Ozburn v. State

Lumpkin, Justice.

1. After eleven jurors had been selected, but not sworn in chief, and, by direction of the court, had been kept together for a day and night, one of them became sick, and was unable to serve. The court satisfied himself of the juror’s illness, which he certainly had a right to do without summoning a physician, and then discharged him, and proceeded regularly until two other jurors were selected and the panel completed. There was no error in this conduct of the court. See Pannell v. State, 29 Ga. 681, and Hanvey v. State, 68 Ga. 612. In the latter case, it appears that the juror did present a certificate of a physician that he was unable to serve, but it further appears that the judge himself, counsel-consenting, heard the juror’s excuse under oath, and determined therefrom that he was, on account of his sickness, unable to serve. It is immaterial how the fact of sickness is shown, if the judge is satisfied it exists. The consent of counsel was unnecessary to the validity of the court’s action.

2. Defendant’s counsel presented to the court a request in writing, which was as follows: “The defendant’s counsel request that the court give in charge to the jury the sections of the code defining and relating to the law of voluntary manslaughter and of justifiable homicide.” It appears, from an examination of the record, that the court complied literally with this request except so far as it related to justifiable homicide, lie read to the jury the sections of the code defining voluntary manslaughter, and explained to them distinctly the difference between murder and manslaughter, emphasizing the fact that the chief distinction between these two offences was, that in murder malice must exist, while in manslaughter there was an absence of malice. In no possible view of the case would a charge concerning justifiable homicide have been legal or proper. Indeed, the zealous and faithful counsel for the prisoner who ax’gued the case before this court virtually conceded that the law of justifiable homicide had nothing to do with it. "We therefore find no reason in this ground of the motion for granting a new trial.

3. The coui’t, when instructing the jury as to the form of their verdict, did not state to them that they might find the defendant guilty of voluntary manslaughter. There -was no request made to this effect, nor was axxy complaint made, either in the xnotion for a now trial or in the bill of exceptions, of the failure of the court to so instruct the jury. The question, therefore, is not made by this record,and cannot now be adjudicated, whether such failure was error or not. It was argued before us that the court ought to have distinctly told the jury that they could convict this defendant of voluntary manslaughter, but the fact that he did not do this is, as already stated, nowhere assigned as error. But suppose this had been done, would any benefit therefrom have resulted to the plaintiff in error ? Taking the entire charge together, it in effect amounted to instructing the jury that if they should believe the defendant was guilty of voluntary manslaughter, they must acquit him. The judge plainly and clearly defined what was necessary to constitute murder, aud told the jury, in substance, that unless they believed the defendant guilty of this offence, they must find him not guilty. In one view, this charge was more favorable to the defendant than he had any right to expect or demand, because, following it, the result would have been an acquittal even though the jury believed he was guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Be this as it may, we think it is clear, from the record in this case, that if the judge had plainly instructed the jury they could convict of this offence, they would not have done so. If there had been the slightest inclination on the part of the jury to reduce this crime below the grade of murder, they would most assuredly have recommended imprisonment for life, and thus have averted the penalty of death. The fact that they found the ■ defendant guilty without making such recommendation, is absolutely conclusive that in no event would they have rendered a verdict of voluntary manslaughter. This conclusion is fortified by the fact that the judge in his charge plainly and repeatedly told them that the penalty must be death unless they recommended lifetime imprisonment, aud used language which must have impressed upon them in the most solemn and emphatic manner the grave responsibility which rested upon them of deciding whether this man should be sent to the penitentiary or the gallows.

4. After a witness for the defendant had sworn that he knew the defendant, and had known him for a long time, that his character for peaceableness was good, and he had never heard of his having any difficulty at all, it was not error to allow the State’s counsel, on cross-examination, to ask the witness if he had never heard of defendant shooting any one before, and, also, if the witness had never heard of his shooting a man in another State. A knowledge of character is derived from general reputation, and the witness having sworn, in effect, that the reputation of the defendant was good as a peaceable man, and that he had never heard anything to the contrary, it was certainly allowable, on cross-examination, to sift the witness as to the accuracy of his testimony and the sincerity of the statements made b}' him. "What the witness heard would not, of course, be evidence of the truth thereof, nor would it be proper to go into the details of the occurrences referred to ; but to the extent indicated, the questions were proper and the answers thereto admissible.

Section 3874 of the code, as to impeached witnesses, is as follows : “The witness may be sustained by similar proof of character. But the particular transactions, or the opinions of single individuals, cannot be inquired of on either side, except upon cross-examination in seeking for the extent and foundation of the witness’s knowledge.” In Reg. v. Wood, 5 Jurist, 225, the defendant put his character in issue, and a witness deposed to having known him for some years, gave him a good character, and stated that he had never heard anything against him. On cross-examination, the witness was asked if he had never heard that defendant was suspected of having committed a robbery in the neighborhood some years previous. The question was allowed, Parke, B., remarking that: “The question is not whether the prisoner was guilty of that robbery, but whether he was suspected of having been implicated in it. A man’s character is made up of a number of small circumstances, of which his being suspected of misconduct is one.”. This case is cited approvingly in 1 Taylor on Evidence, §852, and the author says : “But if, with the view of raising a presumption of innocence, witnesses to character are called for the defence, the counsel for the Crown may then rebut this presumption by cross-examining the witnesses, either as to particular facts, or, if they deem it essential, as to the ground of their belief.” Reg. v. Wood is also cited approvingly in Best on Evidence, §261, where the doctrine is also laid down that, when» a defendant in a criminal prosecution puts his character in issue, the prosecutor may encounter his evidence either by cross-examination or by contrary testimony. In Abbott’s , Trial Brief of Criminal Causes, §473, we find the following : “A witness who has testified to the good character of the accused may be asked, on cross-examination, if he has not heard of a specific charge against the accused,” — citing Ingram v. State, 67 Ala. 67, which was a murder case wherein'it was held: “The shadings, as well as the brighter hues, are to be considered in making up the estimate of character and reputation; and, when a witness has testified that he knew the character of the accused for peace and quietude, and that it was good, it is not error to allow him to be asked, on cross-examination, if he had not been informed that the defendant had ‘killed a man in the State of Georgia,’ and his answer was admissible in evidence.” Reg. v. Wood, supra, and DeArman v. State, 71 Ala. 351, are also cited by the author in support of this proposition.

The ruling of this court in Harris v. State, 61 Ga. 359, is not in conflict with the view expressed in this case on the poiut under consideration. In that ease, the court asked the witness, who had testified to defendant’s peaceable character, if he bad not heard that defendant once beat his wife with a butcher’s file. It was held that, while the presiding judge may ask pertinent questions, he should not exercise this right in such manner as to intimate an opinion against the prisoner, and'for this reason it was decided that it was improper for the court to ask the question. Another decision of this court seemingly at variance with our ruling on this question in the case at bar is that rendered in Pulliam v. Cantrell, 77 Ga. 563. It was there held that it was proper to refuse to allow a witness who testified to the good character of another witness to be asked, on cross-examination, if the latter had not been found a defaulter of public funds, or if the witness testifying had never heard he had been so found; but Judge Jackson distinctly states the question was not asked to show the foundation or extent of the witness’s knowledge of the character of the person of whom he was testifying, and that it was an effort to prove a conviction of embezzlement by hearsay, which was, of course, improper. Taking the ruling in connection with the fact stated, it is not at all in conflict with our decision as to the question asked the witness Camp in the present case.

5. Under our law, juries trying murder cases have the right to avert the death penalty by recommending life imprisonment, and it is therefore not improper, for counsel to argue before them the question whether or not they should so recommend. It may not be proper for counsel to state that they should not recommend life imprisonment because the Governor of the State might pardon the defendant, and he would therefore be set free; but if sucb a statément is made, and tbe at tention of the court is not called to it, and he is no-asked to make any ruling thereon, it will afford no ground for a new trial.

6. One ground of the motion for a new trial assigned as error the following charge of the court: “If, however, you choose to give the statement force, then you must consider the degree of force you will give it; and the law, in its tenderness, goes so far as to place it within the province of the jury to allow them to give it force, if they choose, to the extent of believing it in preference to the sworn testimony. But the statement .should have no greater force than evidence. It is to be measured as the law measures testimony. Evidence introduced by the State against the defendant is intended to be inculpating; that is, it is meant to tend in the direction of guilt. The statement of the defendant, to have any effect, should be upon the other side ; it should be exculpatory upon legal grounds.” This is an extract, from a lengthy charge by the court concerning the defendant’s statement.' So much of it as precedes the words, “ But the statement should have no greater force than evidence. It is to be measured as the law measures testimony,” is undoubtedly correct; and as no particular portion of it is alleged to be erroneous, the exception taken is too general, in accordance with established rules, to be considered. If it means that the entire charge objected to is erroneous, this is not sound, because much of it is good law; and if complaint is intended to be made of some part thereof, the same should be specified. We are, therefore, constrained to hold that no assignment of error is properly set forth in this ground.

We gather, however, from the argument before us, that the part of the charge intended to be complained of is that beginning with the words last above quoted, and extending to the end. Suppose, then, this exception had been properly taken, would it have been sufficient to require a new trial ? The motion alleges that the charge is erroneous because it is dubious and misleading; because it deprived the statement of the potentiality given it by law, and because it amounts to saying the statement cannot avail defendant where not in conflict with the evidence. We do not think these objections are well taken. As to the first, it may be true that the charge was dubious, but we do not think it misled the jury as to their right to believe the statement. We have endeavored earnestly to ascertain what the court did mean by some of the expressions used. By the words, “ But the statement should have no greater force than evidence. It is to be measured as the law,measures testimony,” it is obvious that the court referred to the probative value of the statement, and not to the question of its credibility. He could not have meant to refer to the latter, because he had just told the jury they could believe the statement in preference to the evidence, and emphasized this assertion by saying the law in its tenderness allowed this much weight to be given to a prisoner’s statement. In other words, we think the idea conveyed by the court’s language was this : a fact established by a statement is to have no greater value than a fact established by evidence; that is, a fact proved to the satisfaction of the jury is simply a fact for whatever it is worth, and should have no more force and effect because it is-made to appear by the prisoner’s statement than the same fact would have if sworn to by a credible witness. There is a manifest difference between th,e question, shall the jury believe a thing asserted by the prisoner to be the truth ? and the question, assuming the thing asserted to be true, what effect has it in determining what conclusion in the ease shall be reached ? This is the distinction we think the court intended, and we are sustained in placing this construction on the court’s language, because he immediately proceeded, in effect, to instruct the jury that, to be available to defendant, the statement must be exculpatory in- its effect. By this he undoubtedly meant to say that no matter how true and credible a statement might be, the facts contained in it must be pertinent to the issue, and must set up a legal defence in order to be of practical benefit to the accused. Taking the entire charge together, we repeat we are satisfied that the jury were not misled as to the legal effect which they might give to the statement, and that they fully understood it to be their right and privilege, if they saw proper, to believe the statement in preference to the sworn testimony. It is quite evident that they did not believe the statement at all. If they had, they would undoubtedly have exercised the power given them by law of saving the defendant from the penalty of death by recommending imprisonment for life. The statement is improbable, inconsistent with the sworn testimony of disinterested witnesses, and made by the defendant under the strong temptation to say anything he could which might save him from death or a term in the penitentiary. Taken in the best possible view, it would make him unquestionably guilty of voluntary manslaughter, and, as we have already shown, the jury had no disposition to convict him of that offen'ce. It is quite plain, from a careful examination of the entire record, that they'believed him guilty of murder, and that they rejected his statement altogether, although they must have understood they had the right to believe it if they saw' proper.

In this connection we will state that it would be a much wiser and safer practice for our brethren on the circuit bench, in charging concerning statements made by defendants, to confine themselves to the language of the statute upon this subject, and not indulge in extended comments upon the effect to be given to such statements. This course on their part will relieve them and this court of much embarrassment and difficulty arising from a contrary practice.

The evidence discloses that an atrocious, unprovoked and deliberate murder was committed by the defendant. The verdict finding him guilty and imposing upon him the penalty of death, in our opinion, reuders exact and substantial justice. After a thorough, careful and anxious examination of the entire record, we are fully convinced that the judgment of the court below should stand. It is well-known that juries are reluctant to take away by their verdicts the lives of their fellow-creatures ; and when good men, in the faithful and conscientious discharge of a painful duty, enforce and vindicate the law, as the jury in this case undoubtedly did, we do not feel authorized to discourage them, and others who may try such cases in the future, by setting aside a verdict which is manifestly right.

Judgment affirmed.