Johnson v. State

In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: January 11, 2021
S20A1289. JOHNSON v. THE STATE.
WARREN, Justice.
Sharod Johnson was convicted of malice murder and other
crimes in connection with a string of armed robberies that
culminated in the shooting death of David Lee Casto.1 On appeal,
1 The crimes occurred on August 25 to 26 and September 5, 2010. On
March 15, 2011, a Forsyth County grand jury issued a multiple-count
indictment against Johnson and four of his accomplices. The indictment
charged Johnson with armed robbery of Alicia Richard, aggravated assault of
Kenneth Barrett, armed robbery of Suzette McCrary, burglary of an Ingles
store, armed robbery of Casto, armed robbery of Rosa Marie Turpin,
aggravated assault of Turpin, malice murder of Casto, felony murder of Casto
predicated on armed robbery of Turpin, and felony murder of Casto predicated
on burglary. Johnson was tried separately in August 2013, and the jury found
him guilty of all counts. The trial court sentenced Johnson to life in prison for
malice murder, a consecutive term of life imprisonment for the armed robbery
of Casto, a consecutive term of 20 years for the aggravated assault of Turpin,
two concurrent terms of 20 years each for the armed robberies of Richard and
McCrary, and a concurrent term of 20 years for the aggravated assault of
Barrett. The remaining counts were merged or vacated by operation of law.
Although the trial court erred in merging the burglary count with one of the
felony murder counts, see Carter v. State, 299 Ga. 1, 2-3 (785 SE2d 532) (2016),
Johnson contends that the trial court erred when it failed to strike
the testimony of a State witness and that Johnson was deprived of
the effective assistance of counsel with regard to that witness.
Johnson also contends that the trial court erred when it denied his
motions to suppress evidence related to searches of his cell phone,
home, and car. Seeing no reversible error, we affirm.
1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the
evidence presented at trial showed that Johnson and his co-
indictees—Tyrice Adside, Travarius Jackson, Nakitta Holmes, and
Darren Slayton—were friends or acquaintances and spent time
together in the summer of 2010. In late August and early September
2010, Johnson and the others engaged in three separate armed
robberies, as detailed below.
this merger error benefits Johnson, and the State has not raised it by cross-
appeal, so we decline to correct the error. See Dixon v. State, 302 Ga. 691, 698
(808 SE2d 696) (2017). Johnson filed a timely motion for new trial on August
22, 2013, and he amended it through new counsel on November 28, 2018. After
a hearing, the trial court denied the motion, as amended, on June 24, 2019.
Johnson timely appealed, and this case was docketed in this Court for the
August 2020 term and submitted for a decision on the briefs.
2
The Waffle House Robbery
In August 2010, Johnson, Adside, and Slayton decided to rob a
Waffle House in Forsyth County. To carry out the robbery, the men
used Johnson’s shotgun (which he kept in the trunk of his car) and
a .40 caliber Glock handgun that they borrowed from another
acquaintance, Ardansac McMillan. Around 1:00 a.m. on August 25,
the trio drove to the Waffle House in Johnson’s car and parked at
the back of the building. Johnson and Adside then got out, jumped
over a fence, and ran inside the Waffle House dressed in all-black
clothing and with their faces covered with t-shirts. Adside carried
the shotgun and Johnson carried the handgun, though both weapons
were unloaded at the time. Inside the restaurant, the men
encountered a server, Alicia Richard, and the cook, Kenneth Barrett.
Adside threatened Richard with the shotgun and had her give him
money from the cash register. Meanwhile, Johnson pointed a gun
at Barrett and demanded that he open the safe. When Barrett said
he was unable to do so, Johnson threatened to kill him. Adside and
Johnson then took the money from the cash register and left.
3
The Chevron Robbery
After robbing the Waffle House, Johnson and his accomplices
decided to rob a Chevron gas station on Buford Highway, where
Adside had been a customer and “knew the lady inside.” This time,
five men participated in the robbery: Johnson, Adside, Jackson,
Holmes, and Slayton. Early in the morning of August 26, the group
drove to the gas station in Johnson’s car and parked behind the
building. Adside stayed in the car while Johnson and the others
went inside the gas station, where Suzette McCrary was working
the night shift as a cashier. Holmes carried Johnson’s shotgun and
Jackson carried McMillan’s handgun. The four men confronted
McCrary, forced her at gunpoint to give them cash from the
registers, and stole some cigarettes. After the robbery, on the way
home, Slayton and Jackson referred to Holmes as a “beast” because
he was “good at what he does,” and Johnson and the others laughed.
The Ingles Robbery
After the Chevron robbery, Johnson suggested to Adside and
the others that they rob the Ingles grocery store where Johnson
4
worked as a cashier; Johnson said the robbery would net “a lot of
money”—over $20,000—and would be easy to accomplish. Johnson
informed the group that a security guard would be present, so the
men devised a plan to “tie him up and put him in the freezer,” and
Holmes said that “if the guard tried to buck or anything, he was
going to shoot him.” The night before the robbery, Johnson, along
with Adside and Jackson, drove by Ingles to “case the place.”
Afterward, the trio drove to a nearby Waffle House, where they
ordered a drink.
On the evening of September 5, after Johnson began his shift
at Ingles, Adside, Jackson, and Holmes drove to Ingles in Johnson’s
car, parked in the back of the store near the loading dock, and texted
Johnson to alert him of their arrival. Johnson opened the back door,
let the others inside, and told them to wait inside the meat freezer,
though he moved the men to the milk cooler when Adside
complained that the freezer was too cold. As they had planned,
Holmes carried the shotgun and Jackson carried the handgun.
5
Around 11:00 p.m., only three employees remained at the store:
Johnson, Casto (the security guard), and Rosa Marie Turpin (the
assistant manager). When all three employees went to the back of
the store to check the security door, Adside and his group came out
of the cooler with their faces covered, pointed their guns at the
employees, and told them to get down. The men then placed tape on
Casto’s eyes and wrists and removed his gun and bulletproof vest.
When Holmes took the guard’s gun, Adside took the shotgun Holmes
had been carrying. Adside then placed Casto in the freezer and
closed the door, while Holmes and Jackson went to the front of the
store and forced Turpin at gunpoint to give them cash from the safe
and the self-check-out counters. As the money was being retrieved,
Holmes went to the back of the store and shot Casto, who was still
tied up in the freezer.
After collecting the money and some cigarettes, Adside and his
group took Johnson and Turpin to the back of the store and placed
tape on Turpin’s eyes and wrists, while Johnson did the same to
himself. The trio then moved Turpin and Johnson into the freezer
6
where Casto was lying, though Turpin did not know at the time that
Casto had been shot or that he was in the freezer with them. Adside,
Holmes, and Jackson left the store and drove to McMillan’s house in
Buford, where they split the proceeds of the robbery. Meanwhile,
Johnson was able to free himself relatively quickly, and Turpin—not
realizing at the time that he was involved in the robbery—asked him
to call the police. Johnson did not want to use his own phone,
however, and suggested that Turpin use hers. When the police
arrived on the scene, they found Casto lying in the back of the
freezer and determined that he was deceased. An autopsy revealed
that Casto died from a close-range gunshot wound to the head. 2
Johnson does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence.
Nevertheless, consistent with this Court’s general practice in
2 Much of the evidence against Johnson came from the testimony of
Adside, who participated in all three robberies, and the testimony of the
robbery victims: Richard, Barrett, McCrary, and Turpin. The State also
presented the testimony of Johnson’s friend, Adaria Cooper, who testified that
she had seen a shotgun in the trunk of Johnson’s car, that she was present
when Adside, Holmes, and Jackson arrived at McMillan’s house after the
Ingles robbery, and that the men discussed the robbery and flaunted the
proceeds.
7
murder cases, we have reviewed the record and conclude that, when
viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the evidence
presented at trial was sufficient to authorize a rational jury to find
beyond a reasonable doubt that Johnson was guilty of the crimes for
which he was convicted. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-
319 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).3
2. Johnson contends that the trial court erred when it failed to
strike the testimony of Darren Slayton after he invoked the Fifth
Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and refused to
testify further at trial. Slayton had pleaded guilty to two charges of
armed robbery for his involvement in the Waffle House and Chevron
robberies, and he was called by the State as a witness at Johnson’s
trial. The prosecutor began the direct examination by eliciting
background information from Slayton. Among other things, Slayton
testified that he had introduced Adside to Johnson, that Slayton had
We remind litigants that, starting with cases docketed to the term of
3
this Court that began in December 2020, we will end our practice of considering
sufficiency sua sponte in non-death penalty cases. See Davenport v. State, 309
Ga. 385, 398-399 (846 SE2d 83) (2020). This Court began assigning cases to
the December term on August 3, 2020.
8
talked to Johnson “at community service,” and that he, Johnson,
Jackson, and McMillan regularly spent time at McMillan’s home,
where they smoked marijuana and consumed “X pills.” Slayton also
testified that he had seen a shotgun in the trunk of Johnson’s car.
The prosecutor then started questioning Slayton about the
events of August 25, 2010; Slayton testified that, on that day,
Johnson called him and asked what he was doing, after which they
went to meet with McMillan and Jackson. Before providing any
more details, however, Slayton said, “I’m sorry, I can’t do this. I’m
sorry, I can’t do this. I can’t—I plead the Fifth. I can’t talk anymore.
I’m sorry.” After confirming that Slayton had invoked his Fifth
Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, Johnson’s lawyer
moved to strike Slayton’s “entire testimony.” The State opposed the
motion, stating that Johnson could “cross-examine [Slayton] on the
stuff that he’s testified about,” but that Johnson “just apparently
can’t go any further, unless [Slayton] chooses to testify further.” The
trial court told Johnson’s lawyer: “I will permit you to cross-examine
[Slayton] on what he’s testified about. But he’s indicated he’s not
9
going to go further.” Johnson’s lawyer responded, “Then I don’t
believe I have any questions.” At that point, Slayton left the stand,
and the State called its next witness.
On appeal, Johnson argues that the trial court’s failure to
strike Slayton’s testimony violated his right to confrontation. We
disagree.4 “The main and essential purpose of the right of
confrontation is to secure for the opponent the opportunity of cross-
examination.” State v. Vogleson, 275 Ga. 637, 638 (571 SE2d 752)
(2002) (quoting Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 315 (94 SCt 1105, 39
LE2d 347) (1974) (punctuation omitted). See also OCGA § 24-6-611
(b) (“The right of a thorough and sifting cross-examination shall
belong to every party as to the witnesses called against the party.”).
Here, the trial court expressly gave Johnson the opportunity to
4 The State argues that we should review this enumeration only for plain
error because Johnson did not expressly assert his right to confrontation when
he moved to strike Slayton’s testimony. But we need not address whether to
review Johnson’s claim under our ordinary standard of review or the more
stringent “plain error” standard; as discussed below, Johnson has not shown
any error, plain or otherwise, and so his claim fails under either standard of
review. See Barton-Smith v. State, __ Ga. __ n.6 (848 SE2d 384, 388) (2020)
(declining to decide whether defendant preserved his claim of error because the
alleged error was harmless under both the ordinary standard of review and the
plain-error standard).
10
cross-examine Slayton about the events to which Slayton testified,
but Johnson expressly declined to do so. As a result, Johnson cannot
show that he was improperly deprived of his right to confront
Slayton. See, e.g., Rice v. State, 281 Ga. 149, 151 (635 SE2d 707)
(2006) (defendant was not denied his right to confrontation because
he “was afforded a sufficient opportunity for cross-examination,”
and “the lack of cross-examination in this case is the result of his
waiving that opportunity”); Sherrell v. State, 274 Ga. 431, 431 (554
SE2d 726) (2001) (“‘By refusing to cross examine, defense counsel
waived any right to object based on a denial of cross examination.’”)
(quoting Lively v. State, 237 Ga. 35, 36 (226 SE2d 581) (1976)); Green
v. State, 298 Ga. App. 17, 24 (679 SE2d 348) (2009) (defendant was
not denied the right of confrontation where the witness was
available for cross-examination “but defense counsel expressly
declined the opportunity to cross-examine him”). 5
5 To support his claim, Johnson relies primarily on Soto v. State, 285 Ga.
367, 368 (677 SE2d 95) (2009), in which we stated that, “when a witness refuses
to continue to testify after having already done so, the proper remedy is to
strike pertinent portions of the witness’ testimony.” This statement, however,
11
Johnson argues that an attempt to cross-examine Slayton
would have been futile. See Green, 298 Ga. App. at 25 (“In some
instances, the failure to cross-examine may not waive a
confrontation clause claim because it is clear from the record that
an attempt at cross-examination would have been futile.”). But the
record here does not clearly show that Slayton would have refused
to answer questions on cross-examination about the testimony that
he already had given. That testimony dealt primarily with
background information and did not delve into the crimes at issue,
and there is no indication that Slayton would have refused to answer
refers to a scenario where the witness refuses to testify on cross-examination.
See id. at 368-369 (“As it is said: ‘[W]hen a witness declines to answer on cross
examination certain pertinent questions relevant to a matter testified about
by the witness on direct examination, all of the witness’ testimony on the same
subject matter should be stricken.’”) (quoting Smith v. State, 225 Ga. 328, 331
(168 SE2d 587) (1969)). See also Cody v. State, 278 Ga. 779, 780-781 (609 SE2d
320) (2004) (“If the witness’s refusal to answer . . . denies a party a thorough
and sifting cross-examination of the specifics of the witness’s testimony on
direct, then the trial court is authorized to strike that witness’s direct
testimony.”). Indeed, in Soto, the witness “refused to answer questions posed
by the defense” and “continued to refuse to answer questions even after the
trial court ordered him to do so and threatened to hold him in contempt.” Soto,
285 Ga. at 368. Here, by contrast, Slayton invoked his Fifth Amendment
privilege on direct examination, when the prosecution began asking him about
the crimes at issue, and Johnson’s lawyer declined to conduct any cross-
examination. Johnson’s reliance on Soto is therefore unavailing.
12
similar background questions posed by Johnson’s counsel. Thus, we
cannot say that an attempt to cross-examine Slayton would have
been futile. Johnson’s enumeration therefore fails.
3. As an alternative to his confrontation claim, Johnson
contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because,
he says, his trial lawyer failed to obtain a proper ruling on his motion
to strike, did not otherwise attempt to exclude Slayton’s testimony,
and did not attempt to cross-examine Slayton about the testimony
he already had given. Johnson’s claims, however, fail.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a
defendant generally must show that counsel’s performance was
constitutionally deficient and that the deficient performance
resulted in prejudice to the defendant. See Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-695 (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674)
(1984); Wesley v. State, 286 Ga. 355, 356 (689 SE2d 280) (2010). To
satisfy the deficiency prong, a defendant must demonstrate that his
attorney “performed at trial in an objectively unreasonable way
considering all the circumstances and in the light of prevailing
13
professional norms.” Romer v. State, 293 Ga. 339, 344 (745 SE2d
637) (2013); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-688. This requires
a defendant to overcome the “strong presumption” that trial
counsel’s performance was adequate. Marshall v. State, 297 Ga.
445, 448 (774 SE2d 675) (2015) (citation and punctuation omitted).
To carry the burden of overcoming this presumption, a defendant
“must show that no reasonable lawyer would have done what his
lawyer did, or would have failed to do what his lawyer did not.”
Davis v. State, 299 Ga. 180, 183 (787 SE2d 221) (2016). “In
particular, decisions regarding trial tactics and strategy may form
the basis for an ineffectiveness claim only if they were so patently
unreasonable that no competent attorney would have followed such
a course.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted). To satisfy the
prejudice prong, a defendant must establish a reasonable
probability that, in the absence of counsel’s deficient performance,
the result of the trial would have been different. Strickland, 466
U.S. at 694. “If an appellant fails to meet his or her burden of
proving either prong of the Strickland test, the reviewing court does
14
not have to examine the other prong.” Lawrence v. State, 286 Ga.
533, 533-534 (690 SE2d 801) (2010).
Here, Johnson has failed to show that his trial counsel
performed deficiently in declining to cross-examine Slayton. To
begin, Johnson did not call his trial lawyer to testify at the hearing
on his motion for new trial, and we have stated that, where “trial
counsel does not testify at the motion for new trial hearing, it is
extremely difficult to overcome the presumption that counsel’s
conduct resulted from reasonable trial strategy.” Charleston v.
State, 292 Ga. 678, 684 (743 SE2d 1) (2013) (citation and
punctuation omitted). Johnson does not explain, and the record does
not show, how cross-examination would have been particularly
helpful to him—especially given that much of Slayton’s testimony
pertained only to background information and did not delve into the
crimes at issue. Indeed, cross-examination might have produced
more background evidence linking Johnson to his accomplices, or it
might have led Slayton to reconsider his invocation of the Fifth
Amendment and could have opened the door to the prosecutor
15
asking about the charged crimes on redirect examination. Johnson’s
counsel reasonably could have viewed Slayton’s refusal to testify as
a benefit counsel did not want to risk undermining. Thus, Johnson
has not overcome the presumption that his lawyer’s decision not to
cross-examine Slayton was reasonable trial strategy. See Sullivan
v. State, 301 Ga. 37, 41 (799 SE2d 163) (2017) (“[A] matter such as
the cross-examination of a witness is most often grounded in matters
of trial tactics and strategy and, in those instances, provides no basis
for finding counsel’s performance deficient.”) (citation and
punctuation omitted); Lawrence, 286 Ga. at 534 (“[T]rial counsel’s
decision not to cross-examine certain State’s witnesses was
reasonable trial strategy and did not amount to ineffective
assistance.”).
Moreover, Johnson’s trial counsel was not deficient for not
pursuing the motion to strike Slayton’s testimony. Because defense
counsel received an opportunity to cross-examine Slayton but made
a strategic decision not to do so, an attempt to exclude Slayton’s
testimony would have been meritless. See Evans v. State, 306 Ga.
16403, 409 (831 SE2d 818) (2019) (“[T]rial counsel cannot be deficient
for failing to file a meritless motion . . . .”); Hampton v. State, 295
Ga. 665, 670 (763 SE2d 467) (2014) (“[T]he failure to make a
meritless motion or objection does not provide a basis upon which to
find ineffective assistance of counsel.”).
Johnson further contends that his counsel at least could have
attempted to cross-examine Slayton, and if Slayton had refused to
testify, then counsel could have renewed the motion to strike, which
the trial court would have granted. As mentioned above, however,
it was reasonable trial strategy for Johnson’s counsel to leave
Slayton’s testimony as it was, rather than to risk eliciting
additional, potentially damaging testimony. And even if trial
counsel rendered deficient performance by neglecting to confirm
with Slayton whether he would agree to cross-examination, Johnson
has failed to show prejudice under Strickland; he has offered no
evidence—only pure speculation—that Slayton would have refused
to testify on cross-examination. See Baker v. State, 293 Ga. 811, 815
(750 SE2d 137) (2013) (to show Strickland prejudice, appellant “was
17
required to offer more than mere speculation that, absent the
counsel’s alleged errors, a different result probably would have
occurred at trial”) (citation and punctuation omitted); Whitus v.
State, 287 Ga. 801, 805 (700 SE2d 377) (2010) (“Speculation is
insufficient to satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland.”) (citation
and punctuation omitted). Accordingly, Johnson has failed to
establish that he was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel
with regard to Slayton’s testimony.
4. Johnson also contends, in several enumerations of error,
that the trial court erred when it admitted certain evidence obtained
from a search of his cell phone. The record shows that, after the
Ingles robbery, Johnson voluntarily came to the police station for an
interview, which began shortly after midnight on September 6.
While Johnson—who was not under arrest at that point—was in the
interrogation room, the interviewing officer observed Johnson
receiving calls or text messages on his iPhone, so the officer asked
to see the phone. Johnson handed the phone to the officer, who saw
that someone named “Tye” was contacting Johnson. At one point,
18
the officer took the iPhone outside the interrogation room and looked
at the recent-call log and contact list. Johnson initially had been
treated as a victim, but officers began to suspect that he actually
was a participant in the robbery based on his calm demeanor (as
compared to Turpin’s) and certain inconsistencies in his statements.
Eventually, at 9:40 a.m., another officer obtained a search warrant
for Johnson’s phone.
Before trial, Johnson filed a motion to suppress all evidence
derived from his phone, claiming that the pre-warrant search and
seizure of his phone during interrogation was illegal and that the
warrant itself was invalid because it was issued based on
information recovered from the warrantless search of the phone.
After a hearing, the trial court granted Johnson’s motion in part,
suppressing “all information and data obtained from Johnson’s
iPhone prior to 9:40 a.m. on September 6, 2010”—i.e., all
information obtained from the phone before a search warrant was
issued—prohibiting the State “from presenting any witness
testimony discussing any of the phone numbers or other data
19
appearing on Johnson’s iPhone that was collected prior to 9:40 a.m.”
The trial court also determined, however, that because the search
warrant for the phone was valid, it was not the “fruit of the
poisonous tree.” Thus, the trial court denied Johnson’s motion to
suppress evidence recovered from the post-warrant search of the
phone.
At trial, the State presented evidence—over Johnson’s
objection—that Adside was contacting Johnson’s phone repeatedly
after the Ingles robbery and that, in the afternoon following the
robbery, officers used Adside’s number to track Adside’s phone to the
Mall of Georgia, where Adside and two other people (Jackson and
McMillan) were arrested as they entered Johnson’s car. Johnson
raises three claims of error pertaining to this evidence.
(a) First, Johnson argues that the trial court should have
excluded testimony that Adside had called Johnson repeatedly after
the Ingles robbery because, Johnson says, the trial court previously
ruled that this evidence was inadmissible because it was obtained
from a pre-warrant search of his phone. We disagree. Although the
20
trial court suppressed the evidence obtained from the pre-warrant
search of Johnson’s phone, the court declined to suppress any
evidence retrieved from the phone after the issuance of the search
warrant. The court also found that Adside’s phone number was
obtained from a forensic analysis of the phone after the search
warrant was issued, and this finding is supported by the
investigating officers’ testimony. See State v. Gates, 308 Ga. 238,
250 (840 SE2d 437) (2020) (“We review the trial court’s findings of
fact under the clearly erroneous standard, meaning that we uphold
a factual finding if there is any evidence in the record to support it.”).
See also Douglas v. State, 303 Ga. 178, 181 (811 SE2d 337) (2018).
Because the evidence about which Johnson complains was derived
from a post-warrant search of the phone, its admission did not
violate the trial court’s suppression order.
(b) Johnson further challenges the validity of the search
warrant itself, contending that there was no probable cause to issue
the warrant for his phone. Specifically, Johnson argues that the
affidavit used to obtain the warrant failed to specify with
21
particularity the items to be searched, failed to allege a sufficient
connection between the phone and the crimes at issue, and
improperly relied on tainted information obtained during the illegal
search of the phone. We again disagree.
To determine whether probable cause exists to issue a search
warrant, the task of the magistrate judge evaluating an application
for a search warrant “is simply to make a practical, common-sense
decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the
affidavit before him, . . . there is a fair probability that contraband
or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” State v.
Palmer, 285 Ga. 75, 77 (673 SE2d 237) (2009) (citation and
punctuation omitted). On appellate review, our duty “is to
determine if the magistrate had a ‘substantial basis’ for concluding
that probable cause existed to issue the search warrant.” Id. at 78(citation and punctuation omitted). Moreover, “a magistrate’s
decision to issue a search warrant based on a finding of probable
cause is entitled to substantial deference by a reviewing court.”
22
Glispie v. State, 300 Ga. 128, 132 (793 SE2d 381) (2016) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
Here, the affidavit used to apply for the warrant for Johnson’s
phone described the applying officer’s training and experience in law
enforcement; recited the facts of the Ingles robbery, including a
description of Johnson’s actions suggesting that he opened the
store’s security door to allow the other perpetrators inside; and
stated that a “black in color I-phone 8gb” was found in Johnson’s
possession at the time of the incident. The affidavit further stated
that,
[d]ue to variations in [Johnson’s] account of the events of
September 4, and 5, 2010 as compared to the statements
of other witnesses, the inconsistencies in his statements
regarding [the meeting at the Waffle House near Ingles],
the violation of store policy, and his presence inside the
store at the time of David Casto’s death, Affiant has
probable cause to believe that [Johnson] caused the death
of David Casto.
The affidavit concluded that, “[b]ased on your Affiants [sic] training,
knowledge and experience in the field of cellular phone forensics
your affiant knows that evidence of Armed Robbery and Murder”
23
may be revealed by a search of the phone. Among other things, the
warrant application sought “all evidence of Armed Robbery and
Murder recovered from the aforementioned I-phone,” including
“contact lists, call histories,” and “any other data stored on the
phone.”
Given all of this, we conclude that the officer’s affidavit
provided a “substantial basis” for the magistrate to determine that
probable cause existed for the issuance of a warrant for Johnson’s
phone. See Palmer, 285 Ga. at 77. The affidavit described with
sufficient particularity the phone to be seized and the data to be
collected from that phone, which was limited to evidence of armed
robbery and murder. See Rickman v. State, 309 Ga. 38, 42 (842
SE2d 289) (2020) (search warrants did not lack sufficient
particularity where, “read as a whole,” they “limited the search of
the contents of [defendant]’s cell phones to items reasonably
appearing to be connected to [victim]’s murder”); Westbrook v. State,
308 Ga. 92, 98 (839 SE2d 620) (2020) (“[T]he use of the phrase
“electronic data” was specific enough to enable a prudent officer to
24
know to look for photographs and videos stored on [defendant]’s cell
phone.”); Reaves v. State, 284 Ga. 181, 185 (664 SE2d 211) (2008) (a
warrant authorizing a search “for specified items of potential
evidence, as well as for ‘other related items to the crime of murder’
or for ‘any other fruits of the crime of murder,’ is sufficiently
particular and does not authorize a general search in violation of the
Fourth Amendment”) (citations omitted). See also Hourin v. State,
301 Ga. 835, 844 (804 SE2d 388) (2017) (“The degree of the
description’s specificity [in the search warrant] is flexible and will
vary with the circumstances involved.”) (citation and punctuation
omitted). The affidavit also alleged a sufficient connection between
the phone and the crimes at issue. The facts laid out in the affidavit
showed that several people were involved in the robbery and that
Johnson helped the robbers enter the store through the back door.
It was reasonable to infer from these facts that Johnson likely used
his phone to communicate with the other perpetrators. See Taylor
v. State, 303 Ga. 57, 61 (810 SE2d 113) (2018) (“[A] magistrate may
draw ‘reasonable inferences . . . from the material supplied to him
25
by applicants for a warrant.’”) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S.
213, 240 (103 SCt 2317, 76 LE2d 527) (1983)); Glispie, 300 Ga. at
133 (“In light of the facts and circumstances detailed in the search
warrant application, it was reasonable for the magistrate to infer
that the cell phones in [defendant]’s possession at the time of his
arrest were used as communicative devices with third parties for
drug deals.”).
Finally, nothing in the affidavit references the information
derived from the pre-warrant search of Johnson’s phone, and so the
trial court properly concluded that the evidence obtained pursuant
to the warrant was not, as Johnson claims, the “fruit of the
poisonous tree.” See Reaves, 284 Ga. at 183 (search warrants were
not tainted by an earlier, warrantless search because “no
information obtained during a warrantless search was used to
obtain the warrants”). See also United States v. Barron-Soto, 820
F3d 409, 415-416 (11th Cir. 2016) (evidence derived from
defendants’ cell phones was admissible because, although the initial
search of the phones was illegal, officers later obtained a warrant for
26
the phones without relying on any information learned during the
illegal search). Because the warrant for Johnson’s phone was
sufficiently particularized and supported by probable cause without
the use of tainted evidence, the trial court did not err in denying
Johnson’s motion to suppress on this ground.
(c) Johnson also contends that the trial court erred in failing to
suppress “cell site location data” pertaining to Adside’s phone, given
that Adside’s phone number was found on Johnson’s phone. In its
suppression order, the trial court made the following finding of fact:
Investigator Strano . . . faxed a Mandatory Information
for Exigent Circumstances Request to Sprint’s Legal
Compliance department making an “exigent
circumstances request” for [Adside’s phone number]. The
request, which Strano made at 9:34 a.m., failed to state a
specific exigent description to support the request. The
request sought the following information: subscriber
information; call detail records with cell site information;
and precision location of mobile device (GPS location).
(Emphasis supplied.) The trial court did not expressly rule on the
admissibility of the cell site location data, but noted that “Johnson
can claim no privacy interest in a cell phone number that was not
registered or used by him.” See Hampton v. State, 295 Ga. 665, 669
27
(763 SE2d 467) (2014) (“[R]ights under the Fourth Amendment are
personal, and in order to challenge the validity of a government
search an individual must actually enjoy the reasonable expectation
of privacy, that is, the individual must have standing.”). On appeal,
Johnson argues that Adside’s cell site location data should have been
suppressed because it was derived from an illegal search of
Johnson’s phone. He reasons that the cell site data was requested
from Sprint at 9:34 a.m., before Adside’s phone number was legally
obtained from Johnson’s phone based on the 9:40 a.m. search
warrant.
Johnson’s claim fails because, even if he could show that the
trial court erred in this regard, any such error was harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt. See Ensslin v. State, 308 Ga. 462, 471 (841 SE2d
676) (2020) (an error of constitutional magnitude “may be deemed
harmless if the State can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
error did not contribute to the verdict”) (citation and punctuation
omitted). The only evidence introduced at trial relating to Adside’s
cell site location data was that officers “pinged” Adside’s number on
28
the day after the Ingles robbery and tracked his location from
McMillan’s house to the Mall of Georgia, where he was arrested.
Johnson did not dispute that information at trial and it did little, if
anything, to incriminate Johnson. We thus see “no reasonable
possibility that th[is] evidence may have contributed to the verdict,”
Ramirez v. State, 279 Ga. 569, 575 (619 SE2d 668) (2005) (even if
the trial court erred in admitting evidence obtained as a result of
improper seizure, any such error was “harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt” because the evidence did not pertain to a disputed issue at
trial), and Johnson’s contention therefore fails. See also Hill v.
State, __ Ga. __ (850 SE2d 110, 119-120) (2020) (admission of cell
site location data, even if erroneous, was harmless error).
5. Johnson contends that the trial court erred when it failed to
suppress the evidence gathered from a search of his house at 3555
Ballybandon Court and a search of his car—a black Nissan Altima.
The house and car were searched using separate warrants, and
these searches yielded incriminating evidence that was introduced
at trial. Johnson argues that the affidavit supporting the warrant
29
for his house contained no facts to show that he lived at the
residence, and that the warrant affidavit for his car failed to show
that he owned the car. We are not persuaded.
The warrant affidavit for Johnson’s home stated that, during a
police interview, Johnson eventually admitted to being involved in
the Ingles, Waffle House, and Chevron robberies, and that “the
clothing worn by him during the Chevron and Waffle House Armed
Robberies would be located in his residence . . . .” The affidavit
further stated that, on September 6, 2010, the affiant “conducted a
drive by of 3555 Ballybandon Court . . . . This is the residence of
Sherod Johnson.”
The search warrant affidavit for Johnson’s car likewise
recounted his confession, including his admission that “he gave the
shotgun” to Adside, that Johnson “loaned his vehicle” to Adside, that
Adside drove Johnson to Ingles, and that Adside used the vehicle “in
the commission of the crime.” Further, according to the affidavit,
Johnson identified Adside and Jackson as among his co-conspirators
“involved in the Armed Robberies” and that Johnson “believes that
30
[Adside] is in possession of his vehicle.” Moreover, the affidavit
indicated that, right before Adside and Jackson were arrested at the
mall, “[t]hey entered a 2005 Nissan Altima . . . Georgia registration
BJU4394 and [VIN number] registered to Zora Johnson,” and “a
large sum of currency was found in their possession.”
We conclude that the affidavits contained sufficient
information to give the magistrate probable cause to conclude that
items related to the robberies would be found at 3555 Ballybandon
Court and in the Nissan Altima. See Taylor, 303 Ga. at 62 (the
magistrate, “making a practical and common-sense decision, was
entitled to infer that there was a ‘fair probability’” that defendant
lived at the address listed in the warrant application); Carter v.
State, 283 Ga. 76, 77 (656 SE2d 524) (2008) (the “test for probable
cause is not hypertechnical,” but “must be based on the factual and
practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and
prudent” people act) (citations and punctuation omitted). Because
the search warrants for Johnson’s house and car were supported by
31
probable cause, the trial court did not err in denying Johnson’s
motion to suppress the evidence found using those warrants.
Judgment affirmed. Melton, C. J., Nahmias, P. J., and Boggs,
Peterson, Bethel, Ellington, and McMillian, JJ., concur.
32