Harrison v. Gregory

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FIFTH DISTRICT
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
MARIE LYNN HARRISON AND
DEBORAH HARRISON,
Appellants,
Case Nos. 5D16-1037
v. 5D16-2552
WILLIAM GREGORY, AS PERSONAL
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE
OF JOSHUA RAIM KALPHAT LOPEZ,
AND BASICH, INC.,
Appellees.
________________________________/
Opinion filed July 7, 2017
Appeal from the Circuit Court
for Orange County,
Margaret H. Schreiber, Judge.
Angela C. Flowers, of Kubicki Draper,
Ocala, for Appellant.
David C. Beers and James Gordon, of
Beers and Gordon, P.A., Oviedo, for
Appellee, William Gregory, as Personal
Representative of the Estate of Joshua
Raim Kalphat Lopez.
No Appearance for Appellee, Basich, Inc.
LAMBERT, J.
In this wrongful death case, Marie Lynn Harrison and Deborah Harrison
("Appellants") appeal a final judgment entered against them and in favor of William
Gregory, as personal representative of the estate of Joshua Raim Kalphat Lopez
(“Appellee”). Lopez (“Decedent”) died as a result of injuries that he sustained when his
motorcycle collided with a motor vehicle driven by Co-Appellant, Marie Harrison, at an
intersection located in Orlando, Florida. Appellants also appeal the separate "Final Cost
Judgment" entered against them and in favor of Appellee. 1
The issue of liability or fault for the accident was vigorously disputed at trial, with
both sides presenting significantly divergent testimony, from lay witnesses and expert
witnesses, as to how and why the accident occurred, including whether Decedent was
under the influence of cocaine or marijuana to the extent that his normal faculties were
impaired at the time of the accident. The jury determined that both Marie Harrison and
Decedent were negligent and a legal cause of the loss or damage to Appellee, assessing
75% fault to Harrison and 25% fault to Decedent for this accident. The jury awarded
significant damages to Decedent's parents for their respective mental pain and suffering,
plus damages to Appellee for funeral expenses and medical expenses. Appellants raise
three substantive grounds for reversal, which we will address in seriatim. Concluding that
the cumulative effect of the errors at trial materially prejudiced Appellants, we reverse the
final judgments and remand for a new trial.
Ruben Ortiz Testimony
While she was still at the accident scene, Marie Harrison told her twin sister that "I
just killed a kid." 2 Appellants filed a pretrial motion in limine to exclude this statement at
trial, arguing that it was not relevant and that even if it were marginally relevant, the
statement was nevertheless inadmissible pursuant to section 90.403, Florida Statutes
1 The two appeals were consolidated sua sponte by the court.
2 Decedent was twenty-two years old.
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(2012), because its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice. Following a hearing, the trial court agreed, concluding that "the tendency of
that statement is to suggest an improper basis to the jury for resolving the matter" and
that the statement "doesn't necessarily imply fault."
On the morning of trial, Appellee's counsel advised the court and Appellants’
counsel that he intended to call Ruben Ortiz to testify. Ortiz had seen Decedent operate
his motorcycle just prior to the accident and was at the scene when he heard Marie
Harrison state on her cell phone that "I think I killed somebody." Appellants objected to
the admissibility of this statement, arguing that because the statement was essentially
identical to Harrison’s statement to her sister that the court had previously excluded
pursuant to section 90.403, it would be patently inconsistent to now allow Ortiz to testify
to, essentially, the same statement. The trial court did not change its earlier ruling on the
inadmissibility of Harrison’s statement to her sister; nevertheless, it permitted Ortiz to
testify as to this second statement. We review this evidentiary ruling under the abuse of
discretion standard. LaMarr v. Lang, 796 So. 2d 1208, 1209 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001).
Section 90.403 provides that "[r]elevant evidence is inadmissible if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of issues,
misleading the jury, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." '"Unfair prejudice'
has been described as 'an undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis,
commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one."' McDuffie v. State, 970 So. 2d 312,
327 (Fla. 2007) (quoting Brown v. State, 719 So. 2d 882, 885 (Fla. 1998)). The trial court
correctly ruled that, under the facts of this case, Harrison's statement to her sister was
inadmissible under section 90.403. Therefore, we conclude that the court abused its
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discretion in not similarly excluding Ortiz's testimony regarding Harrison's essentially
identical statement.
References to Insurance
Prior to trial, the parties stipulated to the entry of an order in limine to prevent the
mentioning of the “existence of insurance” before the jury. During the course of the trial,
Appellee’s counsel questioned his accident reconstruction expert witness about the
inspection of Marie Harrison’s motor vehicle and specifically asked the witness where the
vehicle had been taken following the collision. 3 Appellee’s expert responded that it had
been transported to a storage yard by “the insurance company.” Appellants moved for a
mistrial. Outside the presence of the jury, the court admonished the witness to make no
further comment about insurance, but it denied Appellants’ motion. Neither this witness
nor counsel mentioned insurance again.
“The long-standing purpose of excluding improper references [to] a defendant’s
insurance coverage in civil proceedings is to preclude jurors from affixing liability where
none otherwise exists or to arrive at excessive amounts [of damages] through sympathy
for the injured party with the thought that the burden would not have to be borne by the
defendant.” Melara v. Cicione, 712 So. 2d 429, 431 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998) (citing Carls
Mkts., Inc. v. Meyer, 69 So. 2d 789, 793 (Fla. 1953)). Here, the order in limine was
violated. Normally, because this one comment regarding insurance was not pervasive,
we likely would have concluded that there was no abuse of discretion by the trial court in
denying Appellants’ motion for mistrial. See Ricks v. Loyola, 822 So. 2d 502, 506 (Fla.
3
The record does not indicate the significance of the vehicle’s location after being
moved from the accident scene.
4
2002) (holding that an appellate court reviews a trial court’s rulings on motions for mistrial
under the abuse of discretion standard of review). However, as we explain, this comment
about insurance 4 in conjunction with the earlier error in admitting Ortiz’s testimony and
the prejudicial comment of Appellee’s counsel during closing argument, discussed below,
requires reversal.
Improper Closing Argument
Appellants presented evidence and argument at trial that Decedent’s impairment
by the use of cocaine and marijuana was a causal factor for the accident. On this issue,
section 768.36, Florida Statutes (2012), provides, in pertinent part:
(2) In any civil action, a plaintiff may not recover any
damages for loss or injury to his or her person or property if
the trier of fact finds that, at the time the plaintiff was injured:
(a) The plaintiff was under the influence of any
alcoholic beverage or drug to the extent that the plaintiff’s
normal faculties were impaired . . . ; and
(b) As a result of the influence of such alcoholic
beverage or drug the plaintiff was more than 50 percent at
fault for his or her own harm.[5]
4 Appellants point out that there were multiple references to insurance during trial.
On two occasions, the principal and an employee of the co-defendant, Basich, Inc.,
separately mentioned insurance during testimony. As the questions posed by Appellee’s
counsel to these witnesses were not intended to elicit insurance information, these
comments, over which Appellee had no control, do not justify reversal. Finally, two
separate jurors provided two written questions for witnesses regarding insurance, but the
trial court did not allow the questions to be asked and did not advise the other members
of the jury about those questions.
5 Though not raised by either party, this statute providing an intoxication defense
applies in a wrongful death action. See Griffis v. Wheeler, 18 So. 3d 2, 4-5 (Fla. 1st DCA
2009).
5
On the verdict form, this determination of drug impairment was presented for
resolution as interrogatory questions 5 and 5(a), which the jury was to consider after it
answered the prior four questions on the verdict form. Specifically, the first two questions
on the verdict form asked the jury to determine whether there was negligence on the part
of Marie Harrison that was a legal cause of loss, injury, or damage to Appellee and, if so,
whether there was also negligence on Decedent’s part that was a legal cause of loss,
injury, or damage. As previously indicated, the jury answered “yes” to both questions.
Question 4 of the verdict form 6 then directed the jury to state the percentage of fault that
it charged to Harrison and that it charged to Decedent.
The verdict form next instructed the jury that if it had assigned a percentage of fault
to Decedent that is 50% or less, that it was to skip questions 5 and 5(a), but that if it had
assigned a percentage of fault to Decedent greater than 50%, then it was to answer
questions 5 and 5(a) before answering the remaining questions on the verdict form. 7
Questions 5 and 5(a) on the verdict form stated:
5. If you attributed any percentage of fault to [Decedent] in
question 4 above was some or all of that fault caused by
[Decedent] being under the influence of cocaine and/or
marijuana to the extent that his normal faculties were
impaired?
Yes: _______ No: _______
(a) As a result of that influence of cocaine and/or
marijuana, was [Decedent] more than fifty percent (50%) at
fault for his own harm?
Yes: _______ No: _______
6Question 3 of the verdict form pertained to an issue of vicarious liability that is not
pertinent to this appeal.
7 The remaining questions related to various elements of damages.
6
In his closing argument, Appellee’s counsel recommended how the jury should
approach filling out the verdict form during deliberation. Counsel suggested that instead
of answering the questions on the verdict form in the order instructed on the form, the jury
should skip the first four questions on the verdict form and go directly to question 5.
Counsel argued that the answer to questions 5 and 5(a) should “very simpl[y]” be “no.”
Counsel then inexplicably advised the jury as follows: “By the way, 50 percent or more at
fault, there’s no recovery.” Appellants’ counsel immediately objected and moved for a
mistrial. The trial court sustained the objection, correctly ruling that it was improper for
counsel “to let [the jury] know the mathematical effect of a finding of a percentage of fault.”
The court issued a curative instruction directing the jury to follow the instructions on the
verdict form regarding the manner in which it was to proceed in filling out the verdict form
and also admonishing the jury that the attorneys do not give the instructions on the law.
The court deferred ruling on the motion for mistrial but later denied the motion after the
jury returned its verdict.
The purpose of closing argument is to assist the jury with its application of the law
that the judge has given to the facts of the case. Murphy v. Int’l Robotic Sys., Inc., 766
So. 2d 1010, 1028 (Fla. 2000) (quoting Hill v. State, 515 So. 2d 176, 178 (Fla. 1987)).
“Moreover, closing argument must not be used to ‘inflame the minds and passions of the
jurors so that their verdict reflects an emotional response . . . rather than the logical
analysis of the evidence in light of the applicable law.’” Id. (quoting Bertolotti v. State,
476 So. 2d 130, 134 (Fla. 1985)). While Appellee’s counsel was entitled to argue to the
jury that the evidence presented did not establish that Decedent was impaired by cocaine
or marijuana at the time of the accident and could properly argue for a significant damage
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award for the parents for their understandable trauma resulting from the death of their
son, it was highly improper for counsel to advise the jury as to the potential adverse effect
to the parents of the jury’s potential factual findings regarding comparative fault. Frankly,
we can conceive of no reason why counsel would advise the jury that Decedent’s parents
would not receive any money if it found Decedent to be greater than 50% at fault, other
than to deliberately and improperly evoke sympathy and compassion for Decedent’s
parents.
Cumulative Error
Lastly, Appellants argue that while any one of the aforementioned errors, by itself,
is sufficient to justify a reversal, at a minimum, the errors collectively require a new trial.
A cumulative error claim asks an appellate court to “evaluate claims of error cumulatively
to determine if the errors collectively warrant a new trial.” Rogers v. State, 957 So. 2d
538, 553 (Fla. 2007) (citing Suggs v. State, 923 So. 2d 419, 441-42 (Fla. 2005)). In
analyzing the entire record, we conclude that Appellee has not shown that the cumulative
effect of these errors is harmless. See Special v. W. Boca Med. Ctr., 160 So. 3d 1251,
1256 (Fla. 2014) (holding that the harmless error analysis in civil cases requires that “the
beneficiary of the error must prove that there is no reasonable possibility that the error
contributed to the verdict”).
Accordingly, we reverse the final judgment awarding damages in favor of Appellee
and remand for a new trial. Furthermore, because we have reversed this final judgment,
we must also reverse the separate final cost judgment. See Thornburg v. Pursell, 476
So. 2d 323, 324 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985).
REVERSED and REMANDED for new trial.
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ORFINGER, J., and HERNDON, L., Associate Judge, concur.
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