DocketNumber： A89A0291
Judges： McMurray, Carley, Banke, Pope, Ben-Ham, Sognier, Divisions, Deen, Birdsong, Beasley
Filed Date： 7/14/1989
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/8/2024
On July 1, 1980, plaintiff Leila Mae DuFour Gusky consulted physician Kessler to have a head injury examined, diagnosed and treated. As a result of his examination, Dr. Kessler scheduled plaintiff for a CAT (computerized axial tomograph) scan examination at a hospital operated by defendant Candler General Hospital, Inc., on July 3, 1980. Before the scheduled time for plaintiff’s CAT scan, the CAT scan machine at defendant’s hospital became inoperable and plaintiff’s appointment was rescheduled for July 10, 1980. On July 4, 1980, after plaintiff began having convulsions, she was transported by ambulance to defendant’s hospital where the CAT scan machine was still inoperable. Shortly thereafter, plaintiff was transported to another local hospital where a CAT scan was conducted which revealed that she
Plaintiff, acting through her next friend and guardian, filed an action against Dr. Kessler and against defendant Candler General Hospital, Inc. Prior to trial, plaintiff’s action against Dr. Kessler was settled leaving the hospital as the sole remaining party defendant. Upon the trial of the case the jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendant hospital and plaintiff appeals. Held:
1. In her third enumeration of error, plaintiff contends the tria court erred in its pretrial order and in its charge to the jury by ruling that defendant was held to the “locality rule” standard of care rather than the “general” standard of hospital care. “The ‘locality rule’ states that a hospital owes to its patients only the duty of exercising ordinary care to furnish equipment and facilities reasonably suited to the uses intended and such as are in general use in hospitals in the area. See Emory Univ. v. Porter, 103 Ga. App. 752, 755 (120 SE2d 668). See also Smith v. Hosp. Auth. of Terrell County, 161 Ga. App. 657 (288 SE2d 715).” Hodges v. Effingham County Hosp. Auth., 182 Ga. App. 173 (1) (355 SE2d 104). “[T]he underlying rationale for the ‘locality rule’ is that the care a small hospital can provide is limited by its location and resources.” Wade v. John D. Archbold Mem. Hosp., 252 Ga. 118, 119 (311 SE2d 836). The “locality rule” is applicable only where the plaintiff is questioning the adequacy of the services of facilities of a hospital. Where the plaintiff questions the professional judgment of the hospital’s employee, such judgment must adhere to a general professional standard of training and qualificatior if the employee is subject to any. Wade v. John D. Archbold Mem Hosp., 252 Ga. 118, 119, supra; Candler Gen. Hosp. v. Joiner, 180 Ga. App. 455, 456 (1), 457 (349 SE2d 756); Hodges v. Effingham County Hosp. Auth., 182 Ga. App. 173, 174, supra.
In the case sub judice, plaintiff’s amended recast complaint al leges that on July 3, 1980, plaintiff presented herself at the defendan hospital, for the CAT scan scheduled on that date, and was informec that the CAT scan machine was inoperative and that the CAT scar requested by Dr. Kessler would have to be rescheduled. Plaintiff aven that defendant negligently failed, in performing its administrative and clerical duties, to notify Dr. Kessler that the CAT scan was no then available and could not be and was not provided plaintiff a scheduled on July 3, 1980, so that Dr. Kessler could have made ar rangements for a CAT scan to be performed at one of the other tw hospitals located in Chatham County that provided the same diagnos tic CAT scan procedure or in the alternative, defendant negligentl failed, in performing its administrative and clerical duties, to mak arrangements for the CAT scan to be conducted on July 3, 1980, a
Plaintiff’s allegations are questioning the judgment of those employees of defendant responsible for formulating and implementing the procedures for scheduling patients for the CAT scan machine. Plaintiff does not suggest that the defendant’s employees’ alleged failure to communicate with Dr. Kessler concerning their inability to conduct the CAT scan as scheduled arose from any lack of resources. Indeed, it appears that such would have required only a brief telephone call. Instead, plaintiff’s allegations suggest negligence on the part of defendant’s employees as the cause of the failure to communicate with Dr. Kessler.
It follows that the trial court erred in concluding in its pretrial order that the “locality rule” was the appropriate standard of care to be applied in the case sub judice. Wade v. John D. Archbold Mem. Hosp., 252 Ga. 118, supra; Hodges v. Effingham County Hosp. Auth., 182 Ga. 173, supra; Candler Gen. Hosp. v. Joiner, 180 Ga. App. 455, supra; Johnson v. Wills Mem. Hosp. &c., 178 Ga. App. 459 (343 SE2d 700). See also Swindell v. St. Joseph’s Hosp., 161 Ga. App. 290, 291 (1) (291 SE2d 1). Unless modified, a pretrial order controls the subsequent course of the action. Thus, in addition to precipitating an erroneous jury charge on the locality rule, the trial court’s pretrial order served to bar the introduction of evidence by plaintiff and a charge to the jury in regard to the correct general standard of care. As such errors were harmful to plaintiff, the judgment of the trial court must jbe reversed.
2. Certain evidence of benefits received by plaintiff from collateral sources was admitted at trial on the assumption that such was admissible under OCGA § 51-12-1 (b). However, during the course of the trial in the case sub judice, the Supreme Court of Georgia rendered its decision in Polito v. Holland, 258 Ga. 54 (365 SE2d 273), holding that OCGA § 51-12-1 (b) was not to be given retroactive effect. Since the events of the case sub judice predate the effective date af OCGA § 51-12-1, the trial court undertook to correct the resulting arror by instructions to the jury to disregard certain payments to alaintiff.
Plaintiff’s first enumeration of error contends that those instructions to the jury were insufficient to eliminate the prejudicial effects af the collateral source evidence. However, since we must reverse on )ther grounds and this issue is unlikely to recur on another trial of
3. Plaintiffs second enumeration of error contends the trial court erred in its pretrial order and by permitting defendant to present testimony of how the settlement proceeds received by the plaintiff from former co-defendant, Dr. Kessler, could be invested to insure or finance future benefits of an annuity. Expert testimony as to annuities which could be purchased with the settlement proceeds is irrelevant as it is antithetical to the requirement stated in Jones v. Hutchins, 101 Ga. App. 141, 149 (113 SE2d 475), that future pecuniary damages are to be reduced by the jury to the present value. Such evidence may also serve to circumvent OCGA § 51-12-13 which requires that future amounts be reduced to present value upon the basis of interest calculated at 5 percent per annum. Thus, the trial court erred in including a provision in the pre-trial order allowing such evidence.
4. Plaintiff next enumerates as error the trial court’s allowing defendant to read the deposition of Gibson. The plaintiff in a motion in limine made objections to certain portions of the deposition on the ground that it contained inadmissible hearsay. Plaintiff’s motion in limine was denied and at trial defendant was allowed to read the deposition in its entirety.
At the time that the deposition was taken, it was stipulated that any objections not made at the time of the deposition would be waived, because the deposition was being taken for use at trial. In view of this stipulation, plaintiff’s failure to raise any hearsay objection during the deposition must be viewed as a waiver of the right tc object at trial. Lewis Truck Lines v. Tyson, 158 Ga. App. 149 (279 SE2d 338).
5. The trial court did not err in excluding certain hearsay testimony of witnesses Graves and Smith. Contrary to plaintiff’s contentions, this evidence, which consisted of self-serving declarations oi plaintiff, was not admissible under OCGA § 24-3-2 which “does nol remove the taint of self-serving declarations.” Smith v. State, 144 Ga App. 294 (241 SE2d 14). See also Arp v. State, 249 Ga. 403, 404 (291 SE2d 495).
6. Plaintiff contends the trial court erred in refusing to charge the jury that she was entitled to seek certain future special damages ir the form of expenses of placing her in a specially equipped private home rather than a nursing home. To warrant future medical expenses, there must be evidence that the injury will require that future medical attention. Wayco Enterprises v. Crews, 155 Ga. App. 775, 776 (1) (272 SE2d 745); Bennett v. Haley, 132 Ga. App. 512, 514 (1) (208 SE2d 302); Daugherty v. Vick, 127 Ga. App. 767, 769 (3) (195 SE2d
7. Punitive damages may be awarded only when a defendant acts maliciously, wilfully or with such gross negligence as to indicate a wanton disregard of the rights of others. Mere negligence, although gross, will not alone authorize the recovery of punitive damages. Community Fed. Savings &c. Assn. v. Foster Developers., 179 Ga. App. 861, 865 (2) (348 SE2d 326). There is no evidence in the case sub judice sufficient to warrant the imposition of punitive damages against defendant, therefore, the trial court did not err in dismissing plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages after plaintiff rested and withholding the issue of punitive damages from consideration by the jury. Community Fed. Savings &c. Assn. v. Foster Developers, 179 Ga. App. 861, 865 (2). supra.
8. Plaintiff contends the trial court erred in allowing defense counsel to make the “community argument” in his closing argument. While apparently plaintiff contends that defense counsel’s argument urges the jury to consider prejudices irrelevant to the case and outside the proof presented at trial, such an understanding cannot be reasonably drawn from the defense arguments at issue. This enumeration of error is without merit.
9. Plaintiff enumerates as error the exclusion of certain proffered rebuttal evidence. The trial court did not err in refusing to allow witnesses Graves and Smith to be recalled as rebuttal witnesses to testify to the fact that plaintiff went to defendant hospital on July 3, 1980. Witness Graves had already testified to this fact, therefore, any error in the exclusion of such cumulative testimony was harmless. Davis v. Wing, 72 Ga. App. 380 (3) (33 SE2d 725). The proffer of the testimony of witness Smith could have only been an attempt to elicit inadmissible testimony which had been previously excluded. (See Division 5 of this opinion.)
Plaintiff also contends that the trial court erred in refusing to permit the introduction of the deposition of witness Massey, as rebuttal evidence, to contradict the trial testimony of Massey as to the procedure used in scheduling and rescheduling CAT scan procedure. However, since consideration of this contention requires a review of the evidence at issue and the record designated by plaintiff contains neither the trial testimony nor the deposition of witness Massey, this contention presents nothing for review. Thurmond v. Bd. of Commrs., Hall County, 174 Ga. App. 570 (1) (330 SE2d 787).