Odam v. Caruthers

By the Court.

Nisbet, J.

delivering the opinion.

[1.] The English Statute of Distributions, relative to the question made in this case, is different in one important particular from ours. The wife of the intestate, by the Stat. 22 and 23, Charles II. takes first from the estate one third, as a separate and independent provision. This she is entitled to, irrespective of the number of distributees besides herself.

If an intestate die, leaving a wife and one dozen children, she takes one third of the estate before the children are entitled to distribution at all. And if an intestate die, leaving a wife and only one child, she taires no more than one third, and the remaining two thirds go to the child. The wife seems to be regarded as in a degree prior to the children, and not of the same degree. Or rather, the law first carves out of the estate one third part, and sets that aside and jnakes distribution only of the residue. The section of the English Statute, or so much of it as it is material here to recite, is in these words :

"That all Ordinaries, and every other person, who by this Act is enabled to make distribution of the surplusage of the estate of any person dying intestate, shall distribute the whole surplusage of such estate or estates, in manner and form following : that is to say, one third part of the said surplusage to the wife of the intestate, and all the residue, by equal portions to, and amongst the child en of such persons dying intestate, and such persons as legally represent such children, in case any of said children be then dead,” &c.

What I wish thus far to be understood, is, that by the English Statute, the wife and the children, or the representatives of such children, if the children be dead, are not in equal degree; and in determining whether the distributees in any contingency, take per stirpes or per capita, the wife is not taken into the account, she being considered as occupying a prior degree, and to be provided for independently of the children or their representatives. The importance of this proposition, as applicable to this case, will in due time appear. For the Statute, see Williams on Executors, 2 Am. edit. 2 vol. page, 1058. Also, Ibid. 1068. Toller ex’rs. 374. Brown vs. Farndell, Carth. 52. Bac. Abr. tit. Ex’rs. 1, 5.

Now, according to our Statute, the wife occupies the same degree with the children. She is not entitled to any portion of the estate independent of the children, and before distribution to them, but is made to draw an equal share with them. She is a distributee with them, entitled to an equal share of the personalty, if she takes her dower, and of the whole estate, if she elects to take a child’s part of the realty. So that her share depends upon the number of the children. If there is but one, she is entitled to half; if eleven, to one twelfth. The Statute is as follows : “ The said estate, real and personal,, shall be considered as altogether of the same nature and upon the same footing; so that in case of there being a widow and child or children, they shall draw equal shares thereof, unless the widow shall prefer her dower, in which event, she shall have nothing farther out of the real estate than such dower, but shall, nevertheless, receive a child’s part or share out of the personal estate; and in case any of the children shall die before the intestate, their lineal descendants shall stand in their place and stead,” &c. Prince, 233.

In this case the intestate left a wife and no child, but nine grandchildren — the children of two sons, who died previous to the death of the intestate.

The question is, whether these grand-children take per stirpes, as the legal representatives of their respective fathers, ox per capita, in their own right as next of kin to the intestate. The Court below, as we think correctly, decided that they take^er stirpes, as the representatives of their fathers, respectively.

The construction in England of the Statute of Distribution, is that where all the distributees stand in equal degree, as for example, three brothers, three grand-children, three nephews, &c. they tak eper capita, or each an equal share. But if the claimants stand in unequal degrees, as for example, a child and three grand-children, they take per stirpes, representation being necessary to prevent the exclusion of those in a remoter degree, and to fulfil the equity of the Statute, which contemplates an equal distribution, Walsh vs. Walsh, Prec. in Ch. 54. Davers vs. Dews, 3 P. Williams, 50. Stent vs. McLeod, 2 McCord, Ch. R. 354. Hallet vs. Hare, 5 Paige, 316. 2 Kent Comm. 425.

We adopt this rule of construction, and apply it to our own Statute. In England, there is no question but that these grandchildren would tnkeper capita, because there the wife, (who being provided for before children,) not coming at all into the distribution, they would stand in equal degree. But not so here, because by our Statute, the wife comes into the distribution as a child. She being in life, she and the grand-children stand in unequal degrees, and consequently; by the rule, the grand-children must take by representation. Just as it w.ould be in England, if an intestate should leave one child and nine grand-children, the representatives of two deceased children.

If in this case, the grand-children should be held to tak epter capita, as next of kin, each would be entitled to one tenth part of the estate, and the wife to no more than one tenth part. Whereas, by the Statute, she is put upon the footing of a child, and is entitled to a child’s part, that is in this case to one third; and thus the provision of the Statute in her behalf would be evaded. It is not a sufficient answer to this view of our Statute to say, that the wife in this case must take one third, and the remainder must go to the grand-children per capita, as in England. Our Statute will not bear this construction. It expressly puts her upon the same footing with children — it declares that she and the children-shall draw equal shares of the estate. As her condition is no worse than that of the children, so it is no better. And if the children be dead, leaving representatives, she draws an equal share with the representatives of such deceased children: She is in no worse condition and in no better condition than such representatives. If these grand-children could take at all per capita, it would be as next of kin to the decedent, and in that character, would each come in to a participation of the whole estate, which, as we have seen, would operate to the exclusion of the wife.

Let the judgment be affirmed.