Jonathan Huey Lawrence v. State of Florida

Supreme Court of Florida
No. SC18-2061
____________
JONATHAN HUEY LAWRENCE,
Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
October 29, 2020
PER CURIAM.
Jonathan Huey Lawrence appeals his sentence of death for the 1998 first-
degree murder of Jennifer Robinson that was imposed in a 2018 resentencing
proceeding. We have jurisdiction, see art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const., and affirm. As
is more fully explained below, although Lawrence’s original death sentence was
determined to be proportional based on substantially the same evidence presented
during the de novo resentencing proceeding at issue, Lawrence argues on appeal
that his sentence of death is not proportional. The State argues that this Court is
legally prohibited, by the Florida Constitution, from reviewing death sentences for
comparative proportionality when that review is not authorized by statute. We
agree with the State and hold that the conformity clause of article I, section 17 of
the Florida Constitution forbids this Court from analyzing death sentences for
comparative proportionality in the absence of a statute establishing that review.
BACKGROUND
In 2000, Lawrence pleaded guilty to principal to the first-degree murder of
Robinson, conspiracy to commit first-degree murder, giving alcoholic beverages to
a person under twenty-one, and abuse of a dead human corpse, and he was
sentenced to death for Robinson’s murder. Lawrence v. State, 846 So. 2d 440, 442
(Fla. 2003). Robinson’s murder followed two separate criminal episodes in which
Lawrence and his codefendant murdered one individual and attempted to murder
another individual. See id. at 443 n.3. We detailed the facts of Robinson’s murder
on direct appeal, explaining that Lawrence and his codefendant, who was also
convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death for Robinson’s murder,
carried out their crimes against Robinson in accordance with notes in Lawrence’s
handwriting:
Lawrence’s codefendant, Jeremiah Martel Rodgers, picked up
eighteen-year-old Jennifer Robinson from her mother’s home on May
7, 1998. Rodgers and Robinson met Lawrence, and all three drove in
Lawrence’s truck to a secluded area in the woods. After imbibing
alcoholic beverages, Robinson had sex with Rodgers and then with
Lawrence. At some point thereafter, Rodgers shot Robinson in the
back of the head using Lawrence’s Lorcin .380 handgun. The gunshot
rendered Robinson instantly unconscious, and she died minutes later.
Lawrence and Rodgers loaded Robinson’s body into Lawrence’s truck
and drove further into the woods. Lawrence made an incision into
Robinson’s leg and removed her calf muscle. Rodgers took Polaroid
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pictures of the body, including a picture of Lawrence’s hand holding
Robinson’s foot. Lawrence and Rodgers buried Robinson at that site.
Investigators traced Robinson’s disappearance to Lawrence and
Rodgers. When confronted by Investigator Todd Hand, Lawrence
denied knowing Robinson and consented to Hand’s request to search
Lawrence’s trailer and truck. After recovering multiple notes written
by Lawrence and Polaroid photographs depicting Robinson post-
mortem, Hand arrested Lawrence. One page of the recovered notes
states in part: “get her very drunk,” “yell in her ears to check
consicouse [sic],” “even slap hard,” “[r]ape many, many, many
times,” “ ‘slice and dice,’ [d]isect [sic] completely,” “bag up eatabile
[sic] meats,” and “bag remains and bury and burn.” Another page of
notes provides a list of items and tasks, some of which had been
checked off or scribbled out. That list includes “coolers of ice = for
new meat,” strawberry wine, everclear alcohol, scalpels, Polaroid
film, and “.380 or-and bowies [knives].” Other items located by
investigators during their search of Lawrence’s trailer and truck
included a box for a Lorcin .380 handgun; empty Polaroid film
packages; a piece of human tissue in Lawrence’s freezer; a blue and
white ice chest; an empty plastic ice bag; disposable gloves; a
scrapbook; and several books, including an anatomy book []titled The
Incredible Machine, within which had been marked female anatomy
pages and pen lines drawn at the calf section of a leg. Lawrence
subsequently confessed to his involvement, after waiving his Miranda
[v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)] rights, and led detectives to
Robinson’s body.
Id. at 442-43 (footnotes omitted). On direct appeal, Lawrence appealed only his
sentence of death, and we affirmed, id. at 446, including on the basis that
Lawrence’s death sentence was proportionate in comparison to other cases in
which we have upheld the imposition of the death penalty, id. at 452-55.
We subsequently affirmed the denial of Lawrence’s initial postconviction
motion and denied his habeas petition. Lawrence v. State, 969 So. 2d 294, 315
(Fla. 2007).
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Thereafter, the trial court granted Lawrence’s successive postconviction
motion, vacated his death sentence, and ordered a new penalty phase proceeding
pursuant to Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d 40 (Fla. 2016), receded from by State v.
Poole, 297 So. 3d 487 (Fla. 2020).
Before the second penalty-phase proceeding, which is at issue here, began,
Lawrence sent a handwritten letter to the trial court requesting that his death
sentence be “reinstated,” stating in pertinent part:
[M]ay I request to please have my death sentence reinstated? I’ve
never wanted a new trial or anything to do with the Hurst
hearing/ruleing [sic] and have been trying for ten years to have my
last attorney . . . drop all my appeals but he has completely ignored
me and refused any form of communications with me until telling me
my new attorney’s names and that I’m to go . . . for a new sentencing
that I do not want. I’m guilty of all my charges and deserve my death
sentence. I’ve had no intention of putting the families, friends and
loved ones of the innocent people I deliberately helped murder
through all these 20 long years of grief, suffering and loss, to have to
indure [sic] more. They deserve justice and every amount of peace
my death sentence and conclusion might give them.
Through appointed counsel, Lawrence subsequently moved to waive his
rights to a penalty-phase jury, to present mitigation, and to challenge the State’s
evidence. After inquiring of Lawrence and hearing testimony from a doctor who
had evaluated Lawrence and found him competent, the trial court found
Lawrence’s waivers to be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. The trial court
ordered a presentence investigation and appointed special counsel pursuant to
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Marquardt v. State, 156 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2015), to assist it in considering available
mitigation.
Thereafter, following the State’s penalty-phase presentation and special
counsel’s presentation at a subsequent hearing that also served as a Spencer1
hearing, the trial court sentenced Lawrence to death, finding that the aggravating
circumstances 2 “greatly outweigh” the statutory and nonstatutory mitigating
circumstances. 3 In sentencing Lawrence to death, the trial court further found as
follows:
1. Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993).
2. The trial court found that the State had proven two statutory aggravating
circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt and assigned both of them great weight:
(1) the defendant was previously convicted of another capital felony or of a felony
involving the use or threat of violence to the person; and (2) the murder was
committed in a cold, calculated, and premeditated manner.
3. The trial court found and assigned moderate weight to two statutory
mitigating circumstances: (1) the capital felony was committed while Lawrence
was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance; and (2) the
capacity of Lawrence to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his
conduct to the requirements of law was substantially impaired.
The trial court also found four nonstatutory mitigating circumstances to
which it assigned the noted weight: (1) the defendant told the probation officer that
he is mainly guilty and feels like he deserves to die (slight weight); (2) the
defendant was raised in an abusive and dysfunctional home (slight weight); (3) the
defendant cooperated with the police in locating the scene of the crime and the
body (slight weight); and (4) the defendant’s history of mental health problems that
do not rise to the level of statutory mitigation (moderate weight).
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The Court has carefully considered and weighed the
aggravating and mitigating circumstances found to exist in this
penalty phase. The State has proven beyond and to the exclusion of
every reasonable doubt the existence of two serious aggravators. The
prior violent felony aggravator was given great weight due to the fact
that both prior offenses were committed prior to the murder of
Jennifer Robinson, were committed with the co-defendant, Rodgers,
and involved murder and attempted murder. Both of these prior
crimes were senselessly violent and without any moral or legal
justification. They are indicative of the same total disregard for
human life evidenced in this case. In each case, Lawrence and
Rodgers killed or attempted to kill another human being. In addition,
the cold, calculated, and premeditated aggravator was given great
weight due to Lawrence’s significant involvement in the planning,
preparation, and execution of the murder.
The Court finds that these two aggravators greatly outweigh all
of the statutory and non-statutory mitigating circumstances, inclusive
of the significant mental mitigation.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Lawrence argues that his death sentence is disproportionate in
comparison to other cases in which the sentence of death has been imposed. The
State urges us to recede from precedent holding that we must review the
comparative proportionality of every death sentence to “ensure uniformity of
sentencing in death penalty proceedings,” Rogers v. State, 285 So. 3d 872, 891
(Fla. 2019), by reserving the death penalty “for only the most aggravated and least
mitigated of first-degree murders.” Id. at 892 (quoting Urbin v. State, 714 So. 2d
411, 416 (Fla. 1998)); see also Fla. R. App. P. 9.142(a)(5) (providing that the
Court shall review proportionality on direct appeal whether or not the issue is
presented by the parties). In support of its argument, the State contends that
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comparative proportionality review violates the conformity clause of article I,
section 17 of the Florida Constitution. We agree with the State and write to
explain why our precedent is erroneous and must yield to our constitution.
The Florida Constitution Precludes Comparative Proportionality Review
The conformity clause of article I, section 17 of the Florida Constitution
provides that “[t]he prohibition against cruel or unusual punishment, and the
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, shall be construed in conformity
with decisions of the United States Supreme Court which interpret the prohibition
against cruel and unusual punishment provided in the Eighth Amendment to the
United States Constitution.” The Supreme Court has held that comparative
proportionality review of death sentences is not required by the Eighth
Amendment. Pulley v. Harris, 465 U.S. 37, 50-51 (1984) (“There is . . . no basis
[in Supreme Court case law] for holding that comparative proportionality review
by an appellate court is required in every case in which the death penalty is
imposed and the defendant requests it.”).
In Yacob v. State, 136 So. 3d 539, 546-49 (Fla. 2014), this Court addressed
whether our state-law precedent requiring comparative proportionality review
survived the addition of the conformity clause to article I, section 17 of the Florida
Constitution in 2002. In holding that it did, Yacob sourced the requirement for
comparative proportionality review from three other provisions of Florida law
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outside of article I, section 17. Specifically, Yacob held that comparative
proportionality review “flows from Florida’s capital punishment statute—section
921.141, Florida Statutes,” Yacob, 136 So. 3d at 546, from the due process clause
of article I, section 9 of the Florida Constitution, id. at 549, and from article V,
section 3(b)(1) of the Florida Constitution, which grants this Court mandatory,
exclusive jurisdiction over appeals from final judgments of trial courts imposing
the death penalty, id. at 547. None of these provisions, however, requires the
comparative proportionality review that we have held to be required and codified
in our procedural rules as within the scope of our appellate review. See Fla. R.
App. P. 9.142(a)(5).
Comparative proportionality review is not referenced anywhere in the text of
section 921.141, Florida Statutes (2019). Yet, Yacob read this requirement into the
portion of the statute which provides that “[t]he judgment of conviction and
sentence of death shall be subject to automatic review” by this Court “in
accordance with rules adopted by” this Court. § 921.141(5), Fla. Stat. (2019); see
Yacob, 136 So. 3d at 546 (quoting then-subsection (4) of the statute for this
proposition). In support of this conclusion, Yacob reasoned that this Court had
previously “interpreted section 921.141 as including proportionality review of
death sentences” in State v. Dixon, 283 So. 2d 1, 10 (Fla. 1973). Yacob, 136 So. 3d
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at 546. However, Dixon did no such thing. Rather, as Justice Canady explained in
dissenting from this portion of the Yacob decision,
Dixon—which upheld Florida’s capital punishment statute against a
constitutional challenge—contemplated that in any case where “a
defendant is sentenced to die, this Court can review that case in light
of the other decisions [imposing sentences of death] and determine
whether or not the punishment is too great.” 283 So. 2d at 10. The
reasoning of Dixon, however, does not in any way tie this comparative
review to a provision of section 921.141. Instead, the comparative
review envisioned by Dixon can only reasonably be understood as a
judicial-created means to ensure that the statute would be
implemented in a way that would avoid the constitutional concerns
articulated in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S. Ct. 2726, 33 L.
Ed. 2d 346 (1972), concerns which were rooted in the prohibition on
cruel and unusual punishments. The Dixon court understood that such
comparative review would be consistent with the statute, but that is
different from concluding that the statute requires or specifically
authorizes comparative proportionality review.
Yacob, 136 So. 3d at 561 (Canady, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
The Yacob Court also relied on our pre-conformity clause decision in
Tillman v. State, 591 So. 2d 167 (Fla. 1991), which cited two provisions of the
Florida Constitution in addition to article I, section 17 as requiring comparative
proportionality review. These provisions were the due process clause of article I,
section 9, and the provision granting this court mandatory, exclusive jurisdiction
over appeals from final judgments of trial courts imposing the death penalty—
article V, section (3)(b)(1). See Yacob, 136 So. 3d at 547, 549 (citing Tillman’s
reliance on article V, section 3(b)(1) and article I, section 9 for comparative
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proportionality review). However, neither provision imposes any such requirement
for the reasons Justice Canady explained in dissenting from this portion of Yacob:
Tillman states that the “obvious purpose” of our mandatory
jurisdiction “is to ensure the uniformity of death-penalty law by
preventing the disagreement over controlling points of law that may
arise when the district courts of appeal are the only appellate courts
with mandatory appellate jurisdiction.” [Tillman, 591 So. 2d at 169];
see art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. But “preventing the disagreement
over controlling points of law” does not require comparative
proportionality review. Furthermore, the jurisdictional provision is
purely a matter of procedure; it does nothing to substantively define
the review undertaken by the court. Tillman’s reliance on this
jurisdictional provision as a basis for proportionality review is
untenable.
It is no more tenable to skirt the conformity clause by
proclaiming that comparative proportionality review is required by the
due process clause rather than by the prohibition on cruel and unusual
punishments. Under the federal Constitution, “the Eighth
Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause [is] made
applicable to the States by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment.” Graham [v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 53 (2010)]. The
prohibition on cruel and unusual punishments thus is a particular
aspect of due process. And the conformity clause expressly limits the
authority of this Court with respect to that aspect of due process. To
conclude otherwise is to treat the conformity clause as meaningless
for all practical purposes.
Yacob, 136 So. 3d at 561-62 (Canady, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
The only legitimate state-law source for comparative proportionality review
was the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment found in article I, section
17 of the Florida Constitution—before the conformity clause was added to that
provision in 2002. See Yacob, 136 So. 3d at 560-61 (Canady, J., concurring in part
and dissenting in part) (summarizing this Court’s “repeated reliance on the cruel
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and unusual punishments prohibition as the basis for our proportionality review”).
Post-conformity clause, we have wrongly continued to enforce a state-law
requirement for comparative proportionality review and have wrongly written this
requirement into our procedural rules governing the scope of our appellate review.
See Amendments to the Fla. Rules of Appellate Procedure, 894 So. 2d 202, 204,
218-19 (Fla. 2005) (adding a proportionality review requirement to rule 9.142 to
“make the rule consistent with this Court’s practice” concerning the scope of its
appellate review).
When confronted with the issue in Yacob, this Court should have held that a
judge-made comparative proportionality review requirement violates article I,
section 17 of the Florida Constitution in light of the Supreme Court’s precedent
establishing that comparative proportionality review is not required by the Eighth
Amendment, see Pulley 465 U.S. at 50-51. We cannot judicially rewrite our state
statutes or constitution to require a comparative proportionality review that their
text does not. See art. II, § 3, Fla. Const. Nor can we ignore our constitutional
obligation to conform our precedent respecting the Florida Constitution’s
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment to the Supreme Court’s Eighth
Amendment precedent by requiring a comparative proportionality review that the
Supreme Court has held the Eighth Amendment does not. See art. I, § 17, Fla.
Const. Yacob wrongly did both.
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Yacob Must Yield to the Florida Constitution
The State argues that we should recede from Yacob. We recently explained
“the proper approach to stare decisis” as follows:
In a case where we are bound by a higher legal authority—whether it
be a constitutional provision, a statute, or a decision of the Supreme
Court—our job is to apply that law correctly to the case before us.
When we are convinced that a precedent clearly conflicts with the law
we are sworn to uphold, the precedent normally must yield.
We say normally because “stare decisis means sticking to some
wrong decisions.” Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC, 135 S. Ct.
2401, 2409 (2015). “Indeed, stare decisis has consequence only to the
extent it sustains incorrect decisions; correct judgments have no need
for that principle to prop them up.” Id. But once we have chosen to
reassess a precedent and have come to the conclusion that it is clearly
erroneous, the proper question becomes whether there is a valid
reason why not to recede from that precedent.
The critical consideration ordinarily will be reliance. It is
generally accepted that reliance interests are “at their acme in cases
involving property and contract rights.” Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S.
808, 828 (1991). And reliance interests are lowest in cases . . .
“involving procedural and evidentiary rules.” Id.; see also Alleyne,
570 U.S. at 119 (Sotomayor, J., concurring) (“[W]hen procedural
rules are at issue that do not govern primary conduct and do not
implicate the reliance interests of private parties, the force of stare
decisis is reduced.”).
Poole, 297 So. 3d at 507.
Viewing our erroneous decision in Yacob through this lens, we fail to find “a
valid reason why not to recede from” it. Poole, 297 So. 3d at 507. In light of the
Supreme Court’s decision in Pulley, the conformity clause expressly forecloses this
Court’s imposition of a comparative proportionality review requirement that is
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predicated on the Eighth Amendment. 4 The reliance interests of death-sentenced
defendants on this Court’s comparative proportionality review are low to
nonexistent, as defendants do not alter their behavior in expectation of such
review. In contrast, victims and the State have strong interests in this Court’s
upholding death sentences obtained in compliance with section 921.141.
Moreover, there is no reason to continue to apply erroneous precedent that,
though well-intentioned, 5 relies on perceived deficiencies in section 921.141 that
do not exist. See Yacob, 136 So. 3d at 549 n.2. Florida’s death penalty statute
4. We note, however, that Florida’s conformity clause does not preclude the
Legislature from requiring comparative proportionality review of death sentences
by statute. Although the State argued to the contrary in its brief, at oral argument,
the State appeared to concede the point that our conformity clause is not so broadly
worded as to preclude a statutory requirement for comparative proportionality
review. Indeed, other state legislatures have mandated comparative proportionality
review by statute. See, e.g., State v. Wood, 580 S.W.3d 566, 590 (Mo. 2019)
(explaining that section 565.035.3., Mo. Rev. Stat., “imposes an independent duty
on [the Supreme Court of Missouri] to undertake a proportionality review to
determine,” among other things, “(3) [w]hether the sentence of death is excessive
or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the
crime, the strength of the evidence and the defendant”). We express no opinion as
to whether the Florida Legislature should adopt such a requirement; we simply
note that the State is incorrect to the extent it contends that the Florida Legislature
could not do so.
5. We recognize our valued colleague’s dissent and its argument that
reviewing death sentences for comparative proportionality would be good policy.
Even were we to agree with the dissent’s policy analysis, however, we would still
be sworn to follow our constitution—which does not permit the result for which
the dissent argues.
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comports with due process; it has been amended since Yacob to comply with
federal and state constitutional requirements regarding death-eligibility, see
§ 921.141(3); 6 it provides adequate safeguards against the arbitrary and capricious
imposition of the death penalty; and, since Yacob, it has been amended to exceed
what the federal and state constitutions require by mandating (in non-jury-waiver
cases) that the jury’s recommendation for death be unanimous, see
§ 921.141(2)(c). 7
6. See also McKinney v. Arizona, 140 S. Ct. 702, 707 (2020) (“Under Ring
[v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002),] and Hurst [v. Florida, 136 S. Ct. 616 (2016)], a
jury must find the aggravating circumstance that makes the defendant death
eligible. But importantly, in a capital sentencing proceeding, just as in an ordinary
sentencing proceeding, a jury (as opposed to a judge) is not constitutionally
required to weigh the aggravating and mitigating circumstances or to make the
ultimate decision within the relevant sentencing range.”); Poole, 297 So. 3d at 507
(“reced[ing] from Hurst v. State except to the extent it requires a jury unanimously
to find the existence of a statutory aggravating circumstance beyond a reasonable
doubt”).
7. See also Poole, 297 So. 3d at 504 (“[T]he Sixth Amendment, as
interpreted in Spaziano [v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 465 (1984)], does not require
any jury recommendation of death, much less a unanimous one. . . . [W]e further
erred in Hurst v. State when we held that the Eighth Amendment requires a
unanimous recommendation of death. The Supreme Court rejected that exact
argument in Spaziano.”); id. at 505 (holding that Hurst v. State erred in concluding
that a unanimous jury recommendation is required by article I, section 22 of the
Florida Constitution governing the right to a jury trial, and further holding that
“our state constitution’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment, article I,
section 17, does not require a unanimous recommendation—or any jury
recommendation—before a death sentence can be imposed” (footnote omitted)).
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Accordingly, we recede from Yacob’s requirement to review death sentences
for comparative proportionality and thus eliminate comparative proportionality
review from the scope of our appellate review set forth in rule 9.142(a)(5).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we decline to review Lawrence’s claim that his
death sentence is disproportionate and affirm his sentence of death.8
It is so ordered.
CANADY, C.J., and POLSTON, LAWSON, MUÑIZ, and COURIEL, JJ., concur.
LABARGA, J., dissents with an opinion.
GROSSHANS, J., did not participate.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND,
IF FILED, DETERMINED.
8. We note that, in addition to challenging the proportionality of his death
sentence, Lawrence raises the meritless claim that the trial court fundamentally
erred in sentencing him to death because it did not determine beyond a reasonable
doubt the sufficiency of the aggravating factors and whether they outweighed the
mitigating circumstances. We have repeatedly rejected this claim in cases where
the defendant did not waive the right to a penalty-phase jury. See Newberry v.
State, 288 So. 3d 1040, 1047 (Fla. 2019) (rejecting fundamental-error claim
because the sufficiency and weighing determinations “are not subject to the beyond
a reasonable doubt standard of proof”) (citing Rogers, 285 So. 3d at 886). The
same fundamental-error claim is equally meritless in this case, where Lawrence
waived the right to a penalty-phase jury. See § 921.141(3)(b), Fla. Stat. (2018)
(subjecting only the trial court’s finding of the existence of at least one aggravating
factor to the beyond a reasonable doubt standard of proof); see also supra note 6.
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LABARGA, J., dissenting.
Today, the majority takes the most consequential step yet in dismantling the
reasonable safeguards contained within Florida’s death penalty jurisprudence—a
step that eliminates a fundamental component of this Court’s mandatory review in
direct appeal cases.
The Majority’s Recent Decisions in Context
I cannot overstate how quickly and consequentially the majority’s decisions
have impacted death penalty law in Florida. On January 23, 2020, this Court
decided State v. Poole, 297 So. 3d 487 (Fla. 2020). As I noted in my dissent in
Poole, despite the clearly defined historical basis for requiring unanimous jury
verdicts in Florida, this Court receded from the requirement that juries must
unanimously recommend that a defendant be sentenced to death. Poole, 297 So.
3d at 513 (Labarga, J., dissenting). After 2016, only the state of Alabama
permitted a nonunanimous (10-2) jury recommendation. 9 Poole paved the way for
Florida to return to an absolute outlier status of being one of only two states that
does not require unanimity.
On May 14, 2020, this Court decided Bush v. State, 295 So. 3d 179 (Fla.
2020). In that case, this Court uprooted the long applied heightened standard of
9. Ala. Code § 13A-5-46(f) (2020).
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review in cases that are wholly based on circumstantial evidence. Under the
heightened standard, “[e]vidence which furnishes nothing stronger than a
suspicion, even though it would tend to justify the suspicion that the defendant
committed the crime, it is not sufficient to sustain [a] conviction. It is the actual
exclusion of the hypothesis of innocence which clothes circumstantial evidence
with the force of proof sufficient to convict.” Davis v. State, 90 So. 2d 629, 631-32
(Fla. 1956). This standard, applied for more than one hundred years, served as an
important check on circumstantial evidence cases. As I noted in my dissent in
Bush, while circumstantial evidence is a vital evidentiary tool in meeting the
State’s burden of proof, “circumstantial evidence is inherently different from direct
evidence in a manner that warrants heightened consideration on appellate review.”
Bush, 295 So. 3d at 216 (Fla. 2020) (Labarga, J., concurring in part and dissenting
in part). “The solemn duty imposed upon this Court in reviewing death cases more
than justifies the stringent review that has historically been applied in cases based
solely on circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 217.
On May 21, 2020, this Court decided Phillips v. State, 299 So. 3d 1013 (Fla.
2020). In Phillips, this Court receded from Walls v. State, 213 So. 3d 340 (Fla.
2016) (holding that Hall v. Florida, 572 U.S. 701 (2014), is to be retroactively
applied). The United States Supreme Court’s decision in Hall held that Florida
law, which barred individuals with an IQ score above 70 from demonstrating that
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they were intellectually disabled, “creates an unacceptable risk that persons with
intellectual disability will be executed, and thus is unconstitutional.” Id. at 704.
The Supreme Court concluded: “This Court agrees with the medical experts that
when a defendant’s IQ test score falls within the test’s acknowledged and inherent
margin of error, the defendant must be able to present additional evidence of
intellectual disability, including testimony regarding adaptive deficits.” Id. at 723.
In Walls, this Court held that Hall is to be retroactively applied. The majority’s
recent decision in Phillips subsequently receded from Walls.
As expressed in my dissent in Phillips, in light of the majority’s decision to
recede from Walls, “an individual with significant deficits in adaptive functioning,
and who under a holistic consideration of the three criteria for intellectual
disability could be found intellectually disabled, is completely barred from proving
such because of the timing of his legal process. This arbitrary result undermines
the prohibition of executing the intellectually disabled.” Phillips, 299 So. 3d at
1025 (Labarga, J., dissenting).
In each of these cases, I dissented, and I lamented the erosion of our death
penalty jurisprudence. Now today, the majority jettisons a nearly fifty-year-old
pillar of our mandatory review in direct appeal cases. As a result, no longer is this
Court required to review death sentences for proportionality. I could not dissent
more strongly to this decision, one that severely undermines the reliability of this
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Court’s decisions on direct appeal, and more broadly, Florida’s death penalty
jurisprudence.
Mandatory Review in Death Cases
Until today, this Court has for decades carried out its solemn responsibility
to evaluate each death sentence for both the sufficiency of the evidence on which
the State relied to convict the defendant, and the proportionality of the death
sentence when compared with other cases. We have consistently explained: “In
death penalty cases, this Court conducts an independent review of the sufficiency
of the evidence.” Caylor v. State, 78 So. 3d 482, 500 (Fla. 2011) (citing Phillips v.
State, 39 So. 3d 296, 308 (Fla. 2010)). Whether the evidence is sufficient is judged
by whether it is competent and substantial. See Blake v. State, 972 So. 2d 839, 850
(Fla. 2007). “In conducting this review, we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the State to determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found
the existence of the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Rodgers v.
State, 948 So. 2d 655, 674 (Fla. 2006) (citing Bradley v. State, 787 So. 2d 732, 738
(Fla. 2001)).
Moreover, “[i]n capital cases, this Court compares the circumstances
presented in the appellant’s case with the circumstances of similar cases to
determine whether death is a proportionate punishment.” Caylor, 78 So. 3d at 498
(citing Wade v. State, 41 So. 3d 857, 879 (Fla. 2010)). “In deciding whether death
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is a proportionate penalty, ‘we make a comprehensive analysis in order to
determine whether the crime falls within the category of both the most aggravated
and the least mitigated of murders, thereby assuring uniformity in the application
of the sentence.’ ” Offord v. State, 959 So. 2d 187, 191 (Fla. 2007) (quoting
Anderson v. State, 841 So. 2d 390, 407-08 (Fla. 2003)). “This entails ‘a qualitative
review . . . of the underlying basis for each aggravator and mitigator rather than a
quantitative analysis.’ ” Id. (quoting Urbin v. State, 714 So. 2d 411, 416 (Fla.
1998)).
“[P]roportionality review in death cases rests at least in part on the
recognition that death is a uniquely irrevocable penalty, requiring a more intensive
level of judicial scrutiny or process than would lesser penalties.” Tillman v. State,
591 So. 2d 167, 169 (Fla. 1991). In fact, the sufficiency of the evidence and the
proportionality analyses are so fundamental to this Court’s direct appeal review
that they are conducted regardless of whether the defendant challenges sufficiency
and proportionality on direct appeal. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.142(a)(5) (“On direct
appeal in death penalty cases, whether or not insufficiency of the evidence or
proportionality is an issue presented for review, the court shall review these issues
and, if necessary, remand for the appropriate relief.”).
This Court first recognized the doctrine of proportionality in 1973 in State v.
Dixon, 283 So. 2d 1, 10 (Fla. 1973), superseded on other grounds by ch. 74-383,
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§ 14, Laws of Fla., as stated in State v. Dene, 533 So. 2d 265, 267 (Fla. 1988), in
which this Court explained:
It must be emphasized that the procedure to be followed by the
trial judges and juries is not a mere counting process of X number of
aggravating circumstances and Y number of mitigating circumstances,
but rather a reasoned judgment as to what factual situations require
the imposition of death and which can be satisfied by life
imprisonment in light of the totality of the circumstances present.
Review by this Court guarantees that the reasons present in one case
will reach a similar result to that reached under similar circumstances
in another case. No longer will one man die and another live on the
basis of race, or a woman live and a man die on the basis of sex. If a
defendant is sentenced to die, this Court can review that case in light
of the other decisions and determine whether or not the punishment is
too great. Thus, the discretion charged in Furman v. Georgia . . . can
be controlled and channeled until the sentencing process becomes a
matter of reasoned judgment rather than an exercise in discretion at
all.
In the decades since Dixon, a robust body of case law, consisting of literally
hundreds of cases, has reaffirmed this rationale and continually strengthened the
reliability of this Court’s proportionality review.
While the overwhelming majority of this Court’s death penalty cases are
upheld on proportionality grounds, the fact that this Court has reversed death
sentences due to a lack of proportionality underscores the need for proportionality
review. See, e.g., McCloud v. State, 208 So. 3d 668 (Fla. 2016); Phillips v. State,
207 So. 3d 212 (Fla. 2016); Yacob v. State, 136 So. 3d 539 (Fla. 2014); Scott v.
State, 66 So. 3d 923 (Fla. 2011); Crook v. State, 908 So. 2d 350 (Fla. 2005);
Williams v. State, 707 So. 2d 683 (Fla. 1998); Jones v. State, 705 So. 2d 1364 (Fla.
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1998); Voorhees v. State, 699 So. 2d 602 (Fla. 1997); Curtis v. State, 685 So. 2d
1234 (Fla. 1996); Sinclair v. State, 657 So. 2d 1138 (Fla. 1995). Yet, I emphasize
that not only is the reversal of a death sentence on proportionality grounds a rare
occurrence, when a death sentence is reversed as disproportionate, the result is not
a “get out of jail free” card. It means that the death penalty is not a proportionate
punishment in a particular case, and that instead, the statutory maximum
punishment for first-degree murder, a sentence of life imprisonment, is what the
law requires.
Today’s decision by the majority, striking proportionality review from this
Court’s mandatory review in death penalty appeals, leaves only the sufficiency
analysis. In removing this fundamental component of proportionality review, the
majority’s decision threatens to render this Court’s initial review of death
sentences an exercise in discretion.
Proportionality Review is Consistent with the Eighth Amendment
“The concept of proportionality is central to the Eighth Amendment.”
Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 59 (2011). Contrary to the conclusion reached by
the majority, I view this Court’s lengthy history of conducting proportionality
review as entirely consistent with the Eighth Amendment as interpreted by the
United States Supreme Court, and thus, not a violation of the conformity clause
contained in article I, section 17 of the Florida Constitution. Even though the
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United States Supreme Court concluded in Pulley v. Harris, 465 U.S. 37 (1984),
that proportionality review was not constitutionally mandated, the Supreme Court
acknowledged proportionality review as “an additional safeguard against
arbitrarily imposed death sentences.” Id. at 50.
Thus, I disagree with the majority’s reasoning that because the Supreme
Court does not expressly mandate proportionality review, Florida’s conformity
clause forbids it. The Supreme Court recognized proportionality review as an
“additional safeguard” against the very thing the Eighth Amendment prohibits—
arbitrarily imposed death sentences. As observed by Justice Brennan in his dissent
in Pulley:
Disproportionality among sentences given different defendants
can only be eliminated after sentencing disparities are identified. And
the most logical way to identify such sentencing disparities is for a
court of statewide jurisdiction to conduct comparisons between death
sentences imposed by different judges or juries within the State. This
is what the Court labels comparative proportionality review.
Although clearly no panacea, such review often serves to identify the
most extreme examples of disproportionality among similarly situated
defendants. At least to this extent, this form of appellate review
serves to eliminate some of the irrationality that currently surrounds
imposition of a death sentence. If only to further this limited purpose,
therefore, I believe that the Constitution’s prohibition on the irrational
imposition of the death penalty requires that this procedural safeguard
be provided.
Pulley, 465 U.S. at 70-71 (Brennan, J., dissenting) (citation omitted).
The United States Supreme Court’s acknowledgment of proportionality as
an additional safeguard—combined with the fact that the Supreme Court has not
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held proportionality review unconstitutional—affirms that in this case, the majority
could well have concluded that proportionality does not run afoul of the
conformity clause. Instead, yet again placing Florida outside of the majority of
death penalty states, the majority has chosen to construe the United States Supreme
Court’s reasoning as prohibiting Florida’s decades old proportionality review. I
could not disagree more.
Proportionality Review in Other States
Further supporting my conclusion that the majority’s decision is a highly
unfortunate departure from settled law is the fact that proportionality review is
conducted in a majority of other death penalty states. Twenty-five states currently
impose the death penalty. 10 Sixty percent of those twenty-five states, not including
Florida, conduct a proportionality review. In fourteen of those states, the review is
statutorily imposed: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi,
10. The list of death penalty states, which does not include three states with
a gubernatorial moratorium (California, Oregon, and Pennsylvania), is as follows:
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina,
Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia,
and Wyoming. See Death Penalty Information Center, State by State,
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state (last visited
May 20, 2020).
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Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, South
Dakota, Tennessee, and Virginia. 11
Similar to Florida (prior to today’s decision), appellate review of death
sentences in Utah involves a proportionality review despite the lack of a statutory
requirement. State v. Honie, 57 P.3d 977, 988 (Utah 2002) (“Despite the fact that
proportionality review is not required, either by the Utah or federal constitutions or
by statute, we have chosen to assume the responsibility of reviewing death
11. Ala. Code § 13A-5-53(b)(3) (2020); Petric v. State, 157 So. 3d 176, 250
(Ala. Crim. App. 2013); Ga. Code Ann. § 17-10-35(c)(3) (West 2020); Willis v.
State, 820 S.E.2d 640, 650 (Ga. 2018); Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 532.075(3)(c) (West
2020); White v. Commonwealth, 544 S.W.3d 125, 155 (Ky. 2018), 139 S. Ct. 532
(2019), abrogated by Woodall v. Commonwealth, 563 S.W.3d 1 (Ky. 2018); La.
Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 905.9 (2019); La. Sup. Ct. Gen. Admin. R. XXVIII
§ 1(c); State v. Burrell, 561 So. 2d 692, 711 (La. 1990); State v. Kyles, 513 So. 2d
265, 276 (La. 1987); Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-105(3)(c) (2020); Ambrose v. State,
254 So. 3d 77, 151 (Miss. 2018), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 1379 (2019); Mo. Rev.
Stat. § 565.035.3(3) (2019); State v. Collings, 450 S.W.3d 741, 767 (Mo. 2014);
State v. Deck, 303 S.W.3d 527, 550 (Mo. 2010); Mont. Code Ann. § 46-18-310
(2019); State v. Smith, 931 P.2d 1272, 1283-84 (Mont. 1996); Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann.
§§ 29-2521.01-29-2521.04 (West 2020); State v. Schroeder, 941 N.W.2d 445, 470
(Neb. 2020); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000(d)(2) (West 2019); State v. McNeill, 813
S.E.2d 797, 838-39 (N.C. 2018), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 1292 (2019); Ohio Rev.
Code Ann. § 2929.05(A) (West 2020); State v. Myers, 114 N.E.3d 1138, 1185
(Ohio 2018), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 822 (2019); S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-25(C)(3)
(2020); State v. Inman, 720 S.E.2d 31, 46 (S.C. 2011); S.D. Codified Laws § 23A-
27A-12(3) (2020); State v. Piper, 842 N.W.2d 338, 347-48 (S.D. 2014); Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-13-206(c)(1)(D) (West 2020); State v. Jones, 568 S.W.3d 101, 141
(Tenn. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 262 (2019); Va. Code Ann. § 17.1-
313(C)(2), (E) (West 2020); Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 738 S.E.2d 847, 894-95
(Va. 2013).
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sentences for disproportionality.”); State v. Wood, 648 P.2d 71, 77 (Utah 1982)
(“In the penalty phase, it is our duty to determine whether the sentence of death
resulted from error, prejudice or arbitrariness, or was disproportionate.”); see also
State v. Maestas, 299 P.3d 892, 987 (Utah 2012); State v. Andrews, 574 P.2d 709,
710-11 (Utah 1977); State v. Pierre, 572 P.2d 1338, 1345 (Utah 1977).
The Utah Supreme Court has emphasized that a proportionality review
“means that this Court will not allow sentencing authorities to impose the death
penalty in an invidious fashion against particular types of persons or groups of
persons or in a fashion disproportionate to the culpability in a particular case . . .
that over time, as this Court becomes aware of a general pattern in the imposition
of the death penalty in this state, the Court may set aside death sentences that fall
outside the general pattern and thus reflect an anomaly in the imposition of the
death penalty.” State v. Holland, 777 P.2d 1019, 1025-26 (Utah 1989). The court
stated that this review function “substantially eliminates the possibility that a
person will be sentenced to die by the action of an aberrant jury.” State v. Pierre,
572 P.2d 1338, 1345 (Utah 1977) (quoting Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 206
(1976)).
Even in states that statutorily mandate proportionality review, several state
supreme courts have emphasized its importance. The Supreme Court of Virginia
explained: “The purpose of our comparative [proportionality] review is to reach a
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reasoned judgment regarding what cases justify the imposition of the death
penalty. We cannot insure complete symmetry among all death penalty cases, but
our review does enable us to identify and invalidate a death sentence that is
‘excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases.’ ” Orbe v.
Commonwealth, 519 S.E.2d 808, 817 (Va. 1999) (quoting Va. Code Ann. § 17.1-
313(C)(2)); see also Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 738 S.E.2d 847, 894-95 (Va.
2013).
Similarly, the Tennessee Supreme Court has recognized that “the purposes
of comparative proportionality review are to eliminate the possibility that a person
will be sentenced to death by the action of an aberrant jury and to guard against the
capricious or random imposition of the death penalty,” and that “comparative
review of capital cases insures rationality and consistency in the imposition of the
death penalty.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 665 (Tenn. 1997) (citing State v.
Barber, 753 S.W.2d 659, 665-66 (Tenn. 1988)); see also State v. White, 565 S.E.2d
55, 68 (N.C. 2002) (recognizing that “[p]roportionality review also acts ‘[a]s a
check against the capricious or random imposition of the death penalty.’ ” (quoting
State v. Barfield, 259 S.E.2d 510, 544 (N.C. 1979))); State v. Ramsey, 864 S.W.2d
320, 328 (Mo. 1993) (stating that proportionality review “is designed by the
legislature as an additional safeguard against arbitrary and capricious sentencing
and to promote evenhanded, rational and consistent imposition of death
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sentences.”); State v. Kyles, 513 So. 2d 265, 276 (La. 1987) (stating that although
not constitutionally required, the court “conducts a proportionality review as a
further safeguard against arbitrariness”).
Without proportionality review, each death sentence stands on its own.
Failing to consider a death sentence in the context of other death penalty cases
impairs the reliability of this Court’s decision affirming that sentence.
Conclusion
In line with a vision consistent with evolving standards of decency, as
envisioned by the United States Supreme Court in Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101
(1958), our state’s jurisprudence has in many instances provided its citizenry with
greater rights and protections than the minimum required by the United States
Supreme Court, the federal government, and other states. In this instance, our state
has consistently done just that, by requiring a proportionality review in every death
penalty case, thus providing “an additional safeguard against arbitrarily imposed
death sentences.” Pulley, 465 U.S. at 50. As noted earlier, sixty percent of the
twenty-five states that currently impose the death penalty require a proportionality
review.
Sadly, this long-standing jurisprudential approach has been significantly, if
not completely, repudiated by this Court’s various opinions, beginning with its
decision in Poole, followed by Bush and Phillips, and continuing with today’s
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decision to discontinue conducting a proportionality analysis in each death penalty
appeal.
I deeply, regretfully, and most respectfully dissent.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Santa Rosa County,
David Rimmer, Judge - Case No. 571998CF000270XXAXMX
Andy Thomas, Public Defender, and Barbara J. Busharis, Assistant Public
Defender, Second Judicial Circuit, Tallahassee, Florida,
for Appellant
Ashley Moody, Attorney General, and Charmaine M. Millsaps, Senior Assistant
Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida,
for Appellee
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