TALCOTT RESOLUTION LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, f/k/a HARTFORD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, and TALCOTT RESOLUTION COMPREHENSIVE EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SERVICE COMPANY, etc. v. NOVATION CAPITAL, LLC

DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
TALCOTT RESOLUTION LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, f/k/a
HARTFORD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, and TALCOTT
RESOLUTION COMPREHENSIVE EMPLOYEE BENEFIT SERVICE
COMPANY, f/k/a HARTFORD COMPREHENSIVE EMPLOYEE
BENEFIT SERVICE COMPANY,
Appellants,
v.
NOVATION CAPITAL LLC, EISBOCK FUNDING, LLC, and
JUSTIN BRANNEN,
Appellees.
No. 4D17-3762
[December 12, 2018]
Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Sandra Perlman, Judge; L.T. Case No. CACE-17-005027
(04).
Jeffrey M. Landau of Shutts & Bowen LLP, Miami, and Peter Vodola of
Rearson Scanlon, LLP, West Hartford, Connecticut, for appellants.
Scott J. Topolski of Cole Schotz P.C., Boca Raton, for appellees.
WARNER, J.
This is an appeal from a judgment on the pleadings in a declaratory
judgment action to determine which party is entitled to a future payment
from a structured settlement agreement. Based upon the pleadings, the
trial court determined that the appellee Novation had purchased the right
to the future payment from the original payee and had assigned it to
appellee Eisbock Funding, LLC, who was entitled to the future structured
settlement payment. We reverse, because the pleadings do not establish
that Novation, as transferee of the structure settlement payment, complied
with the provisions of the Structured Settlement Protection Act, section
626.99296, Florida Statutes (2012). There remained a question of fact as
to whether the transfer had been approved in advance by a trial court. The
court erred in granting judgment on the pleadings.
“Structured settlements are settlements of tort claims involving
physical injuries . . . under which settlement proceeds take the form of
periodic payments, including scheduled lump sum payments.” Daniel W.
Hindert & Craig H. Ulman, Transfers of Structured Settlement Payment
Rights, 44 No. 2 JUDGES’ J. 19, 19 (2005). During the 1990’s, specialized
financing companies, known as factoring companies, “began persuading
structured settlement recipients . . . to trade future payments for present
cash,” but they often exploited the payees. Id. at 19-20. Thus, many states
enacted structured settlement protection acts (SSPAs) that require
advanced court approval of the sale and transfer of settlement payment
rights. Id. at 20. Most SSPAs require the transferee to make disclosures
to the payee regarding the future payments’ values, and the court must
find that the transfer is in the best interests of the payee and his or her
dependents. Id. In 2001, Florida enacted its own SSPA to safeguard
payees’ rights. § 626.99296, Fla. Stat. (2001).
This case involves a structured settlement payment which was
transferred to appellee, Novation. In 2005, Justin Brannen, the payee,
entered into a structured settlement agreement and release of all claims
with an underinsured motorist carrier regarding his injuries in a car
accident. Under the agreement, he was entitled to a lump sum payment
of $37,007.72 in 2028. The structured settlement was approved by the
circuit court of the Tenth Judicial Circuit.
The insurer assigned its payment obligations under the settlement to
appellant, Hartford Comprehensive Employee Benefit Service Company
(“Hartford CEBSCO”). Hartford CEBSCO purchased an annuity from
Hartford Life Insurance, the second appellant, to fund its obligation to
make the 2028 settlement payment. 1
In 2012, appellee Novation filed a petition in the Broward County
Circuit court, seeking approval of a transfer of Brannen’s right to the
future settlement payment in exchange for a cash payment to Brannen of
$6,000. This petition was filed by counsel for Novation, Jose Camacho,
Jr. The petition stated that Novation proposed to assign its rights to the
future payment to Eisbock upon the court’s approval of the transfer.
1 Following appeal, both appellants changed their names. Hartford CEBSCO is
now Talcott Resolution Comprehensive Employee Benefit Service Company, and
Hartford Life Insurance Company is now Talcott Resolution Life Insurance
Company. Throughout this opinion, we will refer to the parties collectively as
“Hartford.”
2
Attached to the petition was the agreement for sale of the structured
settlement payment on Novation’s letterhead and disclosures required by
the Structured Settlement Act. Brannen also submitted an affidavit
stating his need for the money to pay bills associated with his new baby.
He testified that he had received the required disclosures. Hartford and
Brannen were served with the petition.
After filing the petition for approval of the transfer, counsel for
Novation, Camacho, sent Hartford an “Agreed Final Order Approving
Transfer” with a stamped filing date of April 10, 2012, on Novation’s
“unopposed Petition for Court Approval of a Transfer of Structured
Settlement Payment Rights . . . .” The document looked like a valid order
and had the same case number as that for the above petition in the SSPA
proceeding. It was signed by a judge. The order directed Hartford to make
the future settlement payment to Novation’s assignee, Eisbock. At the time
that Hartford received notice of the order, believing it to be valid, it updated
its records to reflect that the future settlement payment was due to
Eisbock.
Subsequently, in 2016, Hartford became aware that attorney Camacho
had been indicted on fourteen counts of forgery related to the signatures
of various Broward County Circuit Court judges on approximately 100 to
115 documents purporting to be orders approving transfers of structured
settlement payment rights under Florida’s SSPA. While the order which is
the subject of this case was not listed as one of the forged documents,
Hartford reviewed the Broward Clerk’s website, and there were no docket
entries in the SSPA petition proceeding for the April 2012 order approving
the transfer of rights. Instead, the docket showed that the SSPA
proceeding was dismissed in early 2013 for failure to prosecute. Thus,
because the 2012 order was possibly forged, Hartford was unsure of its
contractual obligation to send the future payment to either Brannen or
Novation/Eisbock, and it was exposed to double liability. If there was no
valid order authorizing the transfer, then Novation had not complied with
the unwaivable provisions of the SSPA to effectuate the transfer. See §
626.99296 (5)(a), Fla. Stat. (providing that the provisions of the SSPA “may
not be waived”).
In 2017, to determine its responsibility for payment, Hartford filed a
declaratory judgment action against Novation, Eisbock, and Brannen. It
alleged the foregoing facts and attached relevant documents, including the
disputed order and docket entries. It also alleged that Brannen claimed a
right to the future payment. It served both Brannen and Novation.
Brannen did not file an answer, but no default has been entered against
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him. Novation and Eisbock jointly filed an answer, claiming that Eisbock
was entitled to the future payment through the transfer. They denied the
allegations that the order appeared to be invalid and that Brannen claimed
a right to the payment. For affirmative defenses, appellees alleged that
Brannen was making no claim to the future payment, nor had Brannen
made any appearance in the complaint. Furthermore, he had received
payment for the transfer. Novation also contended that Hartford changed
its position in reliance on the transfer by updating its records as to the
future payee. Thus, through the doctrines of estoppel, waiver, and
reliance, Novation and Eisbock were entitled to a declaration that Eisbock
was entitled to the future payment from Hartford.
Appellees then filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, alleging
that based upon the pleadings, both Hartford and appellees desired a
declaration as to who was the proper payee of the future settlement
payment. Eisbock was the only party who asserted the right to the
payment, as Brannen had failed to file any pleading. In response, Hartford
filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that because Novation
acknowledged in its answer that the disputed 2012 order approving the
transfer of structured settlement payment rights may not be in the court
records, the court should enter a declaratory judgment finding that
Brannen was entitled to the payment. It contended that the affirmative
defenses of estoppel, waiver, and reliance were not applicable because the
requirements of the SSPA were non-waivable. As there was no valid court
order approving the settlement in advance, a non-waivable requirement
under the SSPA, Novation had failed to comply with the statute. Thus, the
transfer was ineffectual.
The court granted the motion for judgment on the pleadings. It
determined that in its answer, Novation alleged that it had paid Brannen
for the transfer, and Brannen was not before the court either claiming that
he was not paid or demanding that he no longer was bound by the transfer
agreement. It then directed Hartford to irrevocably change the payee of
the future payment to Novation’s assignee, Eisbock, and ordered that
Brannen had no further right to request changes to the payee. From this
order, Hartford appeals.
A party may move for a judgment on the pleadings after all pleadings
are closed. Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.140(c). This Court reviews a judgment on the
pleadings de novo. Miller v. Finizio & Finizio, P.A., 226 So. 3d 979, 982
(Fla. 4th DCA 2017). Such a motion tests the legal sufficiency of the cause
of action:
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The purpose of a motion for judgment on the pleadings is to
test the legal sufficiency of a cause of action or defense where
there is no dispute as to the facts. A motion for judgment
on the pleadings is similar to a motion to dismiss and raises
only questions of law arising out of the pleadings. Where a
defendant moves for judgment on the pleadings, a court
must take as true all of the material allegations in the
plaintiff's complaint and must disregard all of the denials
in the defendant's answer.
Id. (emphasis added) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see
Tanglewood Mobile Sales, Inc. v. Hachem, 805 So. 2d 54, 55 (Fla. 2d DCA
2001) (holding that when ruling on a defendant’s motion for judgment on
the pleadings, the court must assume as true all of the allegations in the
complaint and must accept as false all of the allegations in the answer,
and it is improper to grant such a motion if factual questions remain). 2
“Transfer of settlement payment rights are regulated by statute [section
626.99296] and court approval is required before a transfer may go
forward.” Rapid Settlements, Ltd. v. Dickerson, 941 So. 2d 1275, 1276 (Fla.
4th DCA 2006) (alteration added). Indeed, section 626.99296(3)(a), Florida
Statutes (2012), provides that:
A direct or indirect transfer of structured settlement payment
rights is not effective and a structured settlement obligor or
annuity issuer is not required to make a payment directly or
indirectly to a transferee of structured settlement payment
rights unless the transfer is authorized in advance in a
final order by a court of competent jurisdiction . . . .
(emphasis added). Assuming the truth of the allegations of Hartford’s
complaint, the order approving the transfer of the settlement pursuant to
the SSPA may have been a forgery. If it were, then it was ineffective to
authorize the transfer. Because both parties conceded that the validity of
the 2012 order was disputed, there was an issue of fact regarding the
2 Although not raised by either party or addressed by the trial court, we note
that a motion for judgment on the pleadings may have been unauthorized in this
case, because the pleadings were not closed. Brannen had not answered the
complaint seeking a declaratory judgment, nor had a default been entered against
him. As Brannen could plead until a default was entered, the pleadings were not
closed. Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.500(c) (“A party may plead or otherwise defend at any
time before default is entered.”) Because this was not raised in the lower tribunal,
we do not predicate our decision on this ground.
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validity of the transfer of payment rights that precluded the entry of a
judgment on the pleadings. See Lutz v. Protective Life Ins. Co., 951 So. 2d
884, 888-90 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007) (finding the trial court improperly granted
defendant insurer’s motion for judgment on the pleadings in a declaratory
judgment action where the insured stated a valid claim for a declaratory
judgment and set forth uncertainty as to his rights under an insurance
contract; the insured alleged that his out-of-state health insurance group’s
policy was subject to the Florida Insurance Code because the insurer failed
to comply with statutory requirements for an exemption, and there was an
actual dispute with the insurer concerning those rights); Swim Indus.
Corp. v. Cavalier Mfg. Co., Inc., 559 So. 2d 301, 302 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990)
(noting court must consider as true all of the material allegations by the
party opposing the motion, and a court improperly grants a defendant’s
motion when “material issues of fact remain”).
The SSPA was intended to protect the payee’s interests. §
626.99296(1), Fla. Stat. (stating the SSPA’s purpose “is to protect
recipients of structured settlements who are involved in the process of
transferring structured settlement payment rights.”). The trial court,
however, entered judgment, determining that because Brannen had not
contested the payment to Novation, Hartford was required to pay
Novation’s assignee, ignoring the statutory requirements. However, even
if Brannen did not contest the payments to Novation, section
626.99296(5), Florida Statutes, prohibits the payee (Brannen) from
waiving the provisions of the SSPA. Thus, whether Brannen consented to
the transfer or failed to appear in these proceedings, he could not waive
the requirement that Novation comply with the provisions of the SSPA,
including advanced approval of the transfer in a valid court order.
Novation and Eisbock also contend that all parties reasonably relied on
the 2012 order, and thus, Hartford should not be allowed to complain. “[A]
party who accepts the benefit of an order is estopped from urging error
upon the same order. While estoppel does not validate an otherwise
invalid decree, it prevents a party who sought and benefitted from an order
from questioning its validity.” In re Adoption of D.P.P., 158 So. 3d 633, 639
(Fla. 5th DCA 2014) (internal citations omitted). There was no allegation
in any of the pleadings that Hartford benefitted from the order. The fact
that it changed its records to reflect Novation as the new payee does not
confer any benefit on Hartford.
The validity of the 2012 order was a material issue of fact which could
not be determined on the motion for judgment on the pleadings. If it were
not a valid order, the transfer would not have been authorized under the
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SSPA, which provisions could not be waived. The court erred in
determining that Eisbock was entitled to payments without first
determining the validity of the 2012 order. We thus reverse and remand
for further proceedings on the declaratory judgment action.
DAMOORGIAN and KUNTZ, JJ., concur.
* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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