Driskell v. the State

FIRST DIVISION
DOYLE, C. J.,
PHIPPS, P. J., and BOGGS, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
September 23, 2015
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A1443. DRISKELL v. THE STATE. BO-054C
BOGGS, Judge.
A jury acquitted Corroll Driskell of pointing a gun or pistol at another, but
found him guilty of simple assault. He now appeals, asserting as error the trial court’s
instructions to the jury and the admission of certain evidence. For the following
reasons, we affirm.
The evidence showed that Driskell and Fanolla Redmon, the divorced parents
of a minor girl, met at a Starbucks location to exchange custody of the child. Driskell
was with his wife, Angie Driskell, and Redmon was with her then boyfriend, Joseph
Henry. After the parties arrived to exchange the child, Driskell and Redmon were
standing outside of their vehicles having a conversation that escalated into an
argument. Henry testified that at some point, he exited Redmon’s vehicle and told
Driskell to let Redmon “talk so it could be, you know, a regular conversation.” He
stated that Driskell became irate, and “began yelling and screaming, telling [him] you
don’t tell me what the ‘F’ to do. How dare you insert yourself in this.” Henry asserted
that he just stood there with his arms folded while Driskell shouted at him. He
explained further that as Driskell continued to yell at him, Driskell “pulled a gun out
and said, I’m going to kill you, you are going to die, and he cocked it back. And while
he was doing that, pointing it at me, his wife was pushing him back.” Henry
explained that Redmon and then Mrs. Driskell attempted to calm Driskell down, and
that moments later, the Driskells got into their car and drove away.
Redmon testified that when they arrived at Starbucks, Driskell was upset that
she was late in returning the child, and that their discussion escalated into an
argument. She explained that when Henry interjected, Driskell lost his temper and she
and Mrs. Driskell attempted to calm him down. Redmon stated that at some point
Driskell “reache[d] behind his back, he pulled a gun out, and he was pointing . . . in
the direction of Mr. Henry, like he was going to shoot him.”
Driskell testified in his own defense that after his daughter greeted him and got
into his car, he turned to get into the car himself when Redmond immediately began
pulling on him. He stated that she pulled on him and “pushed [him] trying to get [his]
2
attention.” Driskell explained that Henry then “jump[ed] out of that car and start[ed]
just charging at me.” He stated that Henry starting yelling and screaming at him and
that his wife then “ran in between [them].” Driskell explained that while Redmon
continued to pull on him, he felt his gun, which he had a license to carry, “just
shifting back and forth in the holster,” and so he “immediately reached under my
jacket. I took the holster and the gun, with the butt facing to my left, I used my off
hand, my right hand, and I went to put it in my pocket. It didn’t immediately go in my
pocket, but eventually I got it in my pocket once [Redmon] stopped grabbing me.”
Driskell testified that he never pointed the gun at Henry.
Mrs. Driskell testified that after the child gave Driskell a hug and got into the
backseat of his car, Driskell turned to walk away and Redmon began “pulling on
him.” She stated that Henry began shouting profanity at Driskell and moved toward
him. Mrs. Driskell explained that she then got out of her vehicle and got in between
the two men, while Redmon continued to “pull[ ] and yank[ ] on [Driskell], trying to
get him to turn around and talk to her.” She explained that she stood in between
Driskell and Henry as they continued to shout at each other, and that at some point,
Driskell “reach[ed] in the back, small of his back and pull[ed] out his holster with his
gun, and st[u]ck it in his pocket.” Mrs. Driskell testified that Driskell pulled the gun
3
out of the small of his back with his nondominant hand and that the gun was out “no
more than a couple of second[s].” She stated that Driskell never pointed or cocked the
gun.
After the parties left the scene, Redmon called police, and she and Henry drove
to the police station to file a report. Driskell was charged by accusation with pointing
a gun or pistol at another and simple assault. A jury found him guilty of the assault,
but not guilty of pointing a gun at another. It is from this verdict that he now appeals.
1. Driskell first contends that the trial court erred in its instructions to the jury.
As he concedes, his trial counsel made no objection following the court’s
instructions, so his claim here is one of plain error.
The failure to object to a charge as given precludes appellate review
unless such portion of the jury charge constitutes plain error which
affects substantial rights of the parties. OCGA § 17-8-58 (b). An
appellate court is required to review for plain error an alleged jury
instruction error to which no objection was raised at trial, provided the
enumeration of error is properly enumerated and argued on appeal.
Since new appellate counsel has properly asserted an error in the jury
instructions on appeal, we review the omission of the charge . . . to
determine whether it constituted plain error, regardless of the lack of
preservation below. Reversal is authorized if all four prongs of the
standard adopted in [State v.] Kelly [290 Ga. 29 (1) (718 SE2d 232)
4
(2011)] are met: the instruction was erroneous, the error was obvious,
the instruction likely affected the outcome of the proceedings, and the
error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) White v. State, 291 Ga. 7, 8 (2) (727 SE2d 109)
(2012).
Driskell complains of the following instruction: “I charge you that the offense
of simple assault is complete if there is a demonstration of violence coupled with
apparent present ability to inflict injury so as to cause a person, against whom it is
directed, reasonably to fear that he will receive a violent injury unless he retreats to
secure his safety.” He asserts that this instruction is from Thomas v. State, 99 Ga. 38,
44 (26 SE 748) (1896), and “pertains to the common law version of assault.” Driskell
argues that because the only definition of assault that existed when Thomas was
decided was “an attempt to commit a violent injury on the person of another,” the
court, in giving the instruction, charged the jury on subsection (a) (1) of OCGA § 16-
5-20 rather than subsection (a) (2), under which he was charged.
We agree that a portion of the one-sentence instruction was erroneous under
these particular circumstances. The trial court gave the standard charge from the
Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, “§ 2.20.11. Assault, Simple; Reasonable Fear”
5
which includes the complained-of sentence. The instruction cites to this court’s
opinion in Reeves v. State, 128 Ga. App. 750, 752 (2) (197 SE2d 843) (1973), and
Reeves in turn cites to the Georgia Supreme Court’s opinion in Thomas, decided in
1896. In 1896, assault was defined only as “an attempt to commit a violent injury on
the person of another,” currently OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (1). See Thomas, supra;Georgia Penal Code 1896 § 95. It was not until the Georgia Code was revised in 1968
that the second method of committing simple assault was added and defined as:
“commit[ing] an act which places another in reasonable apprehension of immediately
receiving a violent injury.” See Ga. Laws 1968, p. 1280; see also Rhodes v. State, 257
Ga. 368, 369 (4) (359 SE2d 670) (1987). The Supreme Court’s statement in Thomas
defining when an assault is complete therefore related only to when an attempt to
commit a violent injury is complete. The court explained:
there need not be an actual present ability to commit a violent injury
upon the person assailed, but if there be such a demonstration of
violence, coupled with an apparent ability to inflict the injury, so as to
cause the person against whom it is directed reasonably to fear the injury
unless he retreat to secure his safety, and under such circumstances he
is compelled to retreat to avoid an impending danger, the assault is
complete, though the assailant may never have been within actual
striking distance of the person assailed.
6
Thomas, supra, 99 Ga. at 44.
Driskell was charged by accusation of simple assault pursuant to the language
in OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (2) for committing “an act which placed . . . Henry[ ] in
reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury.” But the trial
court, in quoting the rule from Reeves and Thomas, instructed the jury on a
“demonstration of violence” and an “ability to inflict the injury” involved in an
attempt to commit a violent injury pursuant to subsection (a) (1). For this reason, the
instruction was erroneous.
Nevertheless, we hold that the instruction failed to satisfy the remaining three
prongs of the plain error standard. The error in the instruction was not obvious. A
closer look at the rule from Thomas reveals that while it employs language applicable
to subsection (a) (1), it also includes language consistent with the reasonable
apprehension method of committing simple assault in subsection (a) (2): “so as to
cause a person, against whom it is directed, reasonably to fear that he will receive a
violent injury.”1 It appears then that subsection (a) (2) codified a portion of the rule
1
We note that there would be no error in the giving of this portion of the pattern
instruction where the indictment or accusation is sufficient to allege that a defendant
committed simple assault under both OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (1) and (a) (2). Cf. Cannon
v. State, 223 Ga. App. 248, 249 (2) (477 SE2d 381) (1996). We therefore caution trial
courts against the giving of this instruction where the indictment or accusation
7
from Thomas. So a portion of the court’s instruction was in fact applicable to
subsection (a) (2) as charged here.
We conclude further that the instruction did not likely affect the outcome of the
proceedings nor did it seriously affect the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
the judicial proceedings. The jury was provided with the indictment and the trial court
correctly instructed the jury on the language of OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (2) as charged
in the accusation. The court further instructed that the State must prove guilt and
intent beyond a reasonable doubt, that the jury was authorized to convict if it believed
that Driskell committed “the offenses charged in the way and manner alleged,” and
that the “issue in this case is formed by these charges as made by these accusations.”
Upon reviewing the instruction as a whole, it is unlikely that had the trial court
omitted the improper language, the jury would have reached a different verdict. As
the Georgia Supreme Court has held,
[w]hile it is true that, where the indictment charges a defendant
committed an offense by one method it is reversible error for the court
to instruct the jury that the offense could be committed by other
statutory methods with no limiting instruction, the defect is cured …
where the court provides the jury with the indictment and instructs jurors
charges simple assault by only one method.
8
that the burden of proof rests upon the State to prove every material
allegation of the indictment and every essential element of the crime
charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Faulks v. State, 296 Ga. 38, 39 (2) (764 SE2d
846) (2014); Givens v. State, 294 Ga. 264, 268 (3) (751 SE2d 778) (2013) (court’s
sua sponte instruction on criminal negligence in malice murder case not plain error
where jury was informed of crime as charged in the indictment, the elements of the
crime, and that the State had the burden to prove each element beyond a reasonable
doubt).
Driskell also argues that because the jury acquitted him of pointing a gun at
Henry, it “rejected the only thing the State argued Driskell did to commit the assault,”
and there was therefore an inconsistency between the verdicts demonstrating jury
confusion. But the inconsistent verdict rule has been abolished in Georgia. See State
v. Springer, ___ Ga. ___ (1) Slip op. at 4 (Case No. S14G1539; decided June 29,
2015) (“abolition of inconsistent verdict rule is consistent ‘with the principle that it
is not generally within the trial court’s power to make inquiries into the jury’s
deliberations, or to speculate about the reasons for any inconsistency between guilty
and not guilty verdicts.[Cits.]’”)
9
2. Driskell asserts that the trial court erred in allowing the State to elicit
testimony from a police detective about hypothetical situations. Driskell called the
detective as a witness. On direct examination, he explained that as part of his
investigation, he attempted to locate witnesses to the incident, including the 911
caller, as well as surveillance from the Starbucks and nearby businesses, but was
unsuccessful. He explained that after interviewing the Driskells, Henry, and Redmon,
he concluded that while “all acted inappropriately that day . . . it came down to . . .
one person’s word against another,” he had “no probable cause to actually charge
anyone with anything.”
On cross-examination, the State asked the detective: “Do you feel like
somebody would be in fear of their life if you’re saying somebody wanted them to
know they had a gun?” The detective responded, “I think it depends on the situation
of how they’re trying to go about letting somebody know.” And when asked “If
somebody had a weapon and they wanted you to see that they had a weapon, would
you be in fear that, oh, they could use that weapon towards you . . . And therefore that
could be simple assault?,” to which the detective responded, “Sure . . . It could be.”
In each instance, trial counsel objected that the State was invading the province of the
jury, but the objections were overruled. Later during the cross-examination, the State
10
asked the detective if he would have probable cause for arrest in the case of an
allegation of rape “if it was a woman stating that she had been raped and the
defendant stating that he didn’t do it.” The detective stated that he would not make
an arrest based on one person’s word against another, that he had never had a
domestic violence case where an arrest was made in the face of no physical injuries,
and that he does not make an arrest unless there is probable cause. Trial counsel also
objected to this line of questioning on the basis of “relevance and speculation”; the
trial court overruled the objection.
While citing no legal authority in support of this claim of error, Driskell
complains that the State’s cross-examination was improper because the detective was
not admitted as an expert and the hypothetical questions “had no bearing on the facts
presented in the instant case.” Even assuming the line of questioning in both of these
instances was improper, and that counsel raised the proper objection, we can find no
harm here as in each instance the detective gave no definitive answer to the questions
posed by the State and stated that he would not make an arrest based only upon one
person’s word against another, and even repeated that in this case, he found no
probable cause to make an arrest. See, e. g., Turbeville v. State, 160 Ga. App. 818,
11
819 (2) (287 SE2d 670) (1982) (reversal not required where no harm from cross-examination).
3. Driskell argues that the 911 call violated the confrontation clause because
the caller did not testify at trial. He contends that the caller’s statements should have
been excluded as testimonial in nature.
As the Supreme Court of Georgia has noted, telephone calls made
to 911 centers may be nontestimonial and therefore admissible at a later
trial if the telephone call is made to avert a crime in progress or to seek
assistance in a situation involving immediate danger. The determination
of whether the recording of a 911 phone call is testimonial should be
made on a case-by-case basis.
(Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Owens v. State, 329 Ga.
App. 455, 457 (1) (a) (765 SE2d 653) (2014).
The 911 caller, a manager at the Starbucks, told the dispatcher that a
“gentleman that has just our left parking our parking lot. Uh, he just had a gun out on
a previous gentleman.” He stated further that there had been a “big commotion,” and
that both of the vehicles involved were still in the parking lot. As the caller was
speaking to the 911 dispatcher, both vehicles exited the parking lot. The caller
declined the dispatcher’s offer to send an officer to the scene or to file a report,
12
explaining that he just wanted to report the incident and that he was just “making sure
the pedestrians and everybody in the area is[sic] going to be safe.”
Although the confrontation had ended by the time the call was transferred to
a dispatcher, the call was made while the incident was occurring as the caller
explained. The caller’s concern was the safety of those in the area. We therefore hold
that the 911 call was “made to avert a crime in progress or to seek assistance in a
situation involving immediate danger,” and not to establish “evidentiary facts or
‘bear[ ] testimony’ against the defendant.” Pitts v. State, 280 Ga. 288, 289-290 (627
SE2d 17) (2006); see also Thompson v. State, 291 Ga. App. 355, 358 (2) (662 SE2d
135) (2008) (where caller advised she had been hit and perpetrator was in a different
apartment, call was nontestimonial in light of caller’s need for medical attention and
proximity of time between the call and the attack).2
Judgment affirmed. Doyle, C. J. and Phipps, P. J., concur.
2
While Driskell does not challenge the admissibility of the 911 recording, we
note that it was an admissible exception to the hearsay rule as a present sense
impression. See OCGA § 24-8-803 (1); see also Owens v. State, 329 Ga. App. 455,
458 (1) (b) (765 SE2d 653) (2014).
13