her at her trial for killing Anthony. Hernandez then stayed with
Richard Jr. as well as with his other half-brother, Shawn Hartman.
Hernandez also lived on the streets. After Richard Jr. found this out,
he talked Hernandez into living with him again in Florida, where
Hernandez alternated living with Richard Jr. and Richard Sr.
Hernandez used cocaine during this time and smoked marijuana.
Hernandez later moved to Tennessee with his wife.
Hernandez, 4 So. 3d 652-53.
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At trial, the defense also offered into evidence as mitigation Shawn Arnold’s
judgment and sentence for the crimes he committed in this incident. This evidence
showed that Arnold pleaded nolo contendere to felony murder with a deadly
weapon and was sentenced to a term of natural life without the possibility of
parole. The postconviction court denied the claim, concluding that there is no
showing that counsel was deficient in supplying the experts with sufficient
information as to Hernandez’s background or in preparing them to testify. In
addition, the court found that even if all the mitigation had been corroborated by
other witnesses and records, it would not have resulted in a life sentence.
The additional family and background mitigation that Hernandez now
contends should have been presented at trial was presented to the circuit court at
the postconviction evidentiary hearing. These witnesses included a number of
family and childhood friends that postconviction counsel contends should have
been presented, or at least consulted by trial counsel, regarding mitigation. Joe
Rudis, Stephanie’s stepfather, testified at the postconviction evidentiary hearing
that he introduced Hernandez to Stephanie, whom Hernandez later married. Rudis
testified that Hernandez was a hard worker and a “normal guy,” and was good to
Stephanie and the children. Rudis was formerly married to Stephanie Hernandez’s
mother, Deana Merritt, who testified at the evidentiary hearing that she was
impressed with Hernandez, who was a hard worker around the church and was a
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loving father. She described Hernandez as a humble person who was a follower,
not a leader, and that the murder was completely out of character for him. Floyd
Wayne Merritt, Stephanie’s father, testified at the evidentiary hearing that
Hernandez “seemed like a pretty good fellow” who would “give the shirt off his
back,” and was a hard worker. Merritt said Hernandez had low self-esteem, was a
follower, and that the murder was completely out of character.
Hernandez’s half-brother, Shawn Hartman, who is nine years older than
Hernandez, testified at the evidentiary hearing that their mother drank alcohol daily
while she was pregnant with Hernandez. He described how, when Hernandez was
a young teen, he was drinking alcohol and “participating in the marijuana that
would go around the room.” Later, when Hartman was about fifteen, he lived with
their mother Cheryl, Michael Murphy, and Hernandez. Their brother Richard
Travis Hartman also came to live with them after about six months. The boys were
allowed to drink alcohol and smoke marijuana at home. When Murphy went to
jail, their mother would go away for weeks at a time to see him and Shawn
Hartman was responsible for taking care of all the boys. Hartman also confirmed
that Hernandez stole drugs from him and took some of his tools. He testified that
Hernandez was a follower and was never violent. Jennifer Hartman, who was
married to Shawn Hartman testified that he was “cooking” and selling
methamphetamine when Hernandez lived with them. She said Hernandez began to
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show signs of drug use and that Hernandez was a follower, not a leader, and was
not violent.
Postconviction counsel also presented the testimony of Brandy
Kahl-Hayman, who lived in same apartment complex in California as Shawn
Hartman. She testified that Hernandez, who was about age sixteen at the time, was
not violent or mean, but was helpful and always had a smile on his face. At one
point, she noticed he was losing weight and she thought he was doing
methamphetamines, which she knew Shawn Hartman was involved in producing.
Kahl-Hayman testified that one time when Hernandez was staying with her and her
ex-husband, Hernandez tried to protect her when her husband attacked her. Later,
after Hernandez moved to Tennessee, she was able to see him again. She said he
looked like he was no longer using methamphetamines, but when she later
socialized with Hernandez and his wife, she noticed signs that he appeared to be
using drugs again, suggesting to her a pattern of using, stopping, and
recommencing drug use. She said Hernandez was a great father to his children and
loved them.
Brandi Lori Higashi testified by deposition that her parents were friends with
Michael Hernandez, Sr., and she spent much of her time baby-sitting Hernandez
while their parents got high. She testified that Hernandez had blackouts that his
father attributed to a “really bad” bicycle accident. She said that for Hernandez’s
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ninth or tenth birthday, his father gave him cocaine, and that until his father died,
she believed Hernandez got high on crack cocaine every day.
Sean Skehan, who originally went under the name Sean Estabrook, was
presented at the evidentiary hearing. He testified that Hernandez came with his
father to live with the Estabrook family for a period of time, and later lived there
again after his father died. At that time, Hernandez was about eleven years old.
Skehan testified that Hernandez’s father had never mistreated or abused him and
that Hernandez took his father’s death very hard. When Hernandez was younger,
he told Skehan about the times he lived with his mother and how she left him alone
with men and drugs, and that he was sexually abused by the men. Once, Skehan
was told, Hernandez was visiting his mother and one of her boyfriends or husbands
punched Hernandez in the stomach and ruptured his appendix. Another time
Hernandez returned from a visit with his mother and had two broken front teeth.
Skehan testified that Hernandez was being abused in the Estabrook
household and was treated “like a slave” and “like dirt.” His mother called
Hernandez terrible names and told him he was dumb and worthless. Skehan said
the Estabrooks received money from Social Security to care for Hernandez, but it
was not spent on him. Leola Estabrook made Hernandez wear her son’s hand-me-
down clothes and made him eat after everyone else, and he was not given school
lunch money like the other boys. Skehan said his stepfather, Dan Estabrook,
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would whip Hernandez, and probably resented Hernandez because Estabrook,
Hernandez’s father, and Dan Estabrook’s wife, Leola, had been in a “love
triangle.” Dan Estabrook would slap, punch, kick, and pick Hernandez up by the
hair almost daily. Skehan testified that Hernandez was bullied in school but would
never fight back. He cried a lot and tried to run away, and when he returned he
was beaten. Skehan ultimately reported the abuse to the social welfare authorities
of Calaveras County and both he and Hernandez were placed in foster care. He
described Hernandez as a follower lacking self-esteem and a feeling of self-worth.
Skehan’s brother, Eric Estabrook, also testified at the evidentiary hearing.
He is about four or five years older than Hernandez. Eric testified that his mother
and stepfather treated Hernandez very badly and would call him terrible names,
and that Leola made Hernandez rub her feet for lengthy periods of time. Eric said
he treated Hernandez badly too, which he regrets, and that Hernandez was bullied
at school and teased about his father. Eric said that in spite of all the abuse,
Hernandez “stayed the person that he was. A heart of gold. And he would do
anything for anybody.”
Leola Estabrook testified at the postconviction evidentiary hearing that
Hernandez first came to live with them as a toddler with his father and then later
after his father died. She testified that Hernandez’s father was loving and a great
father, but he went back to using drugs after receiving a settlement in some matter.
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He died shortly thereafter when a companion gave him an overdose of drugs. She
said Hernandez stayed with the Estabrooks until he was in high school. She
admitted that she was “not exactly perfect” in her treatment of Hernandez, in that
she yelled at him and “smacked him” a lot. When asked if she treated Hernandez
like a slave, she answered, “Yes and no.” She said all the boys had chores but she
was harder on Hernandez. However, she denied he had to eat last and explained
that Hernandez got smaller portions because he was overweight. She agreed she
had him rub her feet sometimes because she was on her feet all day at work. She
denied treating Hernandez “like dirt,” and said the social workers took Hernandez
away only because she “had no legal guardianship over him.” She did agree that
her husband abused Hernandez, and threatened him not to report the abuse.
Hernandez’s step-grandmother Barbara Walker [formerly Barbara
Hernandez] testified at the evidentiary hearing that she would have testified in the
penalty phase of trial if she had been asked. She did speak with penalty phase
counsel Rollo prior to trial and she spoke with Dr. Bingham. She described her
stepson, Michael Hernandez, Sr.’s, struggle with drug use after returning from
service in Vietnam. She also testified that defendant Hernandez lived with her and
her husband for a time after he left the Estabrooks, but he would not attend class
and began associating with people on “the street.” She described how he went to
live with an uncle but got drunk and crashed a truck that belonged to his uncle’s
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employer. Rollo testified that prior to trial, Barbara Walker told him she did not
want to testify at trial. Even so, Rollo presented her testimony to the judge in the
Spencer hearing.
Finally, postconviction counsel presented the testimony of Richard Travis
Hartman, Hernandez’s half-brother, who did testify in the penalty phase of trial.
He related an incident in which their mother made them hide because someone was
trying to kill them. Richard Travis testified that one of his mother’s boyfriends,
Anthony Walker, treated Hernandez badly, and that that later in life, when
Hernandez worked for Richard Hartman, Sr., on handyman jobs, Hernandez was
doing most of the work but getting very little of the money. Richard Travis
described Tammy Hartman as a liar who lied to his father about him, and said that
Tammy favored her daughter Michelle over everyone else.
The testimony of these family members and friends did paint Hernandez in a
sympathetic light and added some specific incidents illustrating the childhood
abuse Hernandez suffered, which the defense experts and two family members
testified about in the penalty phase. However, this evidence was essentially a
reiteration of what the penalty phase jury heard through the mitigation witnesses.
The postconviction court was correct in concluding that trial counsel was not
deficient in failing to present these additional witnesses at trial. Further,
presentation of these witnesses would have provided the prosecutor with an
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opportunity to cross-examine them regarding the information about abuse set forth
in the Calaveras County report and would have allowed Leola Estabrook to deny
many of the allegations that Sean (Estabrook) Skehan made, which were discussed
in the report.
As the circuit court found, penalty phase counsel made a strategic decision
to present the very strong mitigation concerning Hernandez’s abusive childhood
and his early and continued drug use and dependency mainly through the experts
and the Calaveras County report. Many of the important details were also brought
in at trial through the testimony of his mother and brother, and much of the
evidentiary hearing testimony was cumulative or simply expanded on the details.
We have held that “[c]ounsel cannot be found ineffective for failing to provide
cumulative evidence.” Kilgore v. State, 55 So. 3d 487, 504 (Fla. 2010) (quoting
Gudinas v. State, 816 So. 2d 1095, 1108 (Fla. 2002)). We explained in Kilgore
that “although the evidence presented during the postconviction hearing enhanced
much of the evidence presented during the 1994 penalty phase, it did not really add
anything new. The evidence presented during the 2005 evidentiary hearing painted
Kilgore’s childhood more clearly, but the basic elements that were relevant to
mitigation were revealed and presented during the 1994 penalty phase
proceedings.” Kilgore, 55 So. 3d at 504. See also Valle v. State, 705 So. 2d 1331,
1334 (Fla. 1997) (finding claim without merit that counsel was ineffective for
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failing to call mother and former wife to buttress the expert testimony regarding
Valle’s difficult childhood and failure to discover corroborative evidence, all of
which would have been cumulative). These same characterizations and
conclusions apply to the instant case.
Even if all this additional detail had been presented, there is no reasonable
probability that Hernandez would have received a life sentence, that probability
being expressed in terms of whether the Court’s confidence in the outcome of the
penalty phase is undermined. Even if the mitigation evidence had been presented
in greater detail, the jury and judge would have heard essentially the same type of
mitigation, which was outweighed by the heavy, serious aggravators in the case.
For these reasons, trial counsel was not ineffective in the presentation of family
and background mitigation at trial.
Trial Counsel’s Performance Regarding Proof of Brain Damage
Hernandez next contends that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to
obtain quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) testing to determine if he had
brain damage for the purpose of mitigation. When the qEEG testimony was
offered at the evidentiary hearing, the State filed a “Motion to Prohibit the Use of
Quantitative (qEEG) Testing,” and the trial court conducted a Frye10 hearing
10. Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923).
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during the evidentiary hearing to determine if the opinions based on qEEG testing
would have been admissible in the 2007 trial of this case if trial counsel had
obtained the testing and offered the opinions in mitigation. The postconviction
court denied this claim, finding that the technology and opinions stemming from it
would not have met the Frye test for admissibility at trial.
The postconviction court cited the testimony of the State’s expert, Dr. Peter
Kaplan, a medical doctor and neurologist who is board certified in psychiatry,
neurology, and neurophysiology, and is a professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine. He is an expert in the use of electroencephalogram
(EEG) technology, and he explained that qEEG is a computer program that uses
data provided by and chosen from the EEG test and compares that chosen EEG
data to a database made up of an aggregate of subjects. Dr. Kaplan testified during
the Frye portion of the evidentiary hearing that neurologists use EEG to help
diagnose neurological conditions, although qEEG has been used in different
settings to diagnose epilepsy. Dr. Kaplan testified that qEEG is not widely
accepted by neurologists, who are the professionals who diagnose neurologic
disease or brain damage. He testified that when qEEG is performed, it is often not
done by a doctor or neurologist, and that “one doesn’t reach a diagnosis by
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comparing to a clinical data base.”11 Dr. Kaplan testified these flaws in qEEG
were present in 2007 as well as currently.
On cross-examination, Dr. Kaplan agreed that the Veterans Administration
has been using qEEG in relation to traumatic brain injury and some universities use
the proprietary qEEG program, NeuroGuide, for some purpose. He explained,
“You can use the [qEEG] technique to examine data. It’s then how you apply the
data to make a diagnosis” and “if you have other ways of interpreting those data to
reach a clinical diagnosis, it could be, of course, completely valid.” Dr. Kaplan
also testified that if an individual did not cooperate or follow instructions during
the EEG that is done to obtain the raw data, which is then fed into the qEEG
software for quantification, the results could contain invalid data, although such
lack of cooperation would be fairly obvious.
In denying relief on this claim, the postconviction court also cited testimony
of Hernandez’s witnesses. Dr. Gerald Gluck, a psychotherapist who testified that
he has been using qEEG since the 1980’s primarily for “neuro feedback” or
11. Dr. Kaplan also discussed an article by Marc Nuwer, M.D., Ph.D.,
Assessment of Digital EEG; Quantitative EEG and EEG Brain Mapping: Report of
the American Academy of Neurology and the American Clinical
Neurophysiological Society, 49 NEUROLOGY 277 (1997). Dr. Kaplan agreed with
the statement in the report that qEEG should not be used in judicial settings
because of the propensity of false positives and because results can be dramatically
altered during the subjective process of selecting portions of the EEG for
quantitative analysis.
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“biofeedback,” agreed that many neurologists do not use qEEG. He began using
“NeuroGuide” software with its “normative data base” in 2001, and said qEEG
was more common in the psychological community in 2001. Dr. Gluck performed
a qEEG examination on Hernandez and concluded that Hernandez has “frontal,
temporal, central deregulation, which is associated with brain injury and damage.”
The postconviction court also cited the testimony of Hernandez’s witness,
Dr. J. Lucas Koberda, a neurologist who testified that he began using qEEG around
2010. The court cited Dr. Koberda’s testimony that most neurologists do not use
qEEG and that he did not use it in 2007. Dr. Koberda testified that he examined
the EEG data collected by Dr. Gluck and the qEEG report he generated, and noted
that the “regular EEG . . . showed abnormalities in the frontal and temporal lobes
indicating potential brain damage there.” In denying relief on this claim, the
postconviction court also cited Dr. Koberda’s testimony that there was not really
any controversy in using qEEG to help diagnose memory problems, Alzheimer’s
disease, dementia, or epilepsy, but that there is controversy over use of it to
diagnose brain damage.
Dr. Turner, one of Hernandez’s trial experts, testified at the evidentiary
hearing that he had difficulty in assessing whether Hernandez had brain damage at
the time of trial primarily because Hernandez was uncooperative. He did not
recommend qEEG testing to trial counsel, and he noted that, at that time, there was
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a dispute about the validity of qEEG testing. Penalty phase counsel Rollo testified
at the evidentiary hearing that if he had presented qEEG testimony, and if it had
been challenged as not being valid or efficacious, he would have been “injecting
another level of uncertain nebulous evidence” in a case in which he was trying to
maintain a coherent theme.
“Under Frye, ‘[t]he proponent of the evidence bears the burden of
establishing by a preponderance of evidence the general acceptance of the
underlying scientific principles and methodology.’ ” Marsh v. Valyou, 977 So. 2d
543, 547 (Fla. 2007) (quoting Castillo v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., 854
So. 2d 1264, 1268 (Fla. 2003)). The postconviction court held that Hernandez
failed to establish that the qEEG analysis would have passed the Frye test at the
time of trial by failing to demonstrate that qEEG was widely accepted by the
relevant scientific community in 2007. Thus, the court held that trial counsel was
not deficient in failing to pursue qEEG testing to show Hernandez suffered from
brain damage.
Hernandez argues here that the proper test to apply for the admissibility of
qEEG is Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993), based on
the Legislature’s 2013 amendment to section 90.702, Florida Statutes. He also
contends that the admissibility of qEEG should be measured by the date of the
original appeal in 2009, not trial in 2007. The State counters that under either Frye
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or Daubert, qEEG was not admissible at the 2007 trial, which is the date on which
this issue should be examined, citing Mendoza v. State, 87 So. 3d 644 (Fla. 2011).
We held in Mendoza that because the claim was one of ineffective assistance of
trial counsel, the postconviction court did not abuse its discretion in excluding
evidence of qEEG results because that technology had not passed the Frye test at
the time Mendoza was tried in 1992. Id. at 666. Thus, the relevant time frame for
determining if qEEG met the test for admissibility was the time of trial because the
issue is raised here in a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
Section 90.702 was amended in 2013 to provide that testimony by an expert
who is qualified by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify
in the form of opinion if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data;
(2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (3) the
witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.
See § 90.702(1)-(3), Fla. Stat. (2013). The intent of the amendment, it has been
said, is to tighten the rules for admissibility of any expert opinion. See Perez v.
Bell South Telecommunications, Inc., 138 So. 3d 492, 497 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014).
However, the Supreme Court in Daubert actually criticized Frye and its “exclusive
test” imposing a “rigid ‘general acceptance’ requirement” as being at odds with the
liberal thrust of the Federal Rules and their “general approach of relaxing the
traditional barriers to ‘opinion’ testimony.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 588-89 (quoting
- 57 -
Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153, 169 (1988)). Moreover, general
acceptance in the relevant scientific community remains one factor among several
even when the Daubert test is the applicable test. See Marsh, 977 So. 2d at 546.
Hernandez contends that the relevant scientific community is not limited to
neurologists, as Dr. Kaplan testified and the trial court found. The postconviction
court disagreed with this same contention, applied the Frye test to the expert
testimony presented at the evidentiary hearing, and concluded that Hernandez
failed to prove by a preponderance of evidence that qEEG was generally accepted
in the relevant scientific community—that community being neurologists—at the
time of trial. We agree. Dr. Kaplan testified that qEEG is not a reliable method
for determining brain damage and is not widely accepted by those who diagnose
neurologic disease or brain damage. His testimony provided competent,
substantial evidence on which the court could conclude that the relevant scientific
community was neurologists who generally diagnose brain damage and whose
training and experience include conducting an EEG and reading and understanding
the raw EEG data. Dr. Koberda also testified that most neurologists do not use
qEEG and that he did not use it in 2007. Dr. Gluck testified that he has been using
qEEG since the 1980’s, primarily for “neuro feedback,” but agreed that many
neurologists do not use qEEG.
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Furthermore, a number of judicial decisions in existence at the time of trial
also held that qEEG testing was not admissible. For example, in In re Breast
Implant Litigation, 11 F. Supp. 2d 1217 (D. Colo. 1998), the court found that
qEEG did not meet the Daubert standard because the evidence showed the
scientific community was not in agreement on its value. Id. at 1238. In Craig v.
Orkin Exterminating Co., Inc., 2000 WL 35593214 at *3 (S.D. Fla. 2000), the
court noted a number of court decisions that have found qEEG inadmissible. See
also Falsen v. Secretary of Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2004 WL 785056
*11 (FED. CL. 2004) (qEEG found not “generally accepted within the medical
sphere of neurology”).
Because the postconviction court had competent, substantial evidence on
which to find that the relevant scientific community was neurologists whose job it
is to diagnose brain damage, and because all the testifying experts agreed that
qEEG was not generally accepted by that scientific community as a method of
diagnosing brain damage, the court was correct in finding Hernandez’s trial
counsel was not deficient in failing to obtain qEEG testing on Hernandez as a way
of demonstrating brain damage in 2007. Moreover, Rollo’s penalty phase experts
did not recommend qEEG testing at the time. Even if trial counsel had presented
this qEEG evidence, and even if it had been found admissible, the most that could
be said from the qEEG test done on Hernandez was that the findings were
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“associated” with brain damage or indicated “potential” brain damage. At trial, Dr.
Turner testified similarly based on his evaluation and testing of Hernandez that he
found the “likelihood of some sort of brain damage.” Adding potential brain
damage as indicated by qEEG testing to that testimony would not have altered the
balance of aggravators and mitigators to such an extent as to undermine this
Court’s confidence in the result of the penalty phase trial.
Hernandez also contends that even if the qEEG test would not have been
accepted in 2007 as not being fully established in the relevant scientific
community, it should now be considered newly discovered evidence that requires a
new trial. The postconviction court rejected this argument as well, holding that
Hernandez did not prove wide acceptance of the technology in 2012. Moreover,
the qEEG technology is not newly discovered evidence. It was in existence at the
time, but would not have met the Frye test for admissibility. Moreover, as noted
above, even if it were now admissible, it would probably not result in a life
sentence. See Kormondy v. State, 154 So. 3d 341, 351 (Fla. 2015) (“If the
defendant is seeking to vacate a sentence, the second prong [of the test] requires
that the newly discovered evidence would probably yield a less severe sentence.”).
The postconviction court found that even if the testing were admissible as
newly discovered evidence, it would not result in a life sentence when considered
in light of the heavily weighted aggravators. To obtain a new trial based on newly
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discovered evidence, the evidence must have been unknown by the court, party, or
counsel at the time of trial and the defendant or counsel could not have discovered
it by due diligence; further, the newly discovered evidence must be of such nature
that it would probably result in a less severe sentence. Riechmann, 966 So. 2d at
316. The evidence presented at the hearing did not establish that qEEG would be
admissible even if a new trial is granted. Further, the evidence of possible brain
damage about which Hernandez’s experts testified is not substantially stronger or
more conclusive than that presented by defense experts in the penalty phase. For
all the foregoing reasons, the circuit court did not err in denying relief on this
claim.
Mental Health Mitigation
Hernandez next contends that penalty phase counsel was deficient in
investigating and presenting mental health mitigation. The circuit court heard
evidentiary hearing testimony from Dr. Deborah Mash, Dr. J. Lucas Koberda,
Dr. Gerald Gluck, Dr. Peter Kaplan, and Hernandez’s trial experts, Drs. John
Bingham and Brett Turner. The circuit court denied the claim, concluding that
penalty phase counsel Rollo supplied the two trial defense experts, Drs. Bingham
and Turner, with extensive information about Hernandez’s background and, after
their examinations, they were able to diagnose him with a number of mental
disorders. The court also noted Dr. Turner’s testimony at the penalty phase that he
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was unable to complete some of the tests because of Hernandez’s failure to
cooperate. For this reason, he was unable to confirm brain damage, although he
suspected it as he testified at trial. The circuit court noted that the two defense
experts presented at trial testified that two statutory mental health mitigators were
present, although the trial court rejected those mitigators. Based on the evidence
presented at the penalty phase and in the postconviction hearing, the circuit court
held that penalty phase counsel was not deficient, and that even if the additional
mental health mitigation presented at the evidentiary hearing had been presented at
trial, it would not have resulted in a life sentence. The court found that “[t]here is
no showing the trial court would have changed its rejection of the mental health
mitigators based on this additional evidence.” The court also found that Hernandez
failed to show that the additional information presented in the evidentiary hearing
“would have enabled Turner to confirm his diagnosis of possible brain damage or
otherwise changed the expert’s diagnoses and opinions.” We agree that trial
counsel was not deficient in the preparation of the experts or in the presentation of
mental health mitigation at trial.
Dr. Bingham, a mental health counselor who was one of Hernandez’s trial
experts, testified in the penalty phase of trial that based on the information he had
reviewed and the evaluations and testing done on Hernandez, he “definitely was
affected by the different types of abuse that he [had] experienced [in] his lifetime,
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as well as other things that have occurred in his lifetime.” At the evidentiary
hearing, Dr. Bingham testified that Rollo provided him with medical records, a
partial psychological evaluation by a Dr. Larson,12 three offense reports, records
provided by the Calaveras Works and Human Services Agency, some school
records, a telephone conversation with Stephanie Hernandez, a deposition of
defendant’s mother Cheryl Walker, statements of the defendant’s step-
grandparents, and the taped statement given police by Hernandez. He also
performed various tests and examinations on Hernandez prior to testifying in the
penalty phase of trial.
Based on all the information he received, Dr. Bingham testified at trial that
Hernandez was exposed to drugs at a very early age and had used marijuana,
alcohol, and crack cocaine as a child, and used hallucinogens, crystal
methamphetamine, heroin, and tranquilizing pills as a teenager. Dr. Bingham
reported that Hernandez was taught how to use crack cocaine by his father, and
was required to roll marijuana cigarettes for him at the age of five. The jury heard
that Hernandez started smoking marijuana and using other illegal substances on a
daily basis at an early age, and that his father even introduced him to crack cocaine
12. Dr. Larson was first retained by the defense, but when Hernandez went
to his office to be evaluated, Hernandez attacked Deputy Jarvis with the toilet tank
lid. Dr. Larson did not continue on as a defense expert.
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at age ten. Hernandez first used alcohol at age nine, and continued to use it until
around age twenty-one, when he got married. Dr. Bingham testified at trial that
Hernandez was also subjected to physical, mental, emotional, and possibly sexual
abuse, which could prevent a person from “fully developing and having the
internal resources to make good decisions,” and he opined that Hernandez self-
medicated with drugs to take away the emotional pain. Dr. Bingham also opined
that Hernandez met the diagnostic criteria for a chemical dependency to marijuana
and cocaine, and he described for the jury the effects on the brain when crack
cocaine is smoked—chronic crack cocaine use blocks the ability to have empathy
or compassion, and causes aggressive behavior.
Finally, in the penalty phase, Dr. Bingham testified that Hernandez’s
actions on the day of the murder appeared to reflect “an absence of thinking and
more reaction to the situation as it unfolded. . . . All they were interested in is
responding in the sense of getting crack cocaine.” He believed that Hernandez’s
ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or conform his conduct to the
requirements of law was substantially impaired as a result of his chronic cocaine
use, being under the influence at the time, and because of the psychological and
physical abuse he had experienced. Dr. Bingham confirmed that prior to the
penalty phase of trial, he did not recommend any brain imaging to trial counsel as a
way to confirm brain damage that he suspected.
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Dr. Brett Turner, the second mental health expert who testified at trial,
testified in the evidentiary hearing that in preparation for his penalty phase
testimony he reviewed Hernandez’s background documents collected by
Dr. Bingham. Dr. Turner also interviewed Hernandez, and performed various
tests. Dr. Turner told the penalty phase jury that although he was not able to
substantiate damage to Hernandez’s frontal lobe because of the invalid
neurological test score, he believed that Hernandez’s history suggested it.
Dr. Turner also diagnosed Hernandez as having polysubstance dependence
disorder, meaning that Hernandez had a potential addiction to most drugs because
of his lengthy drug history that started at an early age. He testified that he
diagnosed Hernandez with depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Dr. Turner further testified at trial that Hernandez had impulse control disorder or
cognitive disorder not otherwise specified, and antisocial personality disorder.
Dr. Turner also opined in the penalty phase that Hernandez was “under
extreme emotional disturbance at the time of the offense as a result of a chronic
history of emotional instability deficits and behavior control and deficits in his
reasoning and cognitive abilities all acutely exacerbated by the effects of cocaine
intoxication.” Dr. Turner explained, “His anxious and even manic state was also
likely even more acute in the midst of even possibly recognizing that they were out
of cocaine at the time, which again, would even inflame and exacerbate the anxiety
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and the feelings that were probably there . . . .” He told the jury that Hernandez’s
capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct was substantially impaired
“because appreciate actually means to be fully aware, and I do not believe that he
was fully aware at the time of the incident offense. I believe he was engaged in a
string of behavioral responses, one leading to the next . . . .” At the evidentiary
hearing, Dr. Turner testified that he was asked by trial counsel to evaluate
Hernandez for brain damage, but was unable to conclusively determine it.
Dr. Turner did continue to suspect “some type of mild, traumatic brain injury,” as
he testified at trial.
Postconviction counsel presented several other mental health experts at the
evidentiary hearing who he contends should have been presented at trial to
substantiate the suspicion that Hernandez had brain damage and other mental
health mitigation. Deborah C. Mash, Ph.D., professor of neurology and molecular
cellular pharmacology at the University of Miami School of Medicine, testified as
an expert in the area of substance abuse and the effect of abused drugs on the
human brain. Based on a psychosocial assessment about Hernandez’s historical
drug use and a review of his neuro-developmental timeline of exposure to drugs
and alcohol, Dr. Mash testified that, in her opinion, he suffers from post-traumatic
stress disorder, poly-substance abuse disorder involving cocaine and alcoholism,
genetic risk for substance abuse and neuropsychiatric disabilities, and neuro-
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developmental disability beginning in utero due to the drug and alcohol abuse by
his mother. Dr. Mash also testified that Hernandez’s pyloric stenosis as a baby—a
fact not brought out in the penalty phase of trial—was important because that
condition is an indicator of third-trimester maternal drug abuse, poor nutrition,
socioeconomic factors, and general health problems in the mother.
She testified that the level of stress and abuse Hernandez was subjected to
was extreme, and there was never a time in his life when he was in a stable neuro-
developmental state. She testified the physical and drug abuse he suffered would
have affected his amygdala, which is the seat of the brain’s limbic system—
governing the fight or flight reaction. She opined that he is very impaired in his
ability to deal with novel situations, and being involved in murder and being jailed
are such novel situations that would have caused extreme stress and could account
for the violence Hernandez displayed after his arrest. She explained that his
withdrawal from the cocaine he had been ingesting the day before would have
made him “more reactive” with “heightened anxiety.” She said that once the
normal testing to discover the extent of suspected brain damage was unsuccessful,
as occurred in this case, the experts should have pursued a different course to
determine the extent of damage. She testified that Hernandez’s exposure to drugs
and alcohol, and dysfunction in the circuit of his brain were what contributed to the
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mitigator of lack of ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or conform
his conduct to the requirements of the law.
At the postconviction evidentiary hearing, Dr. Koberda, a board certified
neurologist, testified that he took raw EEG data from an EEG performed on
Hernandez by Dr. Gluck, and put it through a “NeuroGuide” qEEG software
program to analyze it. Dr. Koberda opined that the qEEG results showed deviation
from the norm, and that the EEG alone indicated the “very high likelihood that
there is brain damage” in the frontal and temporal regions of the brain. He did not
examine Hernandez, but concluded from the history given and the qEEG testing
that there is a high likelihood of brain damage or organic brain damage.
Hernandez also presented the testimony of Dr. Gluck, who performed qEEG
testing on Hernandez for the postconviction hearing. Dr. Gluck concluded, based
on the qEEG testing, that Hernandez has “frontal, temporal, central deregulation,
which is associated with brain injury and damage.”
Thus, Hernandez contends that penalty phase counsel was deficient for
failing to obtain further testing to confirm suspected brain damage, which he
argues could have been done by a more thorough neurological evaluation and
testing, or by use of qEEG testing as testified to at the evidentiary hearing. He
contends that testimony similar to Dr. Mash’s testimony would have been a critical
component of proper mental health mitigation because she could have made clear
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that his neurological deficits began in utero as a result of his mother’s drug and
alcohol abuse, and that he had an extreme genetic risk of substance abuse.
Hernandez contends that Dr. Mash could more fully explain how his brain damage
and drug abuse made him incapable of dealing in a coherent way with novel or
stressful situations, and would have countered the trial testimony of State’s penalty
phase witness, Dr. Harry McClaren, who testified that Hernandez did not meet the
statutory mitigator of extreme mental or emotional disturbance.
The circuit court denied relief and found that Hernandez failed to show the
additional information presented in the evidentiary hearing would have enabled
Dr. Turner to confirm his diagnosis of possible brain damage or otherwise changed
the experts’ diagnoses and opinions. We have held many times that “defense
counsel is entitled to rely on the evaluations conducted by qualified mental health
experts, even if, in retrospect, those evaluations may not have been as complete as
others may desire.” Stewart v. State, 37 So. 3d 243, 251-52 (Fla. 2010) (quoting
Darling v. State, 966 So. 3d 266, 377 (Fla. 2007)); see also Rodgers v. State, 113
So. 3d 761, 770 (Fla. 2013) (same); Wyatt v. State, 71 So. 3d 86, 110 (Fla. 2011)
(same). We noted in Wyatt that the defendant “did not prove that a reasonable trial
attorney should have known to not rely on the conclusions offered by the mental
health experts who evaluated him. Thus, he did not prove that his counsel was
deficient.” Id. (quoting Stewart, 37 So. 3d at 253). Moreover, we have held
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repeatedly that the fact that postconviction counsel has “now secured the testimony
of [a] more favorable mental health expert[] simply does not establish that the
original evaluations were insufficient.” Johnson, 135 So. 3d at 1030 (quoting
Carroll v. State, 815 So. 2d 601, 618 (Fla. 2002)).
In the present case, Hernandez failed to prove that either of his trial counsel
were deficient in providing records and information to the experts or in relying on
their evaluations. Dr. Bingham suspected possible brain damage and counsel
retained Dr. Turner to further investigate possible brain damage, but he was unable
to make conclusive findings primarily because Hernandez was uncooperative.
Both defense experts did testify in the penalty phase that they saw indications of
possible brain damage. Even after the testing that Hernandez obtained for the
postconviction hearing, the new experts were not any more conclusive on the
question of whether Hernandez had brain damage than the trial experts. For these
reasons and based on this Court’s precedent, we conclude that the postconviction
court did not err in finding trial counsel was not deficient in failing to obtain
further testing to confirm brain damage or provide additional mental health
mitigation. Further, even if counsel had obtained testimony similar to that
presented at the evidentiary hearing regarding brain damage, such testimony, if
found admissible and submitted to the jury or judge, does not demonstrate a
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probability that Hernandez would have received a life sentence—that probability
being one that undermines this Court’s confidence in the result.
Trial Counsel’s Theory of Defense
Hernandez claims that Stokes was deficient in his presentation of the guilt
phase defense because it did not coordinate well with the penalty phase strategy.
He argues that trial counsel should have conceded a lesser offense, such as second-
degree murder, rather than arguing that Hernandez was not guilty of the crimes
charged. Because the closing argument in the guilt phase sets forth Stokes’ guilt
phase strategy, those pertinent arguments are discussed next. In the guilt phase
closing arguments, Stokes portrayed Hernandez as new to the area and with few
friends. He had stopped using crack cocaine until he met Shawn Arnold. Stokes
argued that Tammy Hartman envisioned her daughter married to Arnold and
raising their child together, but Arnold was using drugs and buying drugs from
David Everett. Stokes argued that Arnold knew David Everett while Hernandez
did not, and that Arnold, not Hernandez, had met Ruth Everett in the past and was
the one “running the show.” Counsel argued that Arnold had the car and knew
where to buy drugs, and that “Shawn Arnold was the classic bad guy in this story.”
Stokes argued that it was Arnold who attempted to smother the victim with
the pillow, bruising her face in the process. He argued that “the broken neck could
have been caused by Shawn Arnold pushing that pillow against her neck so that it
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was forced backward in the recliner,” a concession Stokes obtained from the
medical examiner. Stokes contended that Hernandez thought Arnold had killed her
and asked Arnold to help move the body. When she was dropped, that could have
broken her neck, he contended. He argued it was Arnold who stole the victim’s
purse; it was Arnold’s knife that was used to stab the victim in the neck; and it was
Arnold’s dumpster where the purse and credit cards were found and then moved by
Tammy Hartman.
Stokes argued that Tammy Hartman was the matriarch of the family and
thought herself an amateur detective. Stokes contended, “Tammy ran the show.
Everybody did what Tammy said.” She got the knife from the car and put it in a
towel, he contended, to wipe off the fingerprints. She threw the knife in a garbage
bag with the purse, check book, and ATM cards found in the dumpster outside
Arnold’s house, put the bag in her truck, and drove to Hernandez’s house. Stokes
contended that when she found Hernandez, he was intoxicated on crack cocaine.
Stokes argued, “Tammy Hartman was able to manipulate Michael Hernandez just
as she had been manipulating everyone else because, see, Michael Hernandez in
this state, couldn’t remember what happened the day before. . . . she filled in the
blanks” in such a way as to protect Arnold. Stokes argued that Tammy “planted in
his mind the idea that he was the one that cut the lady’s throat.” Stokes also
emphasized Tammy’s confusion in recounting who told her details of the crime.
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Stokes’ theory, which he reemphasized for the jury, was that Hernandez was
just along for the ride, did not know the victim, and had no reason to want to kill
her. He argued it was not premeditated for those reasons, and that it was not
felony murder because there was no robbery or burglary—Arnold never told
Hernandez they were going to rob anyone and Arnold was the one who took the
purse. While Stokes did not expressly concede second-degree murder, he did
argue to the jury that they could consider lesser included offenses. He also argued
that they might find the victim was killed when she was accidentally dropped,
which would be manslaughter by culpable negligence. He argued lack of
evidence, conflicts in the evidence, and the State’s burden of proof.
In Stokes’ rebuttal guilt phase closing argument, he disagreed with the
State’s argument that everything Arnold did could be attributed to Hernandez as a
principal. He again contended that Tammy Hartman “hijacked” Hernandez’s will
when he was intoxicated on crack cocaine in order to get him to confess. Stokes
reiterated many of the arguments he made in his first closing statement, and
claimed that Tammy made Hernandez the “sacrificial lamb.” Stokes also criticized
Tammy’s actions in talking to witnesses and gathering evidence, and said that
when she first learned what Arnold told her, she should have just called the police.
Stokes again argued that everything that transpired was attributable to Arnold.
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At the evidentiary hearing, Stokes agreed that the guilt phase defense and
strategy can have an effect on the penalty phase, but said, “My opinion was to go
for it. I mean, I’ve had too many that came back with a lesser included. You
know, you never know what a jury is going to do; and my opinion was that I
agreed with Mr. Hernandez, that you shouldn’t give up your right to a jury trial.”
Stokes testified in the evidentiary hearing that relative culpability was a big issue
as it is in any multiple defendant case, and his primary strategy was to rebut any
attempt to portray Hernandez as the more culpable. To support following this
strategy, he cited evidence that the victim might have been killed by being
smothered, which raised a question as to whether she was already dead when
Hernandez stabbed her throat. Stokes agreed that his strategy was to raise enough
doubts to convince the jury to come in with a lesser-included offense verdict. He
said Tammy’s bias was the primary focus of his trial strategy.
Hernandez contends that Stokes was ineffective in failing to concede
second-degree murder, and that the defense presented in the guilt phase, which
contested all the crimes charged, was incoherent and not credible, prejudicing the
defendant in the penalty phase. Citing Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175 (2004),
Hernandez argues that Stokes could have and should have conceded guilt to the
crime charged or to a lesser included offense. The circuit court denied relief,
finding that Stokes’ guilt phase strategy was to contest all the crimes charged, and
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to establish reasonable doubt in hopes of conviction for a lesser offense, and that
Stokes and Rollo did discuss strategy before and during trial. Finally, the circuit
court found Hernandez failed to show this strategy was unreasonable under the
norms of professional conduct or that, but for counsel’s strategy, the jury would
have come back with a lesser offense conviction.
In Nixon, the facts showed that trial counsel attempted to explain the
strategy of conceding the overwhelming evidence of guilt to Nixon several times
but he was unresponsive, so trial counsel exercised his professional judgment to
concede guilt and focus on the penalty phase. The Supreme Court in Nixon did not
hold that trial counsel should, in every case in which the evidence of guilt is
overwhelming, concede murder and focus only on the penalty phase. Id. at 181.
Further, Nixon held “when a defendant, informed by counsel, neither consents nor
objects to the course counsel describes as the most promising means to avert a
sentence of death, counsel is not automatically barred from pursuing that course.”
Nixon, id. at 178. In the present case, Stokes concluded that, even though there
was strong evidence against Hernandez, including a confession, the evidence was
subject to challenge, and that he might be able to raise a reasonable doubt whether
this murder was premeditated.
Further, there is no indication in the present case that Hernandez was
unresponsive in discussions of guilt phase strategy, or that he did or did not object
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to conceding guilt. Clearly, Hernandez exhibited a desire to have a jury trial on
guilt when he disagreed with his first lawyer’s advice to enter a plea, resulting in
Stokes being appointed. Postconviction counsel failed to demonstrate that the
strategy employed by Stokes—to challenge the evidence of all the crimes charged
and to attempt to shift blame to Shawn Arnold—was not the strategy that
Hernandez desired.
The circuit court was correct in denying relief on this claim. A reading of
the closing argument given by Stokes discloses a clear strategy to place more
culpability on Shawn Arnold—a strategy that was consistent with a penalty phase
strategy that Hernandez should get a life sentence as did Arnold. The argument
also shows a strong attack on the actions of the main prosecution witness, Tammy
Hartman, in an attempt to show she was protecting Arnold at the expense of
Hernandez. Stokes pointed out how she browbeat Hernandez, tampered with
evidence, and gave a confused version of events in attempting to ascribe statements
and actions to Hernandez. It was clear in her testimony that much of what she said
may have been related to her by Arnold. Under the circumstances, this strategy,
although not ultimately a successful one, appears reasonable under the norms of
professional conduct and was not in conflict with the penalty phase strategy that
showed Hernandez was a follower, not a leader, and had a serious drug abuse
problem that was exacerbated by his association with Arnold.
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Stokes was faced with strong evidence of guilt and attempted to place the
worst of the evidence in such a light as to cast doubt on its reliability. Nothing
Stokes said in closing argument would necessarily impair the credibility of the
mitigation witnesses. Stokes argued in the guilt phase that Arnold was the
ringleader who took all the major steps in the process that resulted in the victim’s
death. The mitigation evidence attempted to show that Hernandez was not a leader
and suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder stemming from his abusive
childhood—and that because of his childhood abuse, he would tend to disconnect
from things happening around him. This was all consistent with the guilt phase
case that portrayed Hernandez as being led by Shawn Arnold and manipulated by
Tammy Hartman.
Moreover, contrary to what postconviction counsel argues here, Stokes did
not deny that Hernandez was guilty of any crimes at all. Stokes did attempt to put
all the evidence into a scenario showing that Hernandez had no premeditated intent
to kill the victim, that he did not go there with any intent to rob the victim, that
Arnold was the one who robbed the victim as an afterthought, and that
Hernandez’s actions may not even have been the actions that resulted in the
victim’s death. Stokes did ask the jury to consider lesser offenses. He asked if the
evidence was consistent with a depraved mind, suggesting second-degree murder.
He asked the jury to consider manslaughter by culpable negligence, arguing that
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the victim’s neck may have been broken when she was accidentally dropped while
being moved her after Hernandez thought she was already dead. None of these
arguments conflicted with any of the mitigation presented by penalty phase
counsel. We agree with the postconviction court that Stokes was not ineffective in
his choice of trial strategy and that his guilt phase strategy was not conflict with the
penalty phase strategy in this case.
Admissibility of Trial Counsel’s Disciplinary Record
Hernandez next contends that the circuit court erred in refusing to admit trial
counsel Ted Stokes’ professional disciplinary history in order to support
allegations that Stokes’ performance was deficient in this case and to support the
contention that penalty phase counsel was unjustified in relying on Stokes as lead
guilt phase counsel. The disciplinary cases that Hernandez sought to admit, and
which were proffered, consisted of disciplinary orders of this Court entered in 1992
(two matters), 1994, 2001 (two matters), and 2005.13 The discipline was imposed
for Stokes’ failure to file notices of appeal in two criminal cases, failure to
maintain a law office trust account and trust account records, failure to timely file
documents in a probate matter and failure to properly communicate with the client,
13. The Florida Bar v. Ted A. Stokes, Case Number 77,030; The Florida
Bar v. Ted Alan Stokes, SC82,636; The Florida Bar v. Ted Alan Stokes, SC00-71;
The Florida Bar v. Ted Alan Stokes, SC04-424.
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failure to file a petition for adoption for which he was retained, and failure to
properly investigate and diligently represent a defendant in a criminal case.14
The State contends that the circuit court properly excluded the orders
because the disciplinary proceedings and orders are not relevant to Stokes’ or
Rollo’s performance in this instant case, where the issue is ineffective assistance of
trial counsel. In a different context, we have held that it was in the trial court’s
discretion to prevent cross-examination of the State’s expert witness about his
examination of a defendant in a different case in which we found the expert
rendered an incompetent medical evaluation. The earlier finding was considered a
“collateral matter.” See Cruse v. State, 588 So. 2d 983, 988 (Fla. 1991). We
cautioned in Cruse that allowing such earlier finding into evidence would turn the
trial into a battle over the merits of the prior ruling. Id. Similarly, in Secada v.
Weinstein, 563 So. 2d 172 (Fla. 3d DCA 1990), that court cautioned that allowing
prior collateral findings might have “the inevitable tendency of causing the jury in
14. Stokes’ representation was also discussed in Coleman v. State, 64 So. 3d
1210 (Fla. 2011), where the jury recommended life but sentences of death were
imposed. Stokes failed to retain an investigator or obtain a mental health
evaluation of the defendant, and relied solely on the defendant’s alibi defense. Id.
at 1219. Evidence presented in postconviction showed that the defendant had an
impoverished background, poor relationship with his father, loss of family
members, special education, substance abuse, head injury, and mental illness.
Counsel could have presented this mitigation to the judge to support the life
sentence recommended by the jury; thus, we vacated the death sentences and
remanded for life in prison.
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the present case to defer to decisions made in a previous one.” Id. at 173. The
federal district court in Moore v. Chrones, 687 F. Supp. 2d 1005, 1030 n.13 (C.D.
Cal. 2010), held that “the relevant inquiry on an ineffective assistance claim is
whether counsel’s performance was deficient and caused prejudice in connection
with the particular defendant and trial in issue, not what occurred in other cases.”
Because the admission of these prior disciplinary orders was a matter within
the trial court’s discretion, and was not directly relevant to Stokes’ and Rollo’s
performance in representing Hernandez in this case, the circuit court did not err in
sustaining the State’s objection. Further, such matters are not the proper subject
for impeachment under section 90.608, Florida Statutes (2007). That provision
allows impeachment with prior inconsistent statements, evidence of bias, evidence
of defect of capacity, ability, or opportunity to observe, remember, or recount
matters, and proof by other witnesses that material facts are not as testified to by
the witness being impeached. Section 90.608(3) allows impeachment of the
character of the witness by evidence of character relating to truthfulness under
section 90.609(1), Florida Statutes, and relating to evidence of certain crimes under
section 90.610, Florida Statutes. None of these provisions are met in the evidence
of Stokes’ prior disciplinary history to require admission of the disciplinary
history. For all these reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding evidence of Stokes’ disciplinary history.
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Trial Counsel’s Performance Regarding Victim Impact Evidence
Hernandez next contends that although penalty phase counsel filed a pretrial
motion to exclude all victim impact evidence from the jury, he was deficient in not
objecting to any specific victim impact testimony. The United States Supreme
Court held in Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991), that the State may
introduce victim impact evidence in the sentencing phase of trial to show “each
victim’s ‘uniqueness as an individual human being,’ whatever the jury might think
the loss to the community resulting from [her] death might be.” Id. at 823. We
have held that “[t]he admission of victim impact evidence is protected by article I,
section 16, of the Florida Constitution, and is also specifically governed by section
921.141(7), Florida Statutes.” Kalisz v. State, 124 So. 3d 185, 211 (Fla. 2013).
That statute provides that once evidence has been admitted to show the existence
of one or more aggravating circumstances, the prosecution may introduce evidence
“designed to demonstrate the victim’s uniqueness as an individual human being
and the resultant loss to the community’s members by the victim’s death.”
§ 921.141(7), Fla. Stat. (2007).
The victim impact evidence presented by the State consisted of testimony of
two of Ruth Everett’s friends, Elaine Simpson and Judy Morrissey. Simpson
testified that she met Ruth Everett in 1966 or 1967 and remained friends until her
death in 2004. She said that Everett was a hard worker and could be counted on,
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was quiet and helpful, and enjoyed family get-togethers for birthdays and holidays.
Everett checked on family and friends when they were sick or bereaved and always
gave help when it was needed. Simpson explained that Everett’s son James died at
age sixteen, leaving her son David as her only relative in the area. Defense counsel
did object when Simpson testified that Everett had sadness in her life and had
experienced a bad marriage. He also objected to testimony by Simpson that
Everett’s death was a loss because she was like a family member, and Simpson’s
life is now “like a fabric with a hole ripped in it.” Simpson testified that Everett
was encouraging to her, and was a “support system” when Simpson had to care for
her mother for almost ten years.
Simpson also testified that Everett’s loss to the community was large—she
paid her taxes, worked hard, and took care of her son. Simpson concluded, “She
had what most people would consider a small life, but it was in no way an
unimportant life, when you think of how many lives her life touched and the fact
that she was so humble with her own problems.” On cross-examination, Simpson
agreed that Ruth Everett “was very concerned about [David’s] ongoing drug
dealing and drug-using activities . . . .” After Simpson’s testimony, the trial court
instructed the jury that the evidence of the victim’s “uniqueness” and the “loss to
the community members,” including her family, by her death is not to be
considered as an aggravating circumstance.
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The State also presented the testimony of Judy Morrissey, who had known
Everett for about twenty-seven years, and lived in the same neighborhood for about
twelve years before Everett’s death. Morrissey had a close friendship with Everett
and visited with her almost every day. She said they were more like family than
just friends. Everett worked in retail and day care, where she was a very sweet,
loving lady who grew attached to the children. Morrissey said Everett was a big
part of the lives of Morrissey’s own children, and was involved in church and
enjoyed gospel music. Morrissey explained, “It’s like a loss of a family member.
She was a very, very close friend. She was a very big part of my day-to-day life.”
In cross-examination of Morrissey, she said the victim was concerned about her
son’s drug-related activities.
Hernandez contends that counsel’s failure to object to victim impact
evidence about Ruth Everett’s difficult life, the fact that her son James died at age
sixteen, and that she had been good to a friend’s parents constituted deficient
performance by penalty phase counsel. Hernandez contends that evidence that the
victim was a hard worker, and a good citizen who paid taxes and voted was not
relevant to her uniqueness or to her loss to the community and was outside the
scope of section 921.141(7), Florida Statutes. He also argues that some of the
testimony related events that occurred years before the murder and thus could not
be relevant to any current loss. The postconviction court denied this claim, finding
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that some of the testimony was objected to by penalty phase counsel, and that
counsel’s lack of objection to other testimony, such as the fact that the victim was
concerned about her son’s drug dealing, was not deficient performance because
that evidence was in accord with the defense theory of the case. Hernandez does
not contend that this victim impact evidence was unduly voluminous or became a
feature of the trial. Instead, he contends that it is not the type of evidence that is
permitted by section 921.141(7) and thus is not relevant and should have been
objected to by counsel. As can be seen, counsel did object to several areas of
victim impact evidence. Moreover, the victim impact evidence in this case was
proper under section 921.141(7) and under the precedent of the United States
Supreme Court and this Court.
We held in Franklin v. State, 965 So. 2d 79, 97 (Fla. 2007), that victim
impact evidence that the victim’s friends were “hurt pretty bad” by the loss, that
the victim served in the U.S. Army in Vietnam, was loving and generous and
helped family and friends, and was a good guy who helped neighborhood children
was all within the purpose of section 921.141(7) to demonstrate the uniqueness of
the victim and loss to the community. Franklin, 965 So. 2d at 97-98. In Victorino
v. State, 127 So. 3d 478, 496 (Fla. 2013), we found victim impact evidence that the
victim’s family members were grieving was proper. We have also held that
evidence the victim, long before his death, was a police officer who tried to help
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others and had been a U.S. Army Paratrooper demonstrated the uniqueness of the
victim. Peterson v. State, 94 So. 3d 514, 530 (Fla. 2012). Thus, the fact that the
victim possesses characteristics or experience similar to that of others does not
defeat a showing of the uniqueness of the particular victim at issue. Further, the
fact that some of those characteristics were demonstrated in the past does not
defeat the purpose of the victim impact statute.
Here, Ruth Everett was described as extremely helpful to friends and their
families, loved caring for children, and would be missed. This was exactly the
type of testimony that demonstrated her particular characteristics and thus her
uniqueness, as well as the loss to the community occasioned by her death.
Evidence that she suffered sadness and losses in a difficult life was proper because
it demonstrated her unique ability to think and act positively with her friends and
her community in spite of her own personal difficulties. The sum total of these
personal characteristics is what illustrates Everett’s uniqueness and the loss to the
community and to the people who relied on and were helped by her.
We explained in Bonifay v. State, 680 So. 2d 413, 420 (Fla. 1996), that
“[f]amily members are unique to each other by reason of the relationship and the
role each has in the family.” This same characterization applies to the relationship
between the victim and her closest friends, who described Everett as being more
“like family.” Because the victim impact evidence in this case was not a focus of
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the penalty phase, was not voluminous, and was relevant and proper within the
confines of section 921.141(7), penalty phase counsel was not deficient in failing
to make more specific objections to the evidence. The postconviction court
correctly denied this claim.
PETITION FOR HABEAS CORPUS
Claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel are appropriately raised
in a petition for writ of habeas corpus, as Hernandez has done in this case. See
Jackson v. State, 127 So. 3d 447, 476 (Fla. 2013). The alleged error by appellate
counsel must be of “such magnitude as to constitute a serious error or substantial
deficiency falling measurably outside the range of professionally acceptable
performance. . . .” Id. (quoting Pope v. Wainwright, 496 So. 2d 798, 800 (Fla.
1986)). Further, the deficiency must have “compromised the appellate process to
such degree as to undermine confidence in the correctness of the result.” Id.
(quoting Pope, 496 So. 2d at 800). We have held many times that “appellate
counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to raise nonmeritorious claims on
appeal.” Id. (quoting Freeman v. State, 761 So. 2d 1055, 1070 (Fla. 2000)). “The
reviewing court must presume that [appellate] counsel’s conduct was within the
broad range of reasonable professional conduct, and the defendant bears the burden
of overcoming this presumption.” Conahan, 118 So. 3d at 733. The standard of
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review for claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel “mirrors the
Strickland standard for ineffective assistance of trial counsel.” Id. at 732.
Hernandez contends that appellate counsel was ineffective in failing to raise
on appeal a preserved claim of error concerning the trial testimony of Dr. Harry
McClaren, who was called by the State to testify in the penalty phase of trial.
Hernandez contends that Dr. McClaren made a misstatement of law concerning
what mental conditions might rise to the level of the statutory mitigating
circumstance that the murder was committed while the defendant was under the
influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance. See § 921.141(6)(b), Fla.
Stat. (2007). Hernandez contends that Dr. McClaren suggested that only psychosis
or insanity proves that statutory mental health mitigator. Hernandez is correct that
“sanity does not eliminate consideration of the statutory mitigating factors
concerning mental condition,” Mines v. State, 390 So. 2d 332, 337 (Fla. 1980), and
the two concepts should not be confused, see Coday v. State, 946 So. 2d 988, 1003
(Fla. 2006). However, we find that appellate counsel was not deficient in failing to
raise on direct appeal a claim that Dr. McClaren’s testimony concerning the
statutory mental health mitigator was an incorrect statement of law.
Dr. McClaren, a psychologist specializing in criminal forensic psychology,
evaluated Hernandez prior to trial by meeting with him for about four hours. In the
evaluation, Hernandez also told Dr. McClaren he was drunk and high on crack
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cocaine when the murder occurred. Dr. McClaren investigated Hernandez’s
background and reviewed results of psychological tests. He also reviewed
“voluminous documents” relevant to Hernandez’s past behavior, including witness
reports, jail medical records, records from California, and the incident for which
Hernandez was on trial. Dr. McClaren administered a number of psychological
tests to Hernandez, and reviewed results of some testing performed by defendant’s
expert, Dr. Brett Turner, that showed Hernandez appeared to be malingering.
Dr. McClaren testified at trial that he found Hernandez suffered from post-
traumatic stress disorder resulting from his abusive childhood, had some form of
depression, and suffered polysubstance abuse involving crystal methamphetamine,
crack cocaine, and marijuana. He also diagnosed Hernandez with antisocial
personality disorder and borderline personality disorder—and opined that
Hernandez may have a cognitive disorder not otherwise specified. Dr. McClaren
noted that these diagnoses were consistent with those given by the defense experts
at trial. In Dr. McClaren’s opinion, Hernandez was not under extreme mental or
emotional disturbance at the time of the murder, but was intoxicated by cocaine.
When he was asked to give an example of an extreme mental or emotional
disturbance, Dr. McClaren responded, “A person . . . suffering from psychosis, a
break from reality, experiencing delusions, false beliefs that someone was
poisoning him, controlling him with witchcraft, voodoo, cosmic rays, hearing
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voices or seeing things that were scaring him, urging him to do things that were
wrong to the extent - - ” At this point, defense counsel Rollo objected in part that
the “State is raising the issue of an insanity defense to knock it down. We’ve never
raised it, and that’s what we are talking about here. So this isn’t relevant to
anything that we’ve brought up. Any mitigation whatsoever.” Counsel
subsequently argued, “There’s nothing in the [statutory] mitigator that says
anything about psychosis, and that’s what he’s describing. We haven’t attempted
to establish that.” The trial court overruled the objection, concluding it was an
issue that went to the weight of the testimony and not admissibility.
Dr. McClaren then continued to give more examples of conditions that he
believed would rise to the level of the statutory mitigator, describing “[s]omeone
who is suffering from a major depression, a postpartum depression, the various
kinds of brain injuries that very significantly affect impulse control, these sorts of
things, are the kinds of things that I would associate with extreme mental or
emotional disturbance.” Dr. McClaren also testified that an extreme emotional
disturbance could arise when a person observes traumatic or shocking events. We
conclude that Dr. McClaren did not make a misstatement of law concerning what
diagnoses or conditions would qualify as proof of the statutory mitigator.
First, it can be seen from Dr. McClaren’s full testimony that he did not limit
his description of what diagnoses might rise to the level of extreme mental or
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emotional disturbance to psychosis, as Hernandez now contends. Dr. McClaren
expanded the list of examples from psychosis and delusions to include a number of
other diagnoses and circumstances that, in his opinion, could meet the standard for
the statutory mitigator. Thus, Hernandez’s first premise—that Dr. McClaren was
testifying that only insanity or psychosis rises to the level of extreme mental or
emotional disturbance—is incorrect. Second, Dr. McClaren simply did not believe
Hernandez’s cocaine intoxication or addiction in this case was a condition or
circumstance that rose to the level of the statutory mitigator. On cross-
examination, Dr. McClaren conceded he was not testifying that it is impossible that
Hernandez could meet the statutory criteria, just that he disagreed with the defense
experts on this point.
In rejecting the finding of the statutory mitigator in this case, the trial court
did not cite Dr. McClaren’s testimony concerning psychosis as the only condition
meeting the requirements of the statute. Furthermore, the trial court found that
Dr. McClaren testified that Hernandez’s cocaine intoxication “did cause a lesser
degree of mental (but not emotional) disturbance” and recognized that Hernandez
suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive disorder, polysubstance
abuse, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, impulse
control disorder, cognitive disorder, and possible brain damage. The trial court
stated, “Considering the expert testimony combined with the other evidence
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presented in this case, the Court finds insufficient evidence to support the existence
of these two mitigating circumstances,” but did conclude that the cocaine
intoxication was proven and would be considered in the nonstatutory mitigation
section of the order. We conclude that the claim, if raised on appeal, would have
been found meritless. Even if the claim could have had some possibility of
success, “appellate counsel is not ‘necessarily ineffective for failing to raise a
claim that might have had some possibility of success; effective appellate counsel
need not raise every conceivable nonfrivolous issue.’ ” Zack v. State, 911 So. 2d
1190, 1204 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Valle v. Moore, 837 So. 2d 905, 908 (Fla. 2002)).
Finally, our confidence in the result of the appeal is not undermined by counsel’s
failure to raise this claim. For these reasons, the petition for writ of habeas corpus
alleging ineffective assistance of appellate counsel must be denied.
CONCLUSION
For all the foregoing reasons, the order of the circuit court denying
postconviction relief is hereby affirmed, and the petition for writ of habeas corpus
is denied.
It is so ordered.
LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, POLSTON, and PERRY,
JJ., concur.
CANADY, J., concurs in result.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.
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Two Cases:
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Santa Rosa County,
David Harold Rimmer, Judge - Case No. 572004CF001184XXAXMX
And an Original Proceeding – Habeas Corpus
Curtis Mitchell French, Tallahassee, Florida,
for Appellant/Petitioner
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and Charmaine Millsaps, Assistant Attorney
General, Tallahassee, Florida,
for Appellee/Respondent
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