State v. Singh

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 49122
STATE OF IDAHO, )
)
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
)
v. ) Boise, November 2022 Term
)
DIWAKAR SINGH, ) Opinion filed: March 1, 2023
)
Defendant-Appellant. ) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
)
Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District of the State of
Idaho, Twin Falls County. Benjamin J. Cluff, District Judge.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
Nevin, Benjamin & McKay LLP, Boise, for Appellant. Dennis A. Benjamin
argued.
Raúl R. Labrador, Idaho Attorney General, Boise, for Respondent.
John C. McKinney argued.
ZAHN, Justice.
This case arises from Diwakar Singh’s conviction for felony domestic violence. Prior to
Singh’s trial, the State identified an error in the preliminary hearing transcript. The district court,
citing its inherent authority to correct errors in the record, corrected the transcript after listening to
the official recording of the preliminary hearing. Singh appeals the district court’s decision to
correct the transcript and admit the correction as an exhibit at his trial. For the reasons stated below,
we affirm Singh’s judgment of conviction.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Defendant Diwakar Singh was charged with felony domestic violence in violation of Idaho
Code section 18-918(2)(a). A required element of the crime is that a battery be committed against
a “household member,” which is defined to include a spouse. Singh’s charge stemmed from an
incident with his wife. On the day of the incident, a bystander called 9-1-1 after Wife walked up
to him and said she had been beaten by her husband. During the 9-1-1 call, Wife stated, “I’m okay
but my husband beat me a lot.” An officer arrived shortly after and spoke with Wife about the
incident. The officer observed injuries on her body and took photographs of the injuries. Wife told
the officer that Singh was at their home in a nearby apartment complex. Wife took the officer back
to their apartment. The officer then investigated the scene, interviewed both Wife and Singh, and
then arrested Singh.
A preliminary hearing was held in magistrate court, at which Wife testified. English is not
Wife’s first language, so she required the assistance of an interpreter during the preliminary
hearing. Wife testified that Singh had not in fact hit her. Instead, Wife testified that she and Singh
got into an argument, and she hit her hand on the door as she was leaving. Critical to this appeal,
a written transcript reported the following colloquy between Wife and the prosecutor during the
preliminary hearing:
PROSECUTOR: [Wife], how do you know the Defendant?
INTERPRETER: (Inaudible.)
WIFE: (Inaudible.)
INTERPRETER: (Inaudible.)
WIFE: (Inaudible.)
INTERPRETER: I- I’m sorry Judge, I need to (inaudible). I did not
hear her very clearly. (Inaudible.)
COURT: The microphone is over there. Do you see? You need to
speak in that direction. No the- right . . .
PROSECUTOR: And- and your Honor, could she remove her mask as
well?
COURT: And ma’am, you can also take your mask off, uh, since
you’re behind the- the glass.
WIFE: (Inaudible.)
INTERPRETER: (Inaudible.) I can hear her now. Thank you.
COURT: Okay.
PROSECUTOR: Ma’am, how long have you been married?
The magistrate court ultimately found probable cause and bound Singh over to district court on
the felony domestic violence charge.
Following the preliminary hearing, Singh moved for a transcript to be prepared, and the
district court granted his motion. The preliminary hearing had not been reported by a court reporter,
but instead was recorded with the use of audio recording equipment in the courtroom. See I.C.A.R.
25(a) (“The court in the magistrate’s division shall make a verbatim record or recording of all
proceedings held before a magistrate.” (Emphasis added.)). The audio recording of Singh’s
preliminary hearing was transcribed by an individual who was not a court reporter. The resulting
document was entitled “Taped Transcript” and the transcriber certified that she transcribed it from
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a compact disc and that it was “true and correct to the best of my ability from the portions of the
proceedings that could be heard on the disc.”
After the transcript was prepared, the State filed an “Objection to Transcript and Motion to
Play Recording” in which the State identified an error in the transcript. The transcriber recorded
Wife’s response to the question, “how do you know the Defendant?” as “inaudible.” The State
argued in its motion that the recording revealed that Wife’s response was, “He is my husband, your
Honor.” Further, the State argued the transcript’s omission “seriously prejudice[d] the State’s case
as well as misrepresent[ed] the preliminary hearing.” The State asked the district court to “play the
recording and to determine whether to amend the certified transcript, to re-request it, or to play the
recording at trial.” Singh filed an objection to the State’s motion on the basis that a certified
transcript, not the audio recording, is the official transcript of a proceeding under the court rules.
The district court held a hearing on the State’s motion, at the conclusion of which the
district court determined that it had the inherent authority to correct the transcript so that it
conformed to the facts. The district court indicated that it had listened to the recording of the
preliminary hearing, determined that there was an error, and found that Wife’s response was, “He
is my Husband, your Honor.” The district court determined that this Court’s decision in State v.
Ruddell, 97 Idaho 436, 546 P.2d 391 (1976), provided the district court with inherent authority to
correct the transcript so that it conformed to the audio record. Further, the district court concluded
that I.A.R. 30.1 also provided authority to correct the transcript. The district court thereafter
entered an order entitled, “Correction and Certification of Preliminary Hearing Transcript” in
which the district court corrected the transcript to read as follows:
INTERPRETER: He is my husband, Your Honor. I can hear her now. Thank you.
Singh was tried before a jury. Wife was not available to testify at trial. After determining
Wife was unavailable, the district court admitted, as a State’s exhibit, redacted excerpts of the
original transcript of the preliminary hearing. The district court also admitted, as a Court exhibit,
a redacted version of its order correcting the transcript, which included the correction, but omitted
a discussion of the State’s motion, defendant’s objection, and the motion hearing. The jury found
Singh guilty of felony domestic violence, and he was sentenced to 45 days in county jail and 5
years of probation. Singh timely appealed his conviction.
II. ISSUES ON APPEAL
1. Did the district court err by correcting the preliminary hearing transcript?
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2. Did the district court abuse its discretion by admitting the corrected preliminary hearing
transcript at trial?
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The interpretation of a court rule is a question of law that this Court freely reviews. E.
Idaho Econ. Dev. Council v. Lockwood Packaging Corp. Idaho, 139 Idaho 492, 495, 80 P.3d 1093,
1096 (2003).
“This Court reviews a district court’s conclusion that evidence is supported by proper
foundation under an abuse of discretion standard.” State v. Clapp, 170 Idaho 314, __, 510 P.3d
667, 673 (2022) (citation omitted). In determining whether a court has abused its discretion, this
Court asks “[w]hether the trial court: (1) correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion; (2)
acted within the outer boundaries of its discretion; (3) acted consistently with the legal standards
applicable to the specific choices available to it; and (4) reached its decision by the exercise of
reason.” Lunneborg v. My Fun Life, 163 Idaho 856, 863, 421 P.3d 187, 194 (2018) (citation
omitted).
IV. ANALYSIS
A. The district court did not err in correcting the patent error in the preliminary hearing
transcript.
Singh argues the district court erred by correcting the preliminary hearing transcript
because it lacked authority to do so. Singh then argues that the State has failed to prove that it was
harmless error for the district court to admit its correction to the preliminary hearing transcript at
trial. The State asserts that the district court had authority to alter the transcript under I.C.R. 54(k)
and I.A.R. 30.1(b), and also had inherent authority under this Court’s decision in Ruddell, 97 Idaho
at 438, 546 P.2d at 393. The State alternatively argues that any error by the district court was
harmless.
1. Idaho Criminal Rule 5.2(c) does not prevent a district court from correcting a patent error
in a preliminary hearing transcript.
This Court’s approach to interpreting court rules is similar to its approach to statutory
interpretation. Valentine v. Valentine, 169 Idaho 621, 627, 500 P.3d 514, 520 (2021). The analysis
begins with the plain language of the rule, read according to its “plain, obvious and rational
meaning.” Id. (quoting Kelly v. Kelly, 165 Idaho 716, 724, 451 P.3d 429, 437 (2019)). “The statute
should be considered as a whole” and this “Court must give effect to all the words and provisions
of the statute so that none will be void, superfluous, or redundant.” Pentico v. Idaho Comm’n for
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Reapportionment, 169 Idaho 840, 844, 504 P.3d 376, 380 (2022) (quoting State v. Schulz, 151
Idaho 863, 866, 264 P.3d 970, 973 (2011)).
However, when interpreting its own rules, this Court is “not constrained by the
constitutional separation of powers” that require adherence to the plain language of a statute
regardless of the result. State v. Montgomery, 163 Idaho 40, 44, 408 P.3d 38, 42 (2017).
Accordingly, this Court will also construe a court rule in keeping with its purpose. Id. The Idaho
Criminal Rules are “intended to provide for the just determination of every criminal proceeding”
and “must be construed to secure simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration and
elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay.” I.C.R. 2(a).
I.C.A.R. 25 governs the preparation of transcripts and reporting of proceedings in the
magistrate division. Pertinent here, Rule 25(g) states:
Transcripts shall be prepared as directed herein and in accordance with these rules.
The transcripts must be neat and free from error. The transcriber must not guess as
to the spoken word, but shall replay the recording until the exact meaning is
understood. If the exact meaning is still indiscernible, the transcriber must indicate
such fact on the transcript. The exact meaning must then be settled as provided in
the Idaho Criminal Rules, the Idaho Rules for Civil Procedure, or the Idaho
Appellate Rules.
I.C.R. 5.1(a) provides that “a defendant charged in a complaint with any felony is entitled
to a preliminary hearing.” Rule 5.2 in turn addresses how to obtain a transcript of a preliminary
proceeding. See also In re Pet. for Rev. of Hearing Comm. of Pro. Conduct Bd. of Idaho State Bar,
140 Idaho 800, 806, 102 P.3d 1119, 1125 (2004) (“Idaho Criminal Rule 5.2 governs the preparation
and dissemination of preliminary hearing transcripts.”). Rule 5.2 states that “[t]ranscripts may be
requested of any hearing or proceeding before the court including . . . the record of any preliminary
hearing[.]” I.C.R. 5.2(a)(2). Whenever a transcript has been requested, “the transcript must be
prepared in the same manner, with the same number of copies and at the same costs as a transcript
in an appeal from the magistrate’s division to the district court under Rule 54 of these rules.” I.C.R.
5.2(c). Rule 5.2(c) also provides that “[t]here will be no settlement of the transcript as provided by
Rule 54(i). In the event of a subsequent appeal, no party may be precluded from raising objections
as to the form and content of the transcript.” Id. Rule 54(i)(3) states:
If an objection is made to a trial transcript, the objection is heard and determined
by the trial court in the same manner as a motion. The determination of the trial
court of any objection to the transcript is a settlement of the transcript. If no
objection is filed to the transcript within the 21-day period, it is deemed settled.
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One possible reading of I.C.R. 5.2(c) is that the Rule precludes settlement of a preliminary
hearing transcript altogether. An alternative reading of that provision is that Rule 5.2(c) only bars
the settlement process that is set out in Rule 54(i) rather than precluding corrections to the
transcript altogether. See I.C.R. 5.2(c) (“There will be no settlement of the transcript as provided
by Rule 54(i).” (Emphasis added.)). The settlement process set out in Rule 54(i) involves a lengthy
back-and-forth between the parties that, in the context of preliminary proceedings, could
unacceptably delay criminal proceedings in most cases. At a minimum, the process for settling a
transcript under Rule 54(i) requires a 21-day period in which to file objections to the transcript
before it is deemed “settled.” If objections are filed, then the process extends beyond the initial 21-
day period. See I.C.R. 54(i). While the delay may not significantly impact the briefing on an appeal,
it could significantly impact the timeline and preparations for a trial. Indeed, it is no accident that
our rules treat transcripts of preliminary proceedings differently from transcripts produced from
other proceedings within our court system. Compare I.C.R. 5.2(c), with I.A.R. 30.1, and I.C.R.
54(i). Construing the language in Rule 5.2(c) to preclude only the formal settlement process set
out in Rule 54(i), rather than settlement altogether, comports with the plain language of that Rule
and is consistent with the overarching purpose of the criminal rules.
Reading I.C.R. 5.2(c) as prohibiting a party from correcting a patent error in a preliminary
hearing transcript would actively undermine the fairness of a judicial proceeding. Such a result
would be inconsistent with the policy rationales underlying our criminal rules. See I.C.R. 2(a). For
this reason, we reject such an interpretation and construe Rule 5.2(c) “to secure simplicity in
procedure, fairness in administration and elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay.” I.C.R.
2(a). Construing the language in Rule 5.2(c) to permit a district court to correct a patent error in a
preliminary hearing transcript promotes the policy rationales underlying our criminal rules.
Accordingly, we hold that Rule 5.2(c) does not preclude a district court from correcting a patent
error in a preliminary hearing transcript.
2. The district court had authority to correct the preliminary hearing transcript in this case.
Having concluded that I.C.R. 5.2(c) does not bar a district court from correcting a patent
error in a preliminary hearing transcript, we turn to the district court’s authority to correct the
preliminary hearing transcript in this case.
At the hearing on the State’s motion to alter the transcript, the district court stated, “I’ve
listened to the audio, and I do believe there’s an error.” The district court went on to ask Singh’s
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counsel whether he would like to listen to the audio, to which Singh’s counsel replied, “[y]ou
know, you have the ears, same as I do. And if you hear it, I’m comfortable with that.” The district
court then stated, “[o]kay. Well, I have listened to it, and it says – it says exactly what is provided
in the – in the State’s motion, which is, ‘He is my husband, Your Honor[.]’” The district court
went on to correct the transcript so that it conformed to the testimony as provided in the recording.
I.C.A.R. 25(g) provides that “[t]ranscripts shall be prepared as directed herein and in
accordance with these rules.” Further, the “transcripts must be neat and free from error.” If the
transcriber is unable to discern the spoken word from listening to a recording, then the transcriber
must so indicate on the transcript. Id. “The exact meaning must then be settled as provided in the
Idaho Criminal Rules, the Idaho Rules for Civil Procedure, or the Idaho Appellate Rules.” Id.As noted, I.C.R. 5.2(c) provides that a preliminary hearing transcript is prepared in
accordance with I.C.R. 54. I.C.R. 54(i), read in conjunction with I.C.A.R. 25(g), provides a district
court with authority to ensure that a preliminary hearing transcript is free from error. See I.C.R.
54(i); I.C.A.R. 25(g) (“The transcripts must be neat and free from error.”). Moreover, “[i]t is well
established . . . that courts have an inherent power to supply deficiencies in records of their
proceedings to the end that they will conform to the actual facts.” Ruddell, 97 Idaho at 438, 546
P.2d at 393 (citations omitted).
In Ruddell, a preliminary hearing transcript was prepared that contained “numerous errors
and omissions[.]” Id. at 437, 546 P.2d at 392. The errors in the transcript were the result of a
witness with a heavy accent. Id. The district court ordered a court reporter to meet with the witness
to have him correct the testimony in the transcript. Id. The witness was not placed under oath and
the corrected transcript was never certified. Id. at 437–38, 546 P.2d at 392–93. Still, the corrected
transcript was admitted at trial and the defendants were convicted. Id. at 438, 546 P.2d at 393. On
appeal, this Court noted that courts possess inherent authority to correct errors in the record so that
they conform to the facts. Id. The Court also noted that such a correction “must be made in the
court where the error occurred.” Id. (citing Pac. Fin. Corp. of Cal. V. La Monte, 64 Idaho 438,
442, 133 P.2d 921, 922 (1943) (“Pacific Finance”)). Ultimately, we reversed the district court
because the transcript was never certified and, therefore, there was no official record of the
preliminary hearing. Id.In Ruddell, we recognized the inherent authority a trial court possesses to correct
deficiencies in the record so that the record conforms to the actual proceedings in the courtroom.
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Singh acknowledges this point, but then emphasizes that cases like Ruddell and Pacific Finance
require the corrections to be made in the court where the error occurred. As a result, Singh contends
that even if a court had authority to correct the preliminary hearing transcript, it was the magistrate
court rather than the district court because the preliminary hearing took place in magistrate court.
We conclude that Singh’s arguments on this point are misplaced because the facts of this
case are distinguishable from those present in Ruddell and Pacific Finance. There is not a genuine
dispute as to the testimony like was present in Ruddell. Neither is there some other intrinsic reason
why the magistrate court would be in a better position to correct the error like there was in Pacific
Finance. There, a probate court’s docket failed to correctly indicate on what date a judgment had
been entered and docketed, which determined whether a subsequent appeal to the district court
was timely. Pac. Fin. Corp, 64 Idaho at 440, 133 P.2d at 921. The probate court corrected the error
to indicate that the judgment had been docketed on January 28. Id. at 441, 133 P.2d at 922. The
district court disagreed with the probate court’s determination, concluded the judgment was
docketed on January 20, and dismissed the appeal as untimely. Id. On appeal, this Court concluded
the district court had erred, in part because, “such corrections must be made in the court where the
error occurred.” Id. at 442, 133 P.2d at 922. This Court held that the probate court’s determination
was therefore controlling. Id. at 442–43, 133 P.2d 922–23. Underlying our decision in Pacific
Finance was the logic that the probate court was in a better position to determine the date it had
entered the judgment on its own docket. See id.Singh has not explained, nor can we perceive, why the magistrate court would be in a better
position to correct the patent error in this case, which is clearly evident from the official audio
recording of the proceeding. Under the circumstances here, where the district court listened to the
official recording of the preliminary hearing and there is no genuine dispute between the parties
as to what was said on that recording, it would add expense and delay to the criminal process to
require remand to the magistrate court so that it could listen to the same audio recording a second
time before the transcript could be corrected.
Further, we are unconvinced that the court “where the error occurred” was the magistrate
court. The preliminary hearing transcript was requested after the case was transferred to district
court. The error occurred when a transcriptionist failed to correctly discern Wife’s response on the
audio recording of the preliminary hearing. Thus, the error occurred in the district court. At the
hearing on the State’s motion to correct the transcript, the district court noted that it had listened
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to the audio recording of the preliminary hearing and asked Singh’s counsel if he wanted to address
the State’s interpretation of what Wife said at the hearing. Singh’s counsel conceded that he had
not listened to the audio recording, declined the State’s offer to play the audio recording for him
and stated, “You know, you have ears, same as I do. And if you hear it, I’m comfortable with that.”
Thus, no one disputed that the audio recording was clear, and that Wife’s testimony was readily
discernible. Under these circumstances, there was no error in the magistrate court and therefore,
no reason to remand the case for the magistrate court to issue a correction.
Based on the foregoing, we hold that the district court had authority to correct the patent
error in the preliminary hearing transcript. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s decision to
correct the preliminary hearing transcript.
B. The district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting its correction to the
preliminary hearing transcript at trial.
Singh argues the district court erred by admitting its correction to the preliminary hearing
transcript at trial because it was not authenticated under I.R.E. 901 or 902. The State maintains
that the correction was admissible under I.R.E. 901 because it accurately reflects the testimony
presented at the preliminary hearing, which Singh did not dispute.
At trial, the district court admitted the unaltered transcript following the State’s motion.
The district court then admitted its correction to the transcript as a court exhibit:
PROSECUTOR: At this time I move the Court back to clarify Line 15.
THE COURT: Ladies and Gentlemen, this is the preliminary hearing transcript.
The Court has ruled there was a mistake in the transcript. I’ll advise you of that
mistake now. Based upon the reasons stated up on [sic] the record at the hearing,
the Court augments and certifies as correct Page 17, Line 15, which is where we
are right here, of the preliminary transcript to read as follows:
Interpreter: He is my husband, your Honor. I can hear her now, thank you.
And the Court will admit that correction certification of preliminary hearing
transcript as the Court’s Exhibit Number 1.
Court’s Exhibit Number 1 is a partially redacted version of the district court’s “Correction and
Certification” that was ordered following the State’s motion to correct the transcript.
We need not address Singh’s evidentiary argument because the district court is not required
to lay foundation prior to submitting its own order to the jury. Prior to the trial, the parties argued
whether the transcript should be corrected. After considering the parties’ arguments, the district
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court issued a correction. When the original transcript was provided to the jury due to Wife’s
unavailability, the district court similarly ensured that the jury had its order correcting the
transcript. The district court was not admitting evidence in support of one party or the other, but
instead was ensuring the jury had the correct version of the transcript, which had already been
admitted into evidence. As a result, the district court was not required to establish an evidentiary
foundation for its own order. We therefore hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion
in admitting the correction.
V. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s decision to correct the patent error in the preliminary hearing
transcript. We also affirm the district court’s decision to admit the correction to the transcript at
trial.
Chief Justice BEVAN, Justices BRODY, STEGNER, and MOELLER CONCUR.
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