James Lingo v. State

FOURTH DIVISION
DOYLE, P. J.,
MILLER and DILLARD, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
November 12, 2014
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A14A0832. LINGO v. THE STATE. DO-031
DOYLE, Presiding Judge.
James Lingo appeals his conviction for robbery,1 arguing that the trial court
erred by admitting evidence of his gang affiliation. We agree, but nevertheless affirm
because Lingo has failed to establish harm.
On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict and an appellant no longer enjoys the
presumption of innocence. This Court determines whether the evidence
is sufficient under the standard of Jackson v. Virginia,2 and does not
weigh the evidence or determine witness credibility. Any conflicts or
inconsistencies in the evidence are for the jury to resolve. As long as
there is some competent evidence, even though contradicted, to support
1
OCGA §16-8-40 (a) (1).
2
443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
each fact necessary to make out the State’s case, we must uphold the
jury’s verdict.3
So viewed, the record shows that on January 14, 2012, middle schoolers
Richard Dominguez and Donovan Martinez were approached at a Gwinnett County
car wash by three males who asked to borrow a phone. One of the males pointed a
knife at Dominguez and demanded his phone, another grabbed it, and then all three
assailants ran. According to Dominguez, the man with the knife was white, wore a red
and black varsity school jacket and a black baseball cap, had on a ski mask that
covered the bottom half of his face, and had a centimeter long “open” star mark on
his face below his left eye. Dominguez described the other two assailants as black
males wearing gray hooded jackets. Martinez testified that two of the men were black
and the third man, who wielded the knife, was white, wore a black ski mask over his
mouth, a red varsity jacket, and a red hat, and had a star under one of his eyes.
Police showed Dominguez a photographic lineup, which contained a
photograph of Lingo taken before he got his tattoo4; Dominguez was unable to
3
(Citation omitted.) Rankin v. State, 278 Ga. 704, 705 (606 SE2d 269) (2004).
4
At trial, an officer testified that when creating a photographic lineup, police
intentionally either digitally remove distinguishing features, such as visible tattoos,
from a suspect’s photograph or select other individuals for the lineup who have the
2
identify him. At a February 29, 2012 hearing, Dominguez initially identified Lingo,
who was sitting at the defense table, as the white assailant, but clarified that he was
not sure of his identification; at trial, however, Dominguez testified that Lingo was
the white assailant. Martinez identified Lingo at trial as the assailant who wielded a
knife during the robbery.
On January 25, 2012, teenager Patrick Reed was walking through the parking
lot of the Club Lakes apartment complex in Gwinnett County when a male grabbed
him from behind and put him in a choke hold. Another man approached, and the two
began punching Reed, threw him to the ground, and kicked him. One of the men
directed the other to get Reed’s phone and check his pockets. One of the men took
money from Reed, but the assailants fled when someone came out of his or her home
before the assailants could wrestle Reed’s phone from him. According to Reed, the
man who initially grabbed him was white, wore a red hat, red jacket, and green tennis
shoes, and he had a star tattoo under his left eye; the other man was black and wore
a navy blue jacket. A police officer investigating a separate incident in the late
afternoon on January 25, 2012, saw Lingo in the Club Lakes apartment complex
wearing a red jacket and a red baseball cap. Reed was unable to identify the assailants
same feature.
3
from a photograph lineup, but he identified Lingo as one of the assailants in a
subsequent court proceeding in February 2012.
On January 27, 2012, Reed’s sister was driving through the Club Lakes
apartment complex when she saw two men matching the description Reed gave of the
men who assaulted him two days before. After calling Reed and confirming his
description, she called the police, and followed the two men to a nearby market,
where police arrived. Lingo, who was one of the men pointed out by Reed’s sister,
had a small tattoo under his left eye and was wearing red pants, red and black shoes,
and a red Atlanta Braves cap. Lingo’s co-defendant, Ralik Jones, was also present.5
Police searched Lingo’s apartment and found a red and gray sweatshirt;6 green Nike
shoes; a black, white, and red varsity jacket; and a blue and gray jacket.
Lingo was charged with armed robbery and aggravated assault in connection
with the January 12 incident involving Martinez and Dominguez; Lingo and co-
defendant Jones were charged with robbery in connection with the January 25
5
Jones was not tried with Lingo.
6
A police officer testified at trial that Reed stated that the white male who
assaulted him was wearing a red sweatshirt with a gray center.
4
incident involving Reed.7 Lingo made an oral motion in limine before trial to exclude
any evidence regarding his participation in a gang. After hearing argument, the trial
court denied the motion, permitting the State to introduce testimony from an officer
regarding Lingo’s gang membership for the purpose of showing identity, concluding
that the probative value of the evidence outweighed its prejudicial effect.8
During the trial, Investigator Kevin Sipple testified that on May 13, 2010,
Lingo advised that he was a two-star general in the Black P Stone Nation gang and
that the gang’s predominant colors are black and red, with green as an associate color.
Sipple also testified that Lingo’s co-defendant, Jones, was a member of the same
gang, and the gang members all predominantly wore the gang colors.
With regard to the charges involving Martinez and Dominguez, the trial court
directed a verdict of acquittal as to the aggravated assault charge, and the jury found
Lingo not guilty of armed robbery. With regard to the charges involving Reed, the
7
Lingo and Jones were also charged with criminal attempt to commit burglary
of two separate residences on January 27, 2012, but the State entered a nolle prosequi
as to those charges.
8
The trial court instructed the jury that the evidence was admitted for a the sole
purpose of establishing identity.
5
jury found Lingo not guilty of armed robbery, but guilty of robbery,9 and Lingo was
sentenced to twenty years, to serve eight in confinement.
Lingo appeals the denial of his subsequent motion for new trial, arguing that
the trial court erred by admitting the evidence of his gang affiliation. We agree, but
affirm for the reasons that follow.
“As a general rule, admission of evidence is a matter resting within the sound
discretion of the trial court, and appellate courts will not disturb the exercise of that
discretion absent evidence of its abuse.”10
Lingo’s trial began on March 11, 2013, after the effective date of Georgia’s
new Evidence Code, which applies to trials commenced on or after January 1, 2013.
“The new Code adopted, in large measure, the Federal Rules of Evidence, and its
sections are comparable to corresponding federal rules. Because of this similarity, it
is proper that we give consideration and great weight to constructions placed on the
Federal Rules by the federal courts.”11
9
Lingo was tried separately from Jones.
10
(Punctuation omitted.) Williams v. State, ___ Ga. App. ___, ___ (1) (Case
No. A14A0986, decided Aug. 26, 2014).
11
(Footnotes and punctuation omitted.) Jones v. State, 326 Ga. App. 658, 660
(1) (757 SE2d 261) (2014).
6
OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) provides in relevant part:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts shall not be admissible to
prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, including,
but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
“Thus, if the evidence of other acts is relevant for some other purpose than to show
a probability that the defendant committed the crime because he is a man of criminal
character, the evidence is admissible despite incidentally placing the defendant’s
character in issue.”12
The [Eleventh] Circuit utilizes a three-part test for evidence of other
crimes or acts to be admissible pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence
404 (b): (1) it must be relevant to an issue other than defendant’s
character; (2) there must be sufficient proof to enable a jury to find by
a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed the act(s)
in question; and (3) the probative value of the evidence cannot be
substantially outweighed by undue prejudice, and the evidence must
satisfy Federal Rule of Evidence 403.13
12
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Washington v. State, 294 Ga. 560, 563
(2) (755 SE2d 160) (2014).
13
Jones, 324 Ga. App. at 660 (1), citing United States v. Edouard, 485 F3d
1324, 1344 (II) (C) (11th Cir. 2007); United States v. Delgado, 56 F3d 1357, 1365
(III) (B) (11th Cir.1995).
7
OCGA § 24-4-403, which tracks Federal Rule 403, provides that “[r]elevant evidence
may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by considerations
of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
In this case, there was no evidence whatsoever that the robberies were gang-
related. Although gang affiliation may be admissible to show motive,14 that was not
the purpose of the admission of the evidence in this case, and there was no evidence
that Lingo’s gang membership was in any way related to his motive for committing
the crimes. And although the Supreme Court of Georgia and this Court have
previously affirmed the admission of evidence regarding a defendant’s prior gang
affiliation as res gestae,15 here, because the evidence of Lingo’s gang affiliation was
14
See, e.g., Wolfe v. State, 273 Ga. 670, 674 (4) (a) (544 SE2d 148) (2001)
(gang membership was key to the defendant’s motive to commit the crimes, which he
did at the request of gang members and pursuant to gang’s code of conduct, which
required him to participate or to suffer repercussions); Johnson v. State, 277 Ga. App.
499, 507 (4) (627 SE2d 116) (2006) (evidence of defendant’s gang membership was
admissible and “relevant to show how the defendants knew one another, and to
provide a context and motive for the defendants’ joint participation in the robbery”).
15
See, e.g., Corza v. State, 273 Ga. 164, 166 (2) (539 SE2d 149) (2000); Morey
v. State, 312 Ga. App. 678, 684-685 (1) (b) (719 SE2d 504) (2011). Similarly, the
Eleventh Circuit has held that “[e]vidence, not part of the crime charged but
pertaining to the chain of events explaining the context, motive, and set-up of the
crime, is properly admitted if linked in time and circumstances with the charged
8
unrelated to the crimes, it was not res gestae. Moreover, Lingo’s prior gang affiliation
had minimal probative value with regard to identity. The fact that Lingo was wearing
gang colors – red and black – at the time the crimes were committed is not enough in
itself to establish a probative connection between the crimes alleged and his gang
affiliation, particularly given that others who were involved in the robberies were not
wearing gang colors.16 Similarly, the fact that Lingo’s co-defendant was also a
member of the same gang was of limited probative value, considering that they were
apprehended together and in the absence of any evidence that the crimes were gang-
related. Thus, the evidence of Lingo’s gang membership two years before the crimes
in the case was of minimal, if any, probative value.
In the absence of a charge of violation of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism
and Prevention Act,17 evidence of a defendant’s gang affiliation is highly
crime, or forms an integral and natural part of an account of the crime, or is necessary
to complete the story of the crime for the jury.” Edouard, 485 F3d at 1344 (II) (C).
16
Compare Johnson v. State, 261 Ga. App. 98, 104 (5) (c) (581 SE2d 715)
(2003).
17
OCGA § 16-15-1 et seq.
9
prejudicial.18 And in this case, the unfairly prejudicial effect of the evidence of
Lingo’s gang affiliation substantially outweighed its minimal probative value.19
Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence of Lingo’s
gang membership.20
Nevertheless, “it is fundamental that harm as well as error must be shown for
reversal.”21 In this case, the victim identified Lingo in court; a police officer saw
Lingo in the same apartment complex where the crimes occurred on the day of
18
See Jones v. State, 292 Ga. 656, 662 (2) (740 SE2d 590) (2013) (“it was
highly prejudicial for the prosecuting attorney to argue that [the defendant] had been
involved in a prior gang shooting”).
19
The Eleventh Circuit has described Federal Rule of Evidence 403 “as ‘an
extraordinary remedy which the courts should invoke sparingly, and the balance
should be struck in favor of admissibility.’” Flading v. State, 327 Ga. App. 346, 351-
352 (2) (759 SE2d 67) (2014), quoting United States v. Sumner, 522 Fed.Appx. 806,
810 (11th Cir. 2013). The Eleventh Circuit has also explained, however, that “[t]he
major function of Rule 403 is to exclude evidence ‘of scant or cumulative probative
force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect,’” within which
category the evidence of Lingo’s gang affiliation falls in this case. United States v.
Aguila–Urbay, 480 Fed.Appx. 564, 567 (11th Cir. 2012).
20
See e.g., Jones, 326 Ga. App. at 666 (1).
21
(Punctuation omitted.) O’Neal v. State, 288 Ga. 219, 223 (2) (702 SE2d 288)
(2010), quoting Matthews v. State, 268 Ga. 798, 803 (4) (493 SE2d 136) (1997). See
also Williams, ___ Ga. App. ___, ___ (1) (erroneous admission of evidence under
OCGA § 24-4-403 is subject to harmless error analysis).
10
commission; Lingo was apprehended two days after the robbery in the same
apartment complex wearing a red hat and red jacket matching that described by the
victim; and the police discovered in Lingo’s home clothing matching the description
of that worn by both assailants on the day of the robbery. Given this evidence and that
the jury acquitted Lingo of the armed robbery of Dominguez, we conclude that the
trial court’s erroneous admission of the evidence of Lingo’s gang affiliation was
harmless and does not require reversal.
Judgment affirmed. Miller, J., concurs. Dillard, J., concurs in judgment only.
11
A14A0832. LINGO v. THE STATE
DILLARD, Judge, concurring in judgment only.
I concur in judgment only because I do not agree with all that is said in the
majority opinion. As such, the majority’s opinion decides only the issues presented
in the case sub judice and may not be cited as binding precedent. See Court of
Appeals Rule 33 (a).