Banks v. the State

SECOND DIVISION
ANDREWS, P. J.,
MILLER and BRANCH, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
April 21, 2015
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A0084. BANKS v. THE STATE.
ANDREWS, Presiding Judge.
Following a bench trial at which Nakayla Banks proceeded pro se, the Probate
Court of Newton County found Banks guilty of one count of possession of marijuana
of less than an ounce (OCGA § 16-13-2 (b)) and not guilty of one count of possession
of alcohol by a minor (OCGA § 3-3-23 (a)). Banks appealed to the Superior Court of
Newton County, which affirmed the probate court’s judgment. In Banks’ appeal to
this Court, she argues that the evidence was insufficient to support her conviction and
that she did not knowingly and intelligently waive her rights to counsel and to a trial
by jury. Because we conclude that the record is devoid of a knowing and intelligent
waiver of Banks’ right to counsel, we reverse and remand.
1. Under Georgia law, “whether a charge is a felony or a misdemeanor, an
accused facing a term of imprisonment is constitutionally guaranteed the right to
counsel and must waive that right.” Cook v. State, 297 Ga. App. 701 (678 SE2d 160)
(2009) (citing Jones v. Wharton, 253 Ga. 82, 83 (316 SE2d 749) (1984)). See also
Barnes v. State, 261 Ga. App. 112, 113 (581 SE2d 727) (2003). Such a waiver of
counsel
is valid only if it is made with an understanding of (1) the nature of the
charges, (2) any statutory lesser included offenses, (3) the range of
allowable punishments for the charges, (4) possible defenses to the
charges, (5) circumstances in mitigation thereof, and (6) all other facts
essential to a broad understanding of the matter.
Id. (citing Manning v. State, 260 Ga. App. 171 (581 SE2d 290) (2003)). “When the
record is silent, waiver is never presumed, and the burden is on the State to present
evidence of a valid waiver.” Id. (citing Helmer v. State, 256 Ga. App. 717, 718 (569
SE2d 606) (2002)). The State may carry its burden “by showing a valid waiver
through either a trial transcript or other extrinsic evidence[,]” including an
appropriate pretrial waiver form. Id. at 702 (citing Godlewski v. State, 256 Ga. App.
35, 36 (567 SE2d 704) (2002)). See also Tucci v. State, 255 Ga. App. 474, 476 (1)
(565 SE2d 831) (2002). However,
2
[i]n order for the State to use a pretrial waiver form to show that a
defendant has intelligently elected to represent himself [at trial] after
being advised of his right to counsel and the “dangers” of waiver, the
form should outline those pertinent dangers: such as (1) the possibility
of a jail sentence; (2) the rules of evidence will be enforced; (3) strategic
decisions with regard to voir dire and the striking of jurors must be made
by defendant; (4) strategic decisions as to the calling of witnesses and/or
the right to testify must be made by defendant; and (5) issues must be
properly preserved and transcribed in order to raise them on appeal. In
other words, a proper waiver form should contain the warnings,
themselves, not just conclusions.
Tucci, 255 Ga. App. at 476-477. See also Barnes, 261 Ga. App. at 114.
In this case, as now conceded by the State, the record before us does not
support a knowing and intelligent waiver of Banks’ right to counsel. First, the form
Banks executed contained only conclusory statements concerning her rights rather
than an explanation of the dangers of proceeding to trial pro se. See Barnes, 261 Ga.
App. at 114; Tucci, 255 Ga. App. at 476-477. Likewise, the State elicited no
testimony during Banks’ hearing on her appeal from probate court to demonstrate a
knowing and intelligent waiver, relying instead upon Banks’ waiver form. Finally,
although the parties included a purported audio recording of Banks’ trial proceeding
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in probate court,1 no transcript has been supplied.2 As a result, there is no evidence,
extrinsic or otherwise, that Banks was “adequately informed of the nature of the
charges against her, the possible punishments she faced, the dangers of proceeding
pro se, and other circumstances that might affect her ability to adequately represent
herself.” Cook, 297 Ga. App. at 702.
Accordingly, we reverse and remand Banks’ case for a new trial. Banks “may
choose to be represented by counsel or to waive her right to counsel and defend
herself - after being made aware of the dangers of proceeding without counsel.” Cook,
297 Ga. App. at 703. See also Barnes, 261 Ga. App. at 114.
2. In view of our holding in Division 1 supra, we need not address the
remainder of Banks’ enumerations of error.
Judgment reversed and case remanded with direction. Miller and Branch, JJ.
concur.
1
In fact, the compact disc submitted by the parties contained no file which
could be opened or examined by the Court.
2
Similarly, Banks’ arraignment was not recorded.
4