Judges: Robert L. Shevin, Attorney General Prepared by: Staff
Filed Date: 3/28/1978
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 7/5/2016
George H. Sheldon Representative 69th District Tallahassee
QUESTIONS:
1. The Public Service Commission cites s. 323.07 and 323.08, F. S., as authority for the promulgation of rules authorizing the establishment of rate organizations. Are those rules promulgated by the Public Service Commission governing rate organizations valid, based on statutory language?
2. Can the Public Service Commission delegate to rate organizations its statutory responsibility for rate setting, and does the procedure allowing the submission of rates by rate organizations constitute a delegation of the commission's responsibility for rate setting?
3. Assuming the delegation of rate setting is valid, can the Public Service Commission require an individual carrier to participate in a rate organization rather than to submit its rate request directly to the commission for approval?
4. Is the practice of price fixing encouraged by the Public Service Commission and engaged in by various motor carriers in Florida violative of Florida Statutes, specifically Ch. 542?
5. If such practice is violative of Florida Statutes, can the Public Service Commission, by rule, grant an exception to antitrust prosecution?
6. Assuming that the delegation of rate setting is valid, can those rate organizations operate without complying with the provisions of Florida's Public Records and Sunshine Laws?
SUMMARY:
In summary response to the questions posed, I conclude that:
As to question 1: To the extent that the rules of the Public Service Commission do not mandate a uniform rate, they can be interpreted to be valid.
As to question 2: So long as the commission retains and exercises final decision making authority with regard to motor carrier rates, there exists no unconstitutional delegation of power to private parties.
As to question 3: Rules of the commission should be interpreted in a manner that assures each carrier the right to submit to the commission individual rates. Your question must, therefore, be answered in the negative.
As to questions 4 and 5: An agreement among motor carriers to submit identical rates to the commission constitutes a per se violation of Ch. 542, F. S., and the scheme of regulation established pursuant to Ch. 323, F. S., does not immunize such conduct from application of the state antitrust law.
As to question 6: Both the Public Records Law, Ch. 119, F. S., and the Sunshine Law, Ch. 286, F. S., apply to all activities of rate bureaus.
AS TO QUESTION 1:
You request my opinion as to the validity of certain rules adopted by the Florida Public Service Commission (PSC or commission) which authorize the establishment and regulation of motor carrier rate organizations. Analysis is posited on the rule that an administrative agency may only adopt rules within the ambit of the authority granted it by statute. My review is, therefore, first directed to whether the Legislature has authorized the commission to promulgate rate filing rules and second, to whether the commission, in promulgating its rules, has stayed within the regulatory boundaries prescribed by the Legislature.
By statute, the commission is granted the authority to regulate motor carriers and generally to promulgate rules (s. 323.07, F. S.).
More specific statutory language, critical to determination of the validity of the commission's rules pertaining to motor carrier rate organizations, is found at s. 323.08, F. S., which provides in pertinent part:
(1) Every motor carrier holding a certificate of public convenience and necessity for common carriage shall maintain on file with the commission a schedule of the rates, fares, charges and classifications, if any, and a time schedule, if any, of all motor vehicles operated under such certificate. . . .
(2) Whenever such rates or fares or time schedules are found to be unreasonable, the commission, upon its own motion, or upon complaint, shall upon hearing prescribe reasonable rates and time schedules to take the place of those found unreasonable, and such new rates shall be filed in place of the rates and schedules superseded. No rates or time schedules filed with the commission shall be charged by any such motor carrier except as provided by rules and regulations adopted under this section by the commission. The commission may adopt rules and regulations governing the filing of tariffs and rate schedules and the method whereby changes in such tariffs and rate schedules may be made effective. In the adoption of such rules and regulations the commission is authorized to give consideration to the desirability of having tariff filing rules similar to those of the Interstate Commerce Commission. . . . (Emphasis supplied.)
The commission's authority to promulgate rate filing rules is clear.
The PSC has promulgated rules authorizing the operation of rate organizations. A rate organization is defined in Rule
In apparent contradiction is Rule
Resolution of this apparent contradiction is crucial to the validity of the commission's rules. A determination that the rules represent a valid exercise of rulemaking power requires a finding that the regulatory scheme established by the rules does not exceed the scope of regulation statutorily envisioned by the Legislature. If the commission's interpretation of its rules fails to guarantee to individual members of a rate organization the free and unrestrained right to submit individual tariff filings, the commission has, in effect, commanded a single uniform filing by a majority of the members of an industry.
If, in implementation of its regulatory authority, the commission evidences a clear preference for single filings, this preference would discourage price competition among rate organization members and would be tantamount to setting up a uniform rate structure.
Although the Legislature has clearly given the PSC rulemaking authority, it has not granted to PSC the authority to establish, by rule, a uniform rate system for the motor carrier industry. As discussed in answer to question 4 and 5, infra, the degree of regulation set up in the rate approval scheme does not extend to the elimination of all price competition in the motor carrier industry. The Florida Legislature has not indicated any intention to regulate motor carriers so as to eliminate all price competition among the members of the industry. Any rules promulgated or relied upon by the PSC which result in uniform rate structure would be invalid as beyond the scope of regulation envisioned by the Legislature.
By comparison, the Florida Supreme Court has considered a question touching on uniform rate filings by freight forwarders regulated by the PSC under ss. 323.51-323.67, F. S. See Florida Freight Forwarders v. Bevis,
I do not reach a conclusion of invalidity in this instance however. The ambiguity between the apparent, albeit indirect, guarantee of individual filings by rate organization members in Rule
. . . Subject to all of the provisions of Part VII, Rule Chapter 25-5, tariffs may be filed with the Commission by either an approved rate organization for its member carriers, or a carrier which does not participate in a rate organization. (Emphasis supplied.)
A finding that Rule
The tension between Rule
The following point should be carefully distinguished. A conclusion that rules which establish rate bureaus without mandating uniform rates may be a valid exercise of statutory authority is not equivalent to a conclusion that the carriers which participate in the organizations are immune from prosecution under the state antitrust laws, Ch. 542, F. S. Both conclusion look to the scope of legislative regulation. While the result may seem anomalous, analyses of the commission's rulemaking authority and the immunity of third parties to another Florida Statute are distinct.
AS TO QUESTION 2:
Your second question may be answered by determining whether a delegation has occurred when private parties submit rates for the ultimate approval of an administrative agency. Applicable case law clearly establishes that there is no delegation of authority to private persons under these circumstances so long as the administrative agency makes the final determination. See State v. State Road Department,
The fact that an agency grants approval of rates submitted by private parties does not mean that the agency has delegated its ratemaking function. Perhaps the leading case on point is Edwards v. United States,
We think it clear that there is no delegation of legislative authority to private individuals affected by the provisions of the act which are assailed here. It is the Secretary who makes the decisions and issues the orders, not the growers or handlers whose approval he must have.
In the context of your question, application of the quoted language from Edwards supports a determination that no delegation of authority, in the constitutional sense, has occurred merely because private parties initially submit rate proposals. The crucial factor in reaching this conclusion is the administrative agency's retention and exercise of ultimate authority to determine rates. Also see In re Landquist,
Sections 323.07 and 323.08(2), F. S., authorize the Public Service Commission to set or approve rates at a public hearing. Moreover, various rules promulgated by the Public Service Commission make it clear that the commission has the affirmative duty to determine that all rates approved or promulgated by it are reasonable. Rule
AS TO QUESTION 3:
Rule
Subject to all of the provisions of Part VII, Rule Chapter 25-5, tariffs may be filed with the Commission by either
(1) An approved rate organization for its member carriers, or
(2) A carrier which does not participate in a rate organization . . . . (Emphasis supplied.)
The procedure by which nonparticipating carriers may submit tariff filings other than general rate increases is specified in Rule
In response to question 1, I concluded that, to give validity to the rules, Rule
AS TO QUESTIONS 4 AND 5:
Your fourth and fifth question relate to the application of the state's antitrust statute, Ch. 542, F. S., to the activities of the carriers. It is proper to discuss questions four and five together since both questions turn on the scope of regulation found in Ch. 323, F. S. It is fair to say that if the Legislature intended Ch. 542 to apply to motor carriers, it did not intend to authorize the PSC to immunize activities that would otherwise be illegal. This conclusion follows from the principle that the commission only has that authority which is expressly or implicitly conferred by the Legislature. City of Cape Coral v. GAC Utilities, Inc. of Florida,
Chapter
542.05 Combinations prohibited; penalty. —
(1) Any person who shall or may become engaged in any combination of capital, skill or acts by two or more persons, firms, corporations or associations of persons or of either two or more of them, for either, any or all of the following purposes:
(c) To prevent competition in the manufacture, making, transportation, sale, or purchase of merchandise, produce, or commodities, or to prevent competition in aids to commerce;
(e) Except as otherwise provided in chapter 541, to make or enter into or execute or carry out any contract, obligation, or agreement of any kind or description by which they shall bind or have bound themselves not to sell, dispose of, or transport any article or commodity, or article of trade, use, merchandise, commerce, or consumption below a common standard figure, or by which they shall agree in any manner to keep the price of such article, commodity, or transportation at a fixed or graduated figure, or by which they shall in any manner establish or settle the price of any article or commodity or transportation between themselves and others to preclude a free and unrestricted competition among themselves and others in the sale or transportation of any such article or commodity or by which they shall agree to pool, combine, or unite any interest they may have in connection with the sale or transportation of any such article or commodity that its price may in any manner be affected. (Emphasis supplied.)
Chapter 541, the so-called `Fair Trade Law,' allowed vertical
price fixing under some circumstances. It was repealed by s. 1, Ch.
The agreement under scrutiny is an agreement between members of a rate organization to submit a single joint tariff for approval,i.e., an agreement not to exercise the right as guaranteed by the bylaws to submit an independent rate. So long as individual access to the PSC is guaranteed, the membership agreement among participating carriers would be of no concern unless shown to unavoidably and necessarily result in uniformity of rates.
Absent state regulation, it is clear that the agreement described above would be per se illegal. Combinations between competitors to set the same or a minimum price have long been held to violate the federal antitrust laws. United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association,
It is fair to say that the state courts have followed federal precedent controlling at the time of the state decisions. See Lee v. Clearwater Grower's Association,
The application of Ch. 542, F. S., takes on an entirely new perspective, however, because of the state's regulation of motor carriers under Ch. 323, F. S.
The Florida Supreme Court has utilized a single-step analysis, considering the pervasiveness of the regulatory scheme as the key to whether the agreement violated Ch. 542, F. S. City Gas Co. v. Peoples Gas System, Inc.,
In City Gas, two private utility companies, regulated by the PSC pursuant to Ch. 366, F. S., agreed to allocate territories. Subsequently, the commission approved the agreement, basing its authority on the fact that it had the statutory duty to approve capital construction of facilities and that the agreement to divide service territories avoided duplication of facilities. One party to the agreement breached its terms and the other sought enforcement of the agreement. The breaching party asserted that the agreement was invalid because it violated Ch. 542, F. S.
The court reasoned that not all agreements restraining trade violated Ch. 542, F. S. Instead, only those agreements that have the
effect of leaving an unreasonable degree of control over price, production or quality of product or service in the hands of private parties thereto and would evidence the kind of monopolistic advantage that Ch. 542 and other statutes of [its] kind were intended to prevent [
182 So.2d at 432 .]
would be violative of Ch. 542.
Applying this reasoning to the question posed, the dispositive consideration is whether the public is sufficiently protected by the PSC to remove the activity in question from the reach of the state antitrust law. Under the facts in City Gas, the court concluded that the agreement in question did not grant private parties the power to control prices or diminish the quality of service. The court reached its conclusion because of the extensive regulatory power of the PSC under Ch. 366, F. S.
However, the court specifically stated that government regulation of an industry such as a public utility does not completely withdraw the industry from the reach of antitrust laws. Instead, the City Gas court seemingly adopted a case-by-case approach, requiring analysis of the conduct in question and the degree of statutory control over the industry:
We will not go so far as to hold that the regulation of a specified industry as a public utility automatically withdraws that industry from the operation of the antitrust statutes. It is enough to say that the agreement under discussion will not be held to be violative of those statutes unless, all things considered, it threatens the results which they were designed to prevent. In determining whether the agreement threatens to result in monopolistic control over prices, production, or quality of service, it is appropriate to consider the kind and extent of control to which both of these parties are subject under F. S. Ch.366 , F.S.A. [182 So.2d, at 434 .]
City Gas suggests that if private parties have the power to control price, then Ch. 542, F. S., would apply. The question turns, therefore, on whether the Public Service Commission's power to set rates or approve rates provides complete protection for the public so that it would be improper to apply Ch. 542.
It may be argued with considerable force that the authority of the Public Service Commission to set or approve rates provides adequate protection to the public. Agreement among carriers not to exercise their right to submit independent tariffs would therefore not harm the public. Yet, neither City Gas nor any other Florida authority definitively resolves this question.
Section 323.07, F. S., authorizing commission approval of rates, serves a dual purpose of protecting the public from unreasonable rates and in aiding carriers to secure a reasonable return on their investment. Neither purpose necessitates a uniform rate. Both could be accomplished within the statutory scheme by commission approval of rates individually submitted. If administrative efficiency required a less tedious approach, the commission could approve maximum and minimum rates within a zone of reasonableness. The general policies of Ch. 323, F. S., as interpreted by Florida courts, do not require, and thus cannot be said to contemplate, a single uniform rate.
It appears, moreover, that the City Gas court was greatly influenced by the fact that the commission's approval of the agreement was intended to `eliminate competition between andduplication of facilities and services by the parties within thearea covered.' [
In contrast to City Gas, wherein approval of the agreement in question was consistent with the commission's statutory duties, it seems that the form of agreement which is the subject of this discussion cannot readily be reconciled with the legislative policy of Ch. 323, F. S. That chapter does not mandate submission of uniform rates.
Florida courts have consistently emphasized that s. 323.03, F. S., is designed to avoid congestion of the public highways and to generally insulate motor carriers from `ruinous competition.' See
Central Truck Co. v. Railroad Commission of Florida,
In State ex rel. McKenzie v. Willis,
Since no Florida case is directly controlling, it is appropriate to review the case law of other jurisdictions. The approach taken under federal law is to determine whether the agreement violates Ch. 542, F. S., and then to determine whether the commission's regulatory power can be exercised to provide a defense for the parties to the agreement.
Federal decisions have long recognized that despite the presence of regulation of price, antitrust laws apply unless there is a specific statutory exemption or the application of the antitrust laws would be repugnant to the scheme of regulation. United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Ass'n.,
Only a clear repugnancy between the old law and the new results in the former giving way and then only pro tanto to the extent of the repugnancy. United States v. Borden Co., Supra,308 U.S., at pages 198 ,199 ,60 S.Ct. at pages 188 ,189 ,84 L.Ed. 181 . [324 U.S. at 456 ,457 .]
In the Pennsylvania Railroad case, the United States Supreme Court reasoned that the regulatory power of the Interstate Commerce Commission to fix or approve rates was the power to establish a zone of reasonableness. The public was entitled to price competition between carriers within the zone of reasonableness. Price competition within the zone was deemed in no way repugnant to the ICC's power to fix and approve rates. The antitrust laws therefore applied and the conduct of the members of the rate organizations was condemned.
In 1948, in response to Georgia v. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Congress amended the Interstate Commerce Act to, in some instances, specifically recognize rate bureaus and, where recognized, provide relief from antitrust laws. See 49 U.S.C.A. s. 5b(2), (9). The controlling fact, for purposes of this review, is that express legislation was necessary to create an exemption to federal antitrust laws because the courts had found no repugnancy between price competition and the ICC's regulatory powers. See State v. New York Movers Tariff Bureau, Inc.,
In assessing, at the federal level, the balancing of the antitrust laws and a regulatory scheme, the courts have concluded that general rate regulation does not preclude the application of the antitrust laws. The reasoning would be applicable at the state level as well; other states have followed this general rule. See
Southwest Utilities, Inc. v. South Central Bell Telephone Co., CCH Trade Reg. Rep. (1977-1 Trade Cases) Para. 61, 303 at 70,988, 70,992 (La.Ct.App. 1976) (rates which are just and reasonable may still form part of an overall scheme violative of the antitrust laws), and Mazzola v. The Southern New England Telephone Co., CCH Trade Reg. Rep. (1976 Trade Cases) Para. 60,439 at 66,926 (Conn. 1975) (commission has no implied power to determine defendant's liability since there is only a repeal of the state antitrust law in cases of plain repugnancy). The Mazzola court characterized the state regulation defense as the `state action defense.' This terminology is confusing since the state action defense normally refers to the concept that the federal antitrust laws were not intended to negate comprehensive state regulation.See Cantor v. Detroit Edison Company,
This conclusion is not at all dissimilar to that reached by the Florida Supreme Court in City Gas, although the Florida Court framed its analysis differently. In all cases, the central question is whether the Legislature exempted the industry from the antitrust statute. Under similar circumstances the federal courts have held that the exemption must be express, as Congress provided in 1948 in response to Georgia v. Pennsylvania Railroad. See 49 U.S.C.A. s. 5b(2), (9). This was true since the application of the antitrust law was not repugnant to the scheme of regulation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
I find no express legislative authority to exempt the motor carriers from the antitrust laws. Furthermore, I am unable to find the requisite intent from other legislative circumstances. Under such circumstances, one must give clear expression of an intent to supplant Ch. 542, F. S., since the general rule is that the PSC only has those powers that are expressly or impliedly conferred upon it. Recently, in State of Florida, Department of Transportation v. Mayo, — So.2d — (Fla. Slip Opinion, Case No. 50,484, Filed Nov. 30, 1977), the court applied a strict rule of construction to the existence of implied power in the Public Service Commission at p. 2:
Our analysis begins with the recognition that the Public Service Commission was created and exists through legislative enactment. Being a statutory creature, its powers and duties are only those conferred expressly or impliedly by statute. City of West Palm Beach v. Florida Public Service Commission,224 So.2d 322 (Fla. 1969). Southern Gulf Utilities, Inc. v. Mason,166 So.2d 138 (Fla. 1964). And any reasonable doubt as to the existence of a particular power of the Commission must be resolved against it. City of Cape Coral v. GAC Utilities, Inc. of Florida,281 So.2d 493 (Fla. 1973). (Emphasis supplied.)
An implied power to adopt rules that would immunize carriers from the very specific provisions of Ch. 542 must meet the demanding standards that the Supreme Court has established in State ofFlorida, Department of Transportation v. Mayo.
It is true that s. 323.08(2), F. S., provides that in the adoption of rules the commission is authorized to give consideration to the desirability of having tariff filing rules similar to those of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The apparent purpose of s. 323.08(2), F. S., is to foster procedural uniformity and consistency with federal regulation. Questions dealing with the general policy regarding competition are clearly outside the scope of this procedural language. If the language is more than procedural, i.e., if the Legislature has delegated to the PSC a choice on whether or not to permit price fixing among competitors, the delegation raises severe constitutional questions. Harrington Co., Inc. v. Tampa Port Authority, — So.2d — (Fla. Slip Opinion, Case No. 50,111, filed January 17, 1978). In any case, it is the Reed-Bulwinkle Act, 49 U.S.C.A. s. 5b(2), (9), not the ICC rules, which, under the federal scheme, immunizes the carrier. The fact that the Florida Legislature may allow the PSC to consider the desirability of having tariff filing rules similar to those of the ICC does not, standing alone, indicate that the PSC has the authority to immunize carriers from the application of the antitrust laws.
Second, it can be argued that the Legislature approves the existence and practices of rate organizations because it passed a comprehensive revision of the entire motor carrier law in Ch.
The approach suggested by the City Gas court raises serious questions concerning the activities of carriers and the manner in which they submit rates to the commission. I conclude that the language found at s. 323.08(2), F. S., authorizing the PSC to consider the advisability of having tariff filing rules consistent with those of the Interstate Commerce Commission is not a specific adoption of the Reed-Bulwinkle Act; rather, it is intended only to facilitate procedural uniformity. Cf. s.
AS TO QUESTION 6:
In Occidental Chemical Co. v. Mayo,
The Supreme Court has stated that the Sunshine Law must be broadly interpreted to avoid frustration of the underlying public policy through `evasive techniques.' City of Miami Beach v. Berns,
One purpose of the government in the Sunshine Law was to prevent at nonpublic meetings the crystallization of secret decisions to a point just short of ceremonial acceptance. Rarely could there be any purpose to a nonpublic premeeting conference except to conduct some part of the decisional process behind closed doors. The statute should be construed so as to frustrate all evasive devices. This can be accomplished only by embracing the collective inquiry and discussion stages within the terms of the statute, as long as such inquiry and discussion is conducted by any committee or other authority appointed and established by a governmental agency, and relates to any matter on which foreseeable action will be taken. [296 So.2d at 477 ; emphasis supplied.]
An agency subject to the Sunshine Law may not, therefore, avoid the requirements of the statute by delegating its own statutory to another entity though its action might be inadvertent and in good faith. In Warden v. Bennett,
Applying these rules to the instant situation, I find the rate bureaus to be an integral link in the deliberative process from which official policy ultimately evolves. Section 323.08, F. S., provides that no rates shall be fixed or changed except in accordance with the rules and regulations of the commission. The authority delegated to rate bureaus pursuant to these rules appears to be quite broad. The commission may, of course, deny approval of a rate structure submitted by a rate bureau. However, the rules provide the mechanism for submitting rate proposals to the secretary of the organization's rate committee, for notice of hearing to all member carriers and others subscribing to the organization's publication, and for a hearing at which interested parties may be heard. Clearly, rate organizations are conducting activities which are part of the deliberative process and which, if done by the commission, would be subject to the Sunshine Law. This process opens the possibility of quick acceptance by the commission itself, albeit in a public meeting, without the benefit of public deliberation. Hence, even though there has been no delegation of authority in the constitutional sense, there still has been official action within the meaning of Ch. 286, F. S.
In response to your inquiry regarding the applicability to rate bureau operations of Florida's Public Records Law, s.
(1) `Public Records' means all documents, papers, letters, maps, books, tapes, photographs, films, sound recordings, or other material, regardless of physical form or characteristics, made or received pursuant to law or ordinance or in connection with the transaction of official business by an agency.(2) `Agency' shall mean any state, county, district, authority, or municipal officer, department, division, board, bureau, commission or other separate unit of government created or established by law and any other public or private agency, person, partnership, corporation, or business entity acting on behalf of any public agency. (Emphasis supplied.)
Section
Every person who has custody of public records shall permit the records to be inspected and examined at reasonable times, by any person desiring to do so, at reasonable times, under reasonable conditions, and under supervision by the custodian of the records or his designee. . . .
It can hardly be questioned that the Public Service Commission itself falls within the comprehensive definition of `agency' set forth in s.
Prepared by: Staff
Edwards v. United States , 91 F.2d 767 ( 1937 )
Marin County Board of Realtors, Inc. v. Palsson , 16 Cal. 3d 920 ( 1976 )
Occidental Chemical Company v. Mayo , 351 So. 2d 336 ( 1977 )
City Gas Company v. Peoples Gas System, Inc. , 182 So. 2d 429 ( 1965 )
City of Cape Coral v. GAC Utilities, Inc., of Florida , 281 So. 2d 493 ( 1973 )
State Ex Rel. McKenzie v. Willis , 310 So. 2d 1 ( 1975 )
Bennett v. Warden , 333 So. 2d 97 ( 1976 )
Pensacola Assoc. v. Biggs Sporting Goods Co. , 353 So. 2d 944 ( 1978 )
United States v. Joint Traffic Assn. , 19 S. Ct. 25 ( 1898 )
City of Miami Beach v. Berns , 245 So. 2d 38 ( 1971 )
Town of Palm Beach v. Gradison , 296 So. 2d 473 ( 1974 )
Central Truck Lines, Inc. v. Fla. State Rr. Comm. , 146 Fla. 521 ( 1941 )
Lee v. Clearwater Growers Ass'n , 93 Fla. 214 ( 1927 )
Sumlin v. Brown , 420 F. Supp. 78 ( 1976 )
United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Assn. , 17 S. Ct. 540 ( 1897 )
United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. , 60 S. Ct. 811 ( 1940 )
Georgia v. Pennsylvania Railroad , 65 S. Ct. 716 ( 1945 )