DocketNumber: A15A2303, A15A2304
Citation Numbers: 336 Ga. App. 843, 783 S.E.2d 480
Judges: Dillard, Ellington, Phipps, Ray, McMillian, Barnes, McFadden
Filed Date: 3/30/2016
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 11/8/2024
In Case No. A15A2303, E. Kendrick Smith, an attorney, appeals the trial court’s dismissal, after a bench trial, of his action to compel Northside Hospital, Inc. and its parent company, Northside Health Services, Inc. (collectively, “Northside”), to provide him with access to certain documents in response to his request under the Georgia Open Records Act (“GORA” or “the Act”).
[rjecent developments and opportunities affecting the ability of the [h]ospital to remain competitive and to enhance its position as a principal provider of specialty healthcare services . . . reinforced the importance of restructuring to the long term competitive position of the [h]ospital.
Based on the foregoing assessments, the Authority created Northside Hospital, Inc., a private, nonprofit corporation, and on November 1, 1991, it executed a lease and transfer agreement with the newly formed entity to facilitate the restructuring.
Relevant to the instant dispute, between 2011 and 2013, North-side entered into transactions to acquire four privately owned physician groups: Atlanta Cancer Care (“ACC”), Georgia Cancer Specialists (“GCS”), Atlanta Gastroenterology Associates (“AGA”), and Atlanta Surgery Center, Ltd. (“ASC”) (collectively, “the acquisitions”). In 2013, after learning of these transactions, Smith, a partner at an Atlanta law firm, sent a letter to Northside and the Authority, entitled “Open Records Request,” seeking access to financial statements and other documents related to the acquisitions. Specifically, the letter identified 15 different categories of requested documents related to each acquisition, including, for example, “[a]ll contracts, agreements, instruments, or other documents by which the [acquisition was effected in whole or in part”; “any indemnification agreements and any agreements concerning the management or operation ... of any medical or healthcare practice acquired...”; documents that “constitute, evidence or reflect any consideration, compensation, or remuneration of any type provided by or on behalf of [Northside]”; and “[a]ll documents that constitute, evidence, or reflect any strategic plan or business forecast for assets, membership interests, or any other property or interest acquired in the [a]cquisition” for the 24 months preceding the acquisition.
In a letter dated October 14, 2013, the Authority responded to Smith, informing him that it did not possess any records or documents that were responsive to his request.
Subsequently, on November 15, 2013, Smith filed a complaint against Northside, requesting that the trial court compel Northside to comply with his GORA request. Northside answered and asserted a counterclaim, alleging that Smith brought this action in bad faith on behalf of one or more of his corporate clients that are competitors of Northside.
Discovery continued and, approximately one year into the litigation, three of the private practices that Northside acquired — AGA, ACC, and GCS — moved to intervene in the case to protect their own interests in keeping the requested documents confidential. AGA and ACC sought to intervene as defendants, and GCS sought to intervene as a third-party plaintiff to file a petition for declaratory relief. After a hearing on the matter, the trial court granted their motions.
Following protracted litigation, the case ultimately proceeded to a bench trial, which was bifurcated to resolve the two dispositive issues before the trial court: (1) whether the documents in question were “public records” under GORA; and (2) if so, whether the records contained exempt trade secrets. After Smith presented his evidence as to the first issue, Northside and the intervenors moved for an
Case No. A15A2303
1. Smith first argues that the trial court erred in finding that Northside’s records concerning its acquisition of the four physician practices are not “public records” subject to GORA. We disagree.
At the outset, we note that on appellate review of a bench trial, the factual findings shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and “due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.”
As previously mentioned, Smith argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his case because Northside, even though it is a private entity, is subject to GORA. In doing so, he essentially contends that all
In considering the merits of Smith’s appeal, we begin, as we must, with the applicable statutory text of GORA,
all documents, .papers, letters, maps, books, tapes, photographs, computer based or generated information, data, data fields, or similar material prepared and maintained or received by an agency or by a private person or entity in the performance of a service or function for or on behalf of an agency or when such documents have been transferred to a private person or entity by an agency for storage or future governmental use.16
As we have recognized, GORA was “enacted in the public interest to protect the public from ‘closed door’ politics and the potential abuse of individuals and misuse of power such policies entail.”
In the case sub judice, contrary to Smith’s contention, the trial court did not dismiss this case based on a general determination that Northside was not subject to the Act at all. Instead, the court simply found that Smith presented no evidence that Northside entered into or performed any of the four transactions at issue on behalf of the Authority or exercised any of the Authority’s powers when doing so. Without question, the plain language of GORA, set forth supra, provides that documents or records “prepared and maintained or received by” a private entity (such as Northside) “in the performance of a service or function for or on behalf of” a public agency are subject to the Act.
In executing the lease, the Authority retained only four specified powers: (1) to prepare and adopt an annual budget for the Authority and to conduct a yearly audit; (2) to file certain reports required by law regarding the Authority’s activities; (3) to cooperate with North-side and to use its best efforts to issue revenue anticipation certificates or other evidence of indebtedness in accordance with the Agreement; and (4) to enter contracts with government agencies to obtain funds and to receive funds and grants from same for the maintenance and operation of the hospital or to provide medical care to indigent persons and for other public health purposes. And not long after the lease was executed, in February 1992, the Authority also amended its bylaws to “clarify the fact that there ha[d] been a change in the Authority and that [it] no longer ha[d] responsibility for hospital operations.” An Authority representative further indicated that the amendment was “needed to accurately reflect the Authority’s actual role and avoid confusion” caused by both the Authority and Northside’s bylaws “stating the same function.”
As to the specific acquisitions at hand, the evidence showed that the Authority had no involvement whatsoever in those transactions. Specifically, the Authority’s chairman testified that, although the Authority owns the assets that it leased to Northside, it does not control the hospital’s operations, and to his knowledge, the Authority has never instructed Northside to enter into any transactions. According to the chairman, the lease made “very clear” that Northside operates the hospital for its own purpose. He further explained that, although Northside and the Authority have a “friendly’ and “cooperative” relationship, there is a “clear separation” between the two entities. As to the transactions at issue, the chairman testified that the Authority never requested that Northside acquire the physician practices, nor did it approve of those acquisitions in advance. In fact, the chairman did not even know about Northside’s acquisitions until he read about them in the newspaper.
Similarly, Northside’s director of finance and system controller, who was the Northside representative who had the most “direct and regular interaction” with the Authority, testified that the Authority had no involvement in the acquisitions and that Northside did not seek guidance from the Authority before negotiating and executing those transactions. In fact, she testified that “approval and direction is never sought from the Authority,” and Northside never received support, financial or otherwise, from the Authority with respect to the acquisitions. The finance director knew “exactly what funds are used
Representatives from the intervenors, who were directly involved in negotiating the transactions with Northside, also testified to the Authority’s complete lack of involvement in the negotiation process. For example, the president of GCS testified that GCS negotiated solely with Northside, which it knew to be a private entity, and that he had no interaction whatsoever with the Authority in connection with the transaction. He further testified that GCS required North-side to sign a confidentiality agreement due to its concerns over providing Northside with sensitive information, and if GCS had known that the records it transferred to Northside would be provided to the Authority, GCS “probably would not have” entered into the transaction.
Likewise, the practice administrator of AGA testified that AGA provided “competitively sensitive and confidential” documents to Northside, and she was “stunned” when she learned of Smith’s GORA request. Because AGA was not aware of any public entity that participated in the transaction, it was also unaware that it could be subject to the Act. Not only was the Authority not involved during the negotiations, but AGA’s practice administrator had never even heard of the Authority before this lawsuit. As with GCS, AGA “might not have entered into the transaction at all” if it knew that the documents it provided to Northside could be subject to a GORA request. Lastly, the chief executive officer of ACC also testified that the Authority was never involved in the negotiations between ACC and Northside, and that ACC was “surprised” when it learned of Smith’s GORA request because it was dealing only with a private entity.
Ultimately, in granting Northside and the Intervenors’ renewed motion for an involuntary dismissal, the trial court found that Smith had presented no evidence that Northside acquired any of the four private physician practices on behalf of the Authority or that the Authority discussed in advance, requested, approved, or authorized Northside to enter into those transactions. In arguing that the trial court erred in finding that the requested documents are not “public documents,” Smith primarily relies on Northwest Georgia Health System, Inc. v. Times-Journal, Inc.,
In Northwest Georgia Health System, a private entity’s subsidiary hospital corporations contractually agreed to operate public hospital authority assets “for the public good” and the private entity’s statement of corporate purpose was, in part, “to operate those assets for the benefit of and performing the function of . . . several public hospital authorities.”
Furthermore, in Webb, unlike the instant case, the requested documents of the private entities remained in the “possession and control” of the hospital authority.
In support of its position that Northside was acting on behalf of the Authority in entering the four private transactions at issue, the dissent relies on our decision in United HealthCare of Georgia, Inc. v.
The only evidence that Smith relies on to show the Authority’s “involvement” in the acquisitions is evidence that Northside’s chief financial officer also serves as the Authority’s treasurer, Northside’s chief legal services officer is also the Authority’s secretary, and four members of the Authority also sit on Northside’s board. However, he identifies no specific involvement of any of these individuals in their capacity as a member of the Authority with respect to Northside’s acquisitions. Smith contends that the Authority’s secretary, as North-side’s chief legal services officer, “personally maintains the requested acquisition records.” But the evidence presented below also showed that there was no relationship or overlap between her duties and responsibilities as the Authority’s secretary, a voluntary position, and her duties and responsibilities as a Northside employee. In addition, the Authority’s treasurer testified that she had been “told” that she was its treasurer, but she had “never been asked to do anything for the Authority.” To the extent that this testimony created a conflict in the evidence, we must view the evidence in favor of the trial court’s ruling.
In the case most analogous to this one, Corp. of Mercer University v. Barrett & Farahany, LLP,
Here, not only did the Authority never expressly request that Northside make the acquisitions on its behalf, the Authority was not even aware of the acquisitions until after they were completed. Moreover, the me fact that Northside’s healthcare operations and services may provide an indirect public benefit does not convert its private documents into public records absent any evidence that the documents relate to Northside’s performance of a specific function on the Authority’s behalf.
In sum, Smith seeks documents related to commercial transactions between private entities, which the Authority had no knowledge, interest, or involvement in to any degree. Indeed, these acquisitions were negotiated and executed solely by Northside for its own private purposes, and it did not seek the Authority’s approval or even inform the Authority of its plans in advance. Moreover, Smith presented no evidence that any public officials participated in the negotiations, and it was undisputed that no public funds were used to
2. Smith also argues that the trial court erred in ordering a separate trial to determine whether the requested documents were exempt from GORA as trade secrets. However, given our holding in Division 1 supra (i.e., that the trial court properly dismissed Smith’s case because the requested documents are not “public records” within the meaning of the Act), the issue of whether the documents qualified for the trade-secrets exemption is moot.
Case No. A15A2304
3. In its cross-appeal, Northside argues that the trial court erred in precluding it from seeking information regarding the identity of the corporate client or clients for whom Smith initiated this action and the motive for doing so. However, given our holding in the
For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Smith’s GORA action in Case No. A15A2303, andinCase No. A15A2304, we dismiss Northside’s cross-appeal as moot.
Judgment affirmed in Case No. A15A2303. Appeal dismissed as moot in Case No. A15A2304.
See OCGA § 50-18-70 et seq.
To the extent that there are any disputed facts in this case, we note that, “[i]n reviewing a judgment entered in a bench trial, we construe the evidence in favor of the judgment and the court’s factual findings will not be disturbed when supported by any evidence.” Callahan v. Hall, 302 Ga. App. 886, 887 (691 SE2d 918) (2010) (punctuation omitted). We further note that the first eight pages of the “Statement of Material Facts” in Smith’s appellate brief include only a single record citation, which is in a footnote and merely references an amicus brief from an unrelated case. The burden, of course, is on “the party alleging error to show it affirmatively by the record[,] [and] [w]hen the burden is not met, the judgment complained of is assumed to be correct and must be affirmed.” Fleming v. Advanced Stores Co., 301 Ga.App. 734, 736 (688 SE2d 414) (2009) (punctuation omitted); see also Court of Appeals Rule 25 (c) (2) (i). Further, to the extent that any of Smith’s alleged “material facts” in this portion of his brief are supported by the more than 7,000 pages of record, we take this opportunity to remind him that “it is not the function of this Court to cull the record on behalf of a party in search of instances of error.” Fortson v. Brown, 302 Ga. App. 89, 90 (1) (690 SE2d 239) (2010) (punctuation omitted).
See OCGA § 31-7-70 et seq.
The lease noted that the Authority’srestrueturingplanwasauthorizedbyOCGA § 31-7-70 et seq. and the Supreme Court of Georgia’s decision in Richmond County Hosp. Auth. v. Richmond County, 255 Ga. 183 (336 SE2d 562) (1985). Private hospitals such as Northside created under similar restructuring plans by government entities are sometimes referred to in
Smith has never disputed that the Authority did not possess any of the requested documents.
Northside also filed a motion to dismiss the case on the basis that Smith was not the real party in interest, but the trial court denied the motion, noting that the language of the GORA allows “any person, firm, corporation or other entity’ to bring an action in superior court to enforce compliance with its provisions. See OCGA § 50-18-70.
Brock Built, LLC v. Blake, 316 Ga. App. 710, 712 (730 SE2d 180) (2012) (punctuation omitted).
Id. (punctuation omitted).
Washington v. Harrison, 299 Ga. App. 335, 336 (682 SE2d 679) (2009).
Ivey v. Ivey, 266 Ga. 143, 144 (1) (465 SE2d 434) (1996); accord Smith v. Ga. Kaolin Co., 269 Ga. 475, 476 (1) (498 SE2d 266) (1998).
Ivey, 266 Ga. at 144 (1) (punctuation omitted); see also Smith, 269 Ga. at 476 (1).
Ivey, 266 Ga. at 144 (1) (citation and punctuation omitted); accord Smith, 269 Ga. at 476 (1).
See In the Interest of L. T., 325 Ga.App. 590, 591 (754 SE2d 380) (2014) (“[I]n considering this question of statutory interpretation, we necessarily begin our analysis with familiar and binding canons of construction.” (punctuation omitted)); accord Martinez v. State, 325 Ga. App. 267, 273 (2) (750 SE2d 504) (2013).
OCGA § 50-18-71 (a).
Napper v. Ga. Television Co., 257 Ga. 156, 160 (a) (356 SE2d 640) (1987); accord Nw. Ga. Health Sys., Inc. v. Times Journal, Inc., 218 Ga.App. 336, 338 (1) (461 SE2d 297) (1995); see also United Healthcare of Ga., Inc. v. Ga. Dep’t of Cmty. Health, 293 Ga.App. 84, 87 (666 SE2d 472) (2008).
OCGA § 50-18-70 (b) (2) (emphasis supplied). We note that, here, it is undisputed that the Authority is a public “agency”’ within the meaning of the Act and that Northside is a private, nonprofit corporation. See Cox Enterprises, Inc. v. Carroll City/Cty. Hosp. Auth., 247 Ga. 39, 45-46 (273 SE2d 841) (1981) (determining that a city/county hospital authority is a “governmental entity”); Griffin-Spalding Cty. Hosp. Auth. v. Radio Station WKEU, 240 Ga. 444, 445 (1) (241 SE2d 196) (1978) (noting that “the ‘hospital authority’s law’ describes [a county hospital] authority as a public corporation”).
United Healthcare of Ga., Inc., 293 Ga. App. at 86 (punctuation omitted); see also Wallace v. Greene Cty., 274 Ga. App. 776, 782 (2) (618 SE2d 642) (2005).
United HealthCare of Ga., Inc., 293 Ga. App. at 86 (punctuation omitted); accord Wallace, 274 Ga. App. at 782 (2).
United Healthcare of Ga., Inc., 293 Ga. App. at 86-87 (punctuation omitted); accord Corp. of Mercer Univ. v. Barrett & Farahany, LLP, 271 Ga. App. 501, 503 (1) (a) (610 SE2d 138) (2005), superseded by statute on other grounds; see also Evans v. Ga. Bureau of Investigation, 297 Ga. 318, 319 (773 SE2d 725) (2015) (“[A]lthough exemptions from disclosure under the Open Records Act are narrowly construed, the Act obviously should not be construed in derogation of its express terms.” (punctuation omitted)).
OCGA § 50-18-70 (b) (2). The dissent contends that our opinion holds that Northside is not the vehicle through which the Authority carries out its official duties, suggesting that our conclusion is that Northside is not subject to GORA. This is a mischaracterization of our holding. Instead, we have simply noted that, under the plain terms of the Act, records of any private entity may be subject to GORA to the extent that the particular records requested meet the criteria of OCGA § 50-18-70 (b) (2). As explained supra, in considering whether specific requested documents are subject to the Act, our first task is to determine whether those particular documents are “public.” See supra footnote 15 & accompanying text. The dissent would render this analytical step meaningless by holding that all of a Richmond hospital’s documents are public merely because it is generally subject to GORA. But this would effectively (and impermissibly) transform Northside into a public entity for the purposes of GORA. Suffice it to say, there is nothing in the text or structure of GORAremotely supporting such a sweeping construction of the statute. See supra footnote 19 & accompanying text.
See OCGA § 50-18-70 (b) (2) (providing that “public recordfs]” include those “prepared and maintained or received ... by a private person or entity in the performance of a service or function for or on behalf of an agency...”); see also Hackworth v. Bd. of Educ. for City of Atlanta, 214 Ga. App. 17, 19-20 (1) (a) (447 SE2d 78) (1994) (“Because of the statutory definition, our focus in cases under the Act is necessarily not on the actor but on the particular, discrete
The only witness at trial who was a member of the Authority at the time when the 1991 lease-transfer agreement was executed testified that the primary reason for the restructuring was to make the hospital more competitive. He explained that, as a government agency, the Authority could not expand its facilities outside of Fulton County, “could not enter into private
As noted hy the dissent, the lease-transfer agreement provides that one of the purposes of the agreement is to promote the public-health needs of the community in various ways. And the agreement also granted Northside the ability to transact business “in connection with the Leased Facilities,” as well as to “stand in the place of the Authority’ to perform any function that the Authority could legally perform. But given Northside’s exclusive control over hospital operations and its ability to also act for its own purposes, we are unpersuaded that the lease-transfer agreement established, as the dissent suggests, that any action ever taken by Northside is necessarily taken on the Authority’s behalf. In any event, regardless of the provisions of the lease-transfer agreement, GORA plainly provides that Northside’s documents may only be rendered public if they actually are maintained or received on behalf of a public entity. See OCGA § 50-18-70 (b) (2). As discussed more fully infra, there is no evidence in this case that Northside entered the four specific transactions at issue on the Authority’s behalf or at its direction.
218 Ga. App. 336 (461 SE2d 297) (1995).
208 Ga. App. 91 (430 SE2d 89) (1993).
Smith also relies heavily throughout his brief on Richmond County Hosp.Auth., 255 Ga. 183, the Supreme Court of Georgia case expressly holding that entering a lease-transfer agreement such as the one in this case is a valid exercise of a hospital authority’s power under the Hospital Authorities Act. See generally id. at 184-92 (l)-(2). However, in Richmond County, the lease-transfer agreement expressly included a requirement that the private entity comply with GORA. See id. at 191 (2) (a). Because the instant case does not involve a challenge to the validity of the lease-transfer agreement, Richmond County is not relevant to the resolution of this appeal.
Nw. Georgia Health System, Inc., 218 Ga. App. at 340 (1).
See id. at 338.
Id. at 340 (1).
See id. The dissent contends that our decision in Northwest Georgia turned on the “overall nature of the relationships between the hospital authorities and the private, nonprofit corporations, not to any particular transactions,” and that a document-by-document analysis is only appropriate in determining whether particular documents are exempt from the Act. However, before we can consider whether particular documents are exempt from the Act, we must first determine whether the documents requested from the private entity may he deemed public, which generally turns on the nature of the transaction. See infra footnote 47 & accompanying text. Unlike this case, in Northwest Georgia there is no indication that the private entity disputed that, if it were subject to the Act, the specific requested documents were public in nature.
See infra footnote 47.
See Webb, 208 Ga. App. at 94 (1).
Id.
Similarly to Northwest Georgia, the defendants in Webb “relied not on the specific content of any requested document to demonstrate its private nature, but rather on the claim that the documents were those of private corporations not subject to the Act.” See Webb, 208 Ga. App. at 95 (1). And the Webb Court noted that the private entities had not provided the requested records to the court, and explained that if the private corporations “intended to rely upon the specific contents of the withheld documents as a defense to production under the Act, they had the burden of producing the records for inspection by the court.” Id. at 94-95 (1) (emphasis supplied). But unlike in those cases, Northside has maintained throughout this entire litigation that the specific documents requested by Smith are not public documents within the meaning of the Act.
See Nw. Ga. Health Sys., Inc., 218 Ga. App. at 340 (1) (“[T]he trial court in the case sub judice was authorized to conclude on the facts before it that [the private entities], as vehicles for public agencies, were subject to the Open Meetings Act, and that the requested documents were ‘public records’ under the Open Records Act.” (punctuation omitted) (emphasis supplied)); Webb, 208 Ga. App. at 95 (1) (“Despite the private status of the corporations, the trial court was authorized to find on the facts before it that they were subject to the Act, and that the requested documents were ‘public records’ under the Act.” (emphasis supplied)).
293 Ga. App. 84 (666 SE2d 472) (2008).
See id. at 84, 87-89 (1).
See id. at 87.
See id. at 88 (1).
See Callahan, 302 Ga. App. at 887.
United States v. Bestfoods, 524 U. S. 51, 70 (IV) (B) (1) n.13 (118 SCt 1876, 141 LE2d 43) (1998); see also Raytheon Constructors, Inc. v. Asarco Inc., 368 F3d 1214, 1217 (II) (10th Cir. 2003) (noting that “dual officers can and do ‘change hats’ to represent . . . two corporations separately’); Lusk v. Foxmeyer Health Corp., 129 F3d 773, 779 (III) (5th Cir. 1997) (noting the well-established principle of corporate law that directors and officers holding positions with a parent company and its subsidiary can and do “change hats” to represent two corporations separately).
271 Ga. App. 501 (610 SE2d 138) (2005), superseded by statute on other grounds.
See id. at 503-04 (1) (a), 505 (1) (b).
Id. at 505 (1) (b).
Id.
See id.
See Corp. of Mercer Univ., 271 Ga. App. at 505 (1) (b) (holding that a private college’s campus police reports were not “public records” when no public office or agency expressly requested that the campus police perform a service or function on its behalf). Cf. Macon Tel. Pub. Co. v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Ga., 256 Ga. 443, 444-45 (350 SE2d 23) (1986) (holding that documents maintained by a private athletic association affiliated with a public university were “public documents” when the president of the university was responsible for controlling the intercollegiate program, the athletic association was used by university officials to carry out that responsibility, and the requested documents were under a university official’s direction and control); United Healthcare of Ga., Inc., 293 Ga. App. at 88 (1) (holding that records of a private entity were “public records” when the relevant actions by that entity involved “current and future expenditure of substantial public funds,” there was “significant” and “active” involvement of public officials, and the private entity was the “vehicle” or “management tool” through which the public agency had chosen to carry out the service or function on its behalf); Cent. Atlanta Progress, Inc. v. Baker, 278 Ga. App. 733, 735-38 (1) (629 SE2d 840) (2006) (holding that documents related to a bid for property by a private company were “public documents” under the Act when the bid was funded by “substantial public resources”; the city’s mayor pledged to use tax allocation proceeds to fund the construction on the property; public officials and employees participated in the preparation and promotion of the bid; the bid was approved by various public officials; and winning the bid was “very important” to the State, City, and County); Hackworth, 214 Ga. App. at 19 (1) (a) (holding that personnel records of school bus drivers, who were employees of a private company that contracted with Atlanta’s Board of Education to provide bussing services, were “public records” when student transportation was a ‘legitimate function” and the responsibility of the Board, the private company was a tool used by the Board to carry out this responsibility, maintaining personnel records regarding the hiring and management of school bus drivers was an “integral part” of the Board’s public functions, and the Board had the right to approve the employment of all drivers or to cause the company to remove them); Webb, 208 Ga. App. at 94 (1) (holding that certain records of private corporations were “public records” when those records remained in possession and control of a hospital authority, and there was a “sufficient basis to conclude that the private corporations functioned under the direction and control of the Authority to implement the Authority’s duty to provide for the public health” (emphasis supplied)).
See Murray v. Ga. Dep’t of Transp., 284 Ga. App. 263, 272 (5) (644 SE2d 290) (2007) (dismissing the appellees’ cross-appeal when the trial court’s judgment in the main appeal was affirmed).