State v. Ingraham

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 48522
STATE OF IDAHO, )
)
Plaintiff-Respondent, ) Coeur d’Alene, Sept. 2022 Term
)
v. ) Opinion filed: May 2, 2023
)
STACY LEE INGRAHAM, ) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District of the State of Idaho,
Kootenai County. John T. Mitchell, District Judge.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed in part and vacated in part. The case
is remanded for further proceedings.
Phelps & Associates, Spokane, WA, for Appellant. Douglas Phelps argued.
Raúl R. Labrador, Idaho Attorney General, Boise, for Respondent. Kale Gans
argued.
________________________________________
BRODY, Justice.
Defendant Stacy Lee Ingraham appeals her convictions and sentences, arguing she was
denied her right to a public trial under both the Idaho and U.S. constitutions. She also asserts the
district court erred by publishing a video exhibit to the jury after it began deliberations.
Additionally, she contends the district court erred in allowing the jury to consider a prior felony
conviction for purposes of a persistent violator enhancement where that conviction had previously
been “deemed” a misdemeanor pursuant to Idaho Code section 19-2604. For the reasons explained
below, we affirm the judgment of conviction in part, but vacate that part of the judgment imposing
sentence and remand for further proceedings.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On January 6, 2020, at approximately 12:45 AM, a Kootenai County sheriff’s deputy was
patrolling Highway 53 near Rathdrum, Idaho, when he observed a vehicle fail to stop at a stop
sign. He initiated a traffic stop. The driver was Stacy Lee Ingraham. A passenger was also in the
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vehicle. On making contact with Ingraham, the deputy smelled “the very strong odor” of marijuana
from within Ingraham’s vehicle. He then returned to his patrol vehicle, requested a cover unit, and
completed Ingraham’s citation for the traffic violation. On returning to her vehicle, he asked
Ingraham and the passenger to exit the vehicle and wait with another officer while he conducted a
search.
The deputy found marijuana on the driver’s seat, in the center console, and in the trunk. He
also found a marijuana pipe on the passenger seat and a broken lock box on the back seat. The lock
box was damaged and looked “forced open.” Inside it were numerous papers, including vehicle
information, employment records, mail, paycheck stubs, and a diploma, all belonging to a third
party. He then told Ingraham of his findings and advised her of her rights under Miranda v.
Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) (her “Miranda” rights). Ingraham told the deputy that the lockbox
and marijuana were both hers, informing him that she obtained the lockbox at a yard sale one year
ago but had to damage it to open it. She also claimed that she had recently loaned the lockbox to
an “unknown friend,” which would account for the third party paperwork inside.
Upon hearing Ingraham admit to owning the marijuana, the deputy arrested Ingraham and
placed her, handcuffed, in his patrol vehicle. When he went back to the car’s passenger to place
him under arrest, the passenger “immediately became resistant.” The passenger pulled away,
refused to give up his hands, and caused both he and the deputy to fall to the ground. The deputy
and two other officers had to wrestle and tase the passenger to place him in handcuffs and leg
restraints. During a subsequent search of the passenger’s person, the officers found a baggie of
marijuana and a “small glass pipe.”
Shortly thereafter, still at the scene of the traffic stop, another officer observed Ingraham
moving in the patrol car as if “actively destroying something.” When the deputy returned to his
patrol vehicle, he observed Ingraham holding a ripped plastic bag behind her back containing white
powder. There was additional white powder spread along the side of her seat and on her pants,
which had not been seen on Ingraham or on the seat prior to her arrest. The white powder in the
bag was later identified as methamphetamine. Video surveillance from within the patrol car
showed Ingraham removing the bag of methamphetamine from inside her pants and attempting to
place it in her mouth. When she failed to do so, Ingraham “[sat] up and rock[ed] back and forth
actively destroying the meth and baggie before she was finally removed from the vehicle.” After
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she was transported to the county jail, detention deputies also found pieces of broken glass in
Ingraham’s pocket and “a broken clear meth pipe up her anus.”
Ingraham was ultimately charged with possession of methamphetamine, possession of
marijuana, possession of drug paraphernalia, destruction of evidence, and grand theft by
possession of stolen property. The State sought a sentencing enhancement under Idaho Code
section 19-2514 because of Ingraham’s status as a persistent offender. These issues went to jury
trial in September 2020, with jury selection commencing on September 18, 2020.
To allow for greater social distancing, the district court conducted voir dire in an exhibit
hall at the Kootenai County Fairgrounds. The judge, parties, counsel, and over a hundred potential
jurors for two trials were in attendance. Nothing in the record indicates that the exhibit hall was
closed off to the public.
At the start of jury selection, the district court explained some of the rules and procedures
that would be in place through the upcoming trial pursuant to the Idaho Supreme Court’s most
recent order on COVID-19 precautions: (1) everyone, including court employees, would wear a
face mask; (2) the only mask exception was for witnesses while they were testifying; (3) the jurors
would sit approximately six feet apart to social distance; and (4) the trial would be broadcast live
on YouTube. The district court further explained that “a bunch” of the courtroom pews had been
removed “so that the jury can social distance.” Thus, due to limited space and seating, and “the
need to social distance,” the district court stated that the courtroom would have to be closed to
public spectators who wished to physically attend the trial, but that the trial would be available to
the public on YouTube.
The district court changed course during a pretrial conference held the morning trial was
scheduled to begin. It explained that it planned to permit a limited number of family members and
public spectators to attend the trial in person, should they wish, while the YouTube broadcast link
could be provided to any other interested persons who could not attend if the courtroom reached
its capacity under social distancing rules. The district court explained:
My intention was if there were one or two people from the public or concerned
family members to let them in because we can socially distance if they are willing
to wear a face mask. Beyond that, then I have to make accommodations through
YouTube, and I’m going to need to know so I can tell those people that I won’t let
in, I need to let them know how to access it.
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No public observers or family members attended the trial, and no one requested access to the
YouTube broadcast. The only people physically present in the courtroom were the trial
participants: the parties, the parties’ attorneys, the fourteen jurors, prospective witnesses, bailiffs,
court staff, and the judge.
The record shows Ingraham made no objections to the adjusted trial procedures
implemented by the district court as they concerned her right to a public trial. In fact, the only
objection she made concerning the altered procedures was an objection during voir dire to the
panel wearing face masks.
THE COURT: Does the defense pass the panel for cause?
MS. PAYNE: I can’t, Your Honor, because I can’t see their faces. I can only base
my decision on their answers, so as to their answers, I can say pass for cause, but
as to their faces with the face masks, I cannot say.
THE COURT: Okay. I understand your objection if it is an objection.
MS. PAYNE: It is.
THE COURT: But it’s overruled. It is overruled, and that’s something that
should’ve been covered prior to starting.
Otherwise, Ingraham never objected to, or raised concerns with, the YouTube broadcast, limiting
the number of public spectators, social distancing procedures, jury selection taking place at the
exhibit hall, or other safety protocols implemented by the district court in conducting Ingraham’s
trial.
Early in the trial, the State sought to exclude evidence that one of Ingraham’s prior felonies
had been amended to a misdemeanor. In 2004, Ingraham pleaded guilty to felony possession of
methamphetamine. Following good performance on probation, her felony conviction was reduced
to a misdemeanor in 2006 pursuant to Idaho Code section 19-2604. (Technically, the felony was
amended to a misdemeanor on July 14, 2020, but the order was issued nunc pro tunc to July 11,
2006.) Ingraham opposed the State’s motion to exclude evidence of her amended conviction. She
responded that once a conviction “has been deemed a misdemeanor, . . . it’s not a conviction
anymore for purposes of the persistent enhancement statute.” After reviewing State v. Brandt, 110
Idaho 341, 715 P.2d 1011 (Ct. App. 1986), the district court concluded that “a person is still
convicted for purposes of [I.C. §] 19-2514 even though they got relief under 19-2604.”
Additional evidence introduced at trial by the State consisted of police body camera footage
from the traffic stop. The three videos were redacted to remove “dead time” and “the tussle with
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[the passenger].” All of the videos were admitted without objection from Ingraham. Exhibit 1
primarily showed Ingraham’s arrest; Exhibit 2 was footage from the patrol vehicle’s interior while
Ingraham tried to “crush” the methamphetamine into the crack of the backseat; and Exhibit 13
showed the deputy initially contacting Ingraham, writing the traffic citation, and then searching
her vehicle. The first two videos—Exhibits 1 and 2, respectively—played without issue in open
court on the first day of trial. However, when the State tried to show Exhibit 13 to the jury on
rebuttal, technical difficulties with the DVD player prevented the exhibit from being published to
the jury. The State suggested that the jury could simply watch the admitted Exhibit 13, if they
wanted to, during deliberations. However, Ingraham expressed initial concern with the jury
watching the video without the parties present—telling the court it would be “awkward to just let
the jury watch something that isn’t in the presence of the parties.” The district court concluded that
if any member of the jury requested to view Exhibit 13, the court would “grant that request” and
all parties would “come back into the courtroom after the jury begins deliberations.” Neither
Ingraham nor the State objected to this plan.
During closing arguments, Ingraham’s defense counsel referenced Exhibit 13. She told the
jury, “I encourage you to watch it.” Immediately following closing arguments and jury
instructions, before deliberations had even begun, a jury member asked to see Exhibit 13. Problems
with playing the DVD continued to prevent the exhibit from being shown to the jury at that time,
so the district court told the jury to begin their deliberations and then the court would reconvene
when it could play the video. Once again, neither the State nor Ingraham objected to the procedure
proposed by the court. After the jury began its deliberations, court staff made Exhibit 13 “ready to
be published or played to the jury,” so all parties, counselors, and court staff returned to the
courtroom/jury room solely to watch Exhibit 13 together. All persons other than the jury then left
again, leaving the jury to its deliberations.
The jury later found Ingraham guilty on all charges. The jury also found Ingraham was
“previously convicted of at least two prior felony offenses” for the purposes of a persistent violator
enhancement. Sentencing was set for November 30, 2020, and the district court invited all
interested in watching to attend.
At sentencing, the district court ultimately imposed three concurrent 15-year sentences,
with five years fixed, for Ingraham’s felony convictions. The court also sentenced Ingraham to
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time served on the misdemeanor convictions. Ingraham timely appealed her conviction and
sentences to this Court.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Ingraham’s right to a public trial was not violated.
Ingraham challenges the district court’s modified procedures and public “closures” during
jury selection and the remainder of the trial, arguing she was denied her fundamental right to a
public trial. She claims these errors are structural and warrant automatic reversal for a new trial.
In response, the State contends that Ingraham failed to preserve her arguments by (1) failing to
object to any of the trial modifications below and (2) failing to assert fundamental error in her
opening brief on appeal. We agree with the State on both counts.
This Court has a longstanding rule that it will not consider issues that are raised for the first
time on appeal. Indeed, the Territorial Supreme Court of Idaho applied this rule 155 years ago
when it held:
It is manifestly unfair for a party to go into court and slumber, as it were, on his
defense, take no exception to the ruling, present no point for the attention of the
court, and seek to present his defense, that was never mooted before, to the
judgment of the appellate court. Such a practice would destroy the purpose of an
appeal and make the [S]upreme [C]ourt one for deciding questions of law in the
first instance.
Smith v. Sterling, 1 Idaho 128, 131 (1867); see also State v. Gonzalez, 165 Idaho 95, 99, 439 P.3d
1267, 1271 (2019) (“[B]oth the issue and the party’s position on the issue must be raised before
the trial court for it to be properly preserved for appeal.”). Failure to properly raise constitutional
issues before the trial court can constitute a waiver of the right to raise the issue on appeal. State
v. Barr, 166 Idaho 783, 787, 463 P.3d 1286, 1290 (2020).
If an “alleged error was not followed by a contemporaneous objection, it shall only be
reviewed by an appellate court under Idaho’s fundamental error doctrine.” State v. Perry, 150
Idaho 209, 228, 245 P.3d 961, 980 (2010). As stated in Perry, to show fundamental error:
(1) the defendant must demonstrate that one or more of the defendant’s unwaived
constitutional rights were violated; (2) the error must be clear or obvious, without
the need for any additional information not contained in the appellate record,
including information as to whether the failure to object was a tactical decision; and
(3) the defendant must demonstrate that the error affected the defendant’s
substantial rights, meaning (in most instances) that it must have affected the
outcome of the trial proceedings.
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Id. at 226, 245 P.3d at 978. “[A] violation of the right to a public trial is a structural error,” Weaver
v. Massachusetts, 137 S. Ct. 1899, 1908 (2017), meaning it is a constitutional right “so basic to a
fair trial” that a violation requires an automatic reversal. Perry, 150 Idaho at 222, 245 P.3d at 974.
A structural defect would automatically satisfy Perry’s third prong. State v. Haggard, 166 Idaho
858, 861, 465 P.3d 1097, 1100 (2020).
Additionally, it is a fundamental principle of appellate procedure that appellants are
“required to identify legal issues and provide authorities supporting the arguments in the opening
brief.” Thomas v. Med. Ctr. Physicians, P.A., 138 Idaho 200, 205, 61 P.3d 557, 562 (2002); see
also I.A.R. 35. This Court does not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief.
State v. Hawkins, 159 Idaho 507, 517, 363 P.3d 348, 358 (2015); Thomas, 138 Idaho at 206, 61
P.3d at 563; State v. Raudebaugh, 124 Idaho 758, 763, 864 P.2d 596, 601 (1993). Raising a new
issue at a “late stage of the briefing does not allow for full consideration of the issue,” nor does it
give a respondent a fair opportunity to respond to the issue. Raudebaugh, 124 Idaho at 763, 864
P.2d at 601. Thus, such late arguments, which at best seem to be a legal afterthought and, at worst,
appear calculated to prevent opposing counsel from offering a fair response, are generally not
considered by the Court. Id.Here, the record is clear that Ingraham never objected to the trial modifications concerning
public access, much less raised any specific constitutional claims before or during trial. More
specifically, Ingraham never objected to the use of the county fairgrounds exhibit hall for jury
selection, the trial’s broadcast on YouTube, the removal of pews in the courtroom to socially
distance the jury, or the reduced access to attend the trial in person. The only objection made to
any of the modified trial procedures was an unspecified and cryptic concern about the jury pool
wearing masks throughout voir dire as the basis for not passing “their faces” for cause. Yet,
Ingraham passed “their answers” for cause, suggesting she had no specific concerns that the
remaining jurors were qualified. Otherwise, the defense agreed with or acquiesced to the trial
court’s proposed plans at every turn. Because Ingraham made no objection to the attendance
limitations or trial modifications in her case to the district court below, her claim of a constitutional
error on appeal is reviewable only if she demonstrates that the trial court’s actions constituted
fundamental error. Perry, 150 Idaho at 225–26, 245 P.3d at 977–78; see also State v. Overline,
154 Idaho 214, 217, 296 P.3d 420, 423 (Ct. App. 2012). This she failed to do.
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Not only has Ingraham failed to demonstrate fundamental error, she has also failed to raise
it as an issue at all. As noted, Ingraham did not raise the claim of fundamental error in her opening
brief on appeal. The closest Ingraham comes to discussing Idaho’s fundamental error analysis is
the use of the phrase “fundamental rights” in her conclusion: “The errors which occurred in this
case are of such magnitude in denying the [sic] Ms. Stacy Ingraham her fundamental rights that
the case must be remanded for a new trial.” Even in her reply briefing, fundamental error is invoked
in name only before Ingraham repeats her arguments that the trial court was required to apply the
factors from Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39 (1984). The Waller test only applies if the accused
objects to closing the court. See Waller, 467 U.S. at 47–48. Here, the record shows that not only
did Ingraham fail to object, but it also confirms that the trial was never closed.
Ingraham’s misstatements and distortions of the record, which appear deliberately
calculated to allow her to make these constitutional arguments on appeal, are of grave concern to
the Court. Ingraham repeatedly asserts in her briefing that her court proceedings below—from jury
selection through the remainder of the trial—were “closed to the public.” Such baseless assertions
are unavailing. For example, at Ingraham’s trial, public attendance was limited, but the courtroom
was not closed. The district court specifically made some seating available on the first day of trial
to ensure that any of Ingraham’s family members or friends, as well as public spectators, could
attend the trial while maintaining social distancing. This was done per this Court’s emergency
orders in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, with the applicable order issued September 16,
2020, just two days before jury selection commenced in Ingraham’s case. Idaho Supreme Court,
Amended Order Re: Jury Trials (Sept. 16, 2020), https://isc.idaho.gov/EO/FINAL-Amended-
Order-In-Re-Jury-Trials_9-16-20.pdf (hereinafter “Emergency Order”). The district court also
made arrangements to provide virtual access to the trial through a YouTube broadcast if the room
reached capacity.
My intention was if there were one or two people from the public or concerned
family members to let them in because we can socially distance if they are willing
to wear a face mask. Beyond that, then I have to make accommodations through
YouTube, and I’m going to need to know so I can tell those people that I won’t let
in, I need to let them know how to access it.
Ultimately, no public observers or family members attended Ingraham’s trial, and no one
requested access to the YouTube broadcast. While there was an early indication by the district
court that it considered barring all spectators, that discussion occurred before the trial and no
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capacity restriction was ever executed by the court. By the time the trial commenced, the district
court independently changed course to ensure some seating remained available to public attendees,
starting with “one or two people from the public or concerned family members.” Importantly,
Ingraham has failed to assert or show that anyone who wanted to attend the trial in person, or watch
it live on YouTube, was prevented from doing so.
As for voir dire, the record shows that the jury selection took place at the exhibit hall of
the county fairgrounds, which is public property. The judge, parties, counsel, and over a hundred
potential jurors for two trials attended jury selection. Nothing in the record indicates that the
proceedings were closed to the public and, like at trial, no one requested, or was denied, access to
the proceedings, either in person or via YouTube. Thus, the record not only confirms the district
court’s careful compliance with the Emergency Order, but also its willingness to provide both
virtual and physical access to the courtroom in consideration of Ingraham’s public trial rights.
While Ingraham has framed her appeal to present questions of whether virtual access to the
courts satisfies the constitutional standards of a public trial under the Sixth Amendment of the
United States Constitution and Article 1, section 13 of the Idaho Constitution, the record clearly
demonstrates that the court remained physically accessible to the public at all times. Ingraham
points to nothing in the record showing that the courtroom was closed at any instance in this trial.
Thus, her assertions of complete exclusion of the public from the trial proceedings, when in fact
there were only capacity restrictions established to ensure the safety of the public and all trial
participants, amount to nothing more than inflammatory accusations. The Emergency Order and
its counterparts were issued by this Court to ensure that those safeguards of a free society continued
in the face of a public health crisis, while at the same time balancing the need to protect the lives
and health of those attending court proceedings.. Simply put, restricted access to seating,
supplemented by remote viewing options, is not equivalent to barring the courthouse doors.
Nothing in either the Idaho or federal constitutions requires a definitive number of seats be made
available in a courtroom.
Ingraham not only failed to preserve her claims for appeal, but she also failed to properly
identify the legal issues or provide supporting authority on appeal. Further, her efforts to misstate
the record in an attempt to circumvent the preservation rules have been equally unavailing.
Accordingly, her appeal is denied.
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B. There was no error in publishing Exhibit 13 during jury deliberations.
Ingraham also challenges on appeal the district court’s decision to publish Exhibit 13, a
video, to the jury after deliberations began. She argues that this manner of publication violated her
“right to not be deprived of liberty without due process of the law,” was “reversible error” for
reopening the trial, and imposed “inherent unfairness by unduly emphasizing Exhibit #13 in the
midst of the jury’s deliberations.” She ultimately argues that this is reversible error requiring a new
trial. The State argues that Ingraham failed to preserve this claim of error on the admitted exhibit
and that it was ultimately invited error. We conclude that there was no error in the publication of
Exhibit 13.
Rule 24.1(b)(4) of the Criminal Rules permits jurors to have copies of admitted exhibits
during trial. We recently held in State v. Weigle that “Idaho trial judges have the discretion to allow
demonstrative exhibits to be given to the jury during its deliberations, especially if appropriate
safeguards are employed to address potential prejudice.” 165 Idaho 482, 488–89, 447 P.3d 930,
936–37 (2019). Thus, recent precedent controls here and demonstrates that the manner of
publishing Exhibit 13 was both appropriate and within the district court’s discretion.
Importantly, this is not a case where the admissibility of the evidence was challenged, only
the timing of its publication. Here, each side wanted the jury to watch Exhibit 13. Publication of
this video evidence would have occurred during trial, but for technological glitches that delayed
the court’s ability to play the video for the jury at that time. With the consent of both parties, and
upon hearing the defense’s concerns for “awkwardness,” the district court concluded that the court
would reconvene briefly with the jury and only for the purposes of watching the video together.
This was done without objection from either side. Shortly after the jury began deliberations, court
staff fixed the DVD player and the parties published Exhibit 13 to the jury. Pursuant to Criminal
Rule 24.1 and Weigle, the trial court properly used its discretion in permitting an exhibit to be
given to the jury during its deliberations while employing safeguards against prejudice.
Assuming, arguendo, that there was error in the publication, we agree with the State that
the doctrine of invited error precludes Ingraham’s argument. “The invited error doctrine precludes
a criminal defendant from ‘consciously’ inviting district court action and then successfully
claiming those actions are erroneous on appeal.” State v. Barr, 166 Idaho 783, 786, 463 P.3d 1286,
1289 (2020) (citations omitted). In other words, the doctrine’s purpose “is to prevent a party who
caused or played an important role in prompting a trial court to take action, from later challenging
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that decision on appeal.” Id. At the time of the State’s motion to admit the evidence, Ingraham
neither objected to the admission of Exhibit 13 nor moved to strike it. In fact, she later pushed for
its publication to be in the presence of all parties, with the jury, and actively encouraged the jury
to watch the exhibit as soon as it became available. During closing arguments, Ingraham’s defense
counsel cited to scenes from the video and expressly told the jury, “I encourage you to watch
[Exhibit 13].” Thus, any risk of error in reconvening court after jury deliberations had already
begun were directly invited by Ingraham as she prompted the district court to take a certain action
only to challenge the decision on appeal. Although we find no error here, when an admitted exhibit
is published to the jury during deliberations, the presence of the court, the attorneys, and the
defendant is not required. While a jury is deliberating, unnecessary exposure of the jury to outside
influences should be kept to a minimum. Inasmuch as Ingraham has demonstrated no due process
violation in the district court’s handling of Exhibit 13, we affirm Ingraham’s judgment of
conviction.
C. It was error to predicate the persistent violator enhancement on a prior felony
conviction, which had been previously “deemed” a misdemeanor pursuant to Idaho
Code section 19-2604.
Ingraham finally challenges the legal basis upon which the persistent violator enhancement
was predicated. In phase two of the trial, the district court instructed the jury that the State alleged
that Ingraham had been convicted of the felony offense of possession of a controlled substance in
Kootenai County in 2004. The district court in the 2004 Kootenai County case granted Ingraham
relief from that conviction pursuant to Idaho Code section 19-2604 after Ingraham successfully
completed probation. Apparently, an amended judgment was not entered at the time the application
for relief was granted, but, shortly before the trial in this case, the district court assigned to the
2004 Kootenai County case entered an amended judgment nunc pro tunc to July 11, 2006
“deeming” the 2004 felony conviction a misdemeanor. Citing State v. Brandt, 110 Idaho 341, 715
P.2d 1011 (Ct. App. 1986), and other case law, the district court in this case concluded that “a
person is still convicted for purposes of [Idaho Code section] 19-2514 [the persistent violator
enhancement statute] even though they got relief under 19-2604.” The district court’s reliance on
Brandt was misplaced given the plain language of Idaho Code section 19-2604(2), which
unambiguously provides that the 2004 conviction was “deemed” (i.e., “considered”) a
misdemeanor when the application for relief was granted.
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Issues of statutory interpretation are questions of law over which this Court exercises free
review. State v. Dunlap, 155 Idaho 345, 361, 313 P.3d 1, 17 (2013). “Statutory interpretation
begins with the statute’s plain language.” Id. The statute is considered as a whole, and words are
given “their plain, usual, and ordinary meanings.” Id. If the statute’s language is unambiguous,
then this Court will give effect to the legislature's clearly expressed intent. Id. at 361–62, 313 P.3d
at 17–18.
Section 19-2604 authorizes some criminal defendants to apply for relief from a felony
judgment of conviction. The statute authorizes the district court to grant relief in a number of
forms, including the discretion to enter an amended judgment “deeming” a felony conviction a
misdemeanor:
(1) (a) Application for relief under this subsection may be made by the following
persons who have pled guilty to or been found guilty of a crime:
(i) A defendant whose sentence has been suspended or who has received a
withheld judgment;
(ii) A defendant in a felony case whose sentence has been commuted under
section 19-2601 1., Idaho Code;
(iii) A defendant in a felony case upon whom the court has not imposed a
sentence to the custody of the board of correction;
(iv) A defendant who has not been sentenced but who has successfully
completed a drug court or mental health court program;
(v) A defendant in a misdemeanor case who has not been sentenced to
serve a term in the county jail or whose sentence or any portion thereof has
been suspended.
(b) Upon application of the defendant and upon satisfactory showing that:
(i) The court did not find, and the defendant did not admit, in any probation
violation proceeding that the defendant violated any of the terms or
conditions of any probation that may have been imposed; or
(ii) The defendant has successfully completed and graduated from an
authorized drug court program or mental health court program and during
any period of probation that may have been served following such
graduation, the court did not find, and the defendant did not admit, in any
probation violation proceeding that the defendant violated any of the terms
or conditions of probation;
the court, if convinced by the showing made that there is no longer cause for
continuing the period of probation should the defendant be on probation at the time
of the application, and that there is good cause for granting the requested relief,
may terminate the sentence or set aside the plea of guilty or conviction of the
defendant, and finally dismiss the case and discharge the defendant or may amend
the judgment of conviction from a term in the custody of the state board of
correction to “confinement in a penal facility” for the number of days served prior
to sentencing, and the amended judgment may be deemed to be a misdemeanor
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conviction. This shall apply to the cases in which defendants have been convicted
before this law goes into effect, as well as to cases which arise thereafter. The final
dismissal of the case as herein provided shall have the effect of restoring the
defendant to his civil rights.
I.C. § 19-2604(1)(a)-(b) (emphasis added). The word “deemed,” according to Merriam-Webster’s
online dictionary, means “to come to think or judge: consider[.]” Deem, Merriam-Webster
Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deem (last visited April 7, 2023).
There is no dispute that the district court in the 2004 Kootenai County case entered an order
“deeming” Ingraham’s felony conviction a misdemeanor. The order was entered nunc pro tunc to
July 11, 2006 which means that as of that date, Ingraham’s 2004 conviction was “considered” a
misdemeanor. Thus, it was legal error to instruct the jury in September 2020 that a persistent
violator enhancement could be predicated on that conviction. The conviction was for a
misdemeanor at the time the jury in this case was instructed.
The district court, primarily relying on State v. Brandt, 110 Idaho 341, 344, 715 P.2d 1011,
1014 (Ct. App. 1986) and State v. Reed, 149 Idaho 901, 904, 243 P.3d 1089, 1092 (Ct. App. 2010),
concluded that the persistent violator enhancement could still be predicated on the 2004 Kootenai
County conviction even though Ingraham was granted relief under Idaho Code section 19-2604.
Brandt and Reed are distinguishable, and do not control the outcome of this case.
In Brandt, the defendant pled guilty to three separately charged felonies on a single day
and was awaiting sentencing in the Cassia County jail. Id. at 342, 715 P.2d at 1012. Before
sentencing occurred, Brandt escaped from the jail and was recaptured that same day. Id. He was
subsequently found guilty of escape, injury to jail property, assault, and robbery. Id. The jury also
found he was a persistent violator under Idaho Code section 19-2514 based on his three prior guilty
pleas. Id. The Idaho Court of Appeals explained that one of the issues presented on appeal was
whether Brandt’s guilty pleas (no formal convictions had yet been entered) constituted
“convictions” for purposes of the persistent violator enhancement statute:
As noted, Brandt had pled guilty to the three felonies, but a judgment had
not yet been entered against him nor had he been sentenced when he was
subsequently charged as a persistent violator in respect to the escape incident. Thus,
the question arises whether Brandt had been “convicted” of the felonies as required
by I.C. § 19–2514. Specifically, were Brandt’s pleas sufficient to establish
convictions or does the statute require the formal entry of a judgment and sentence?
13
Id. at 344, 715 P.2d at 1014. The Court of Appeals ultimately determined that Brandt’s guilty pleas
constituted convictions when they were accepted by the district court.
The Court of Appeals started its analysis in Brandt by explaining the term “conviction”
can encompass two distinct concepts: “It could represent a particular phase of a criminal case in
which guilt is determined, either by admission or by jury verdict. Alternatively, it could be viewed
as the final conclusion of the prosecution, including the entry of a judgment and the imposition of
a sentence.” Id. (analyzing State v. O’Dell, 71 Idaho 64, 225 P.2d 1020 (1950)). Given these
distinctions, the Court of Appeals examined the purpose of the persistent violator enhancement
and analogized it to the purpose of Idaho Code section 18-308 which authorizes the imposition of
consecutive sentences when a defendant is guilty of multiple criminal endeavors. Id. at 345, 715
P.2d at 1015. Given this Court’s decision in State v. Chauncey, 97 Idaho 756, 554 P.2d 934 (1976),
where it concluded that a guilty plea constituted a conviction for purposes of determining a judge’s
authority to impose consecutive sentences, the Court of Appeals determined that a guilty plea,
when accepted by the district court, constitutes a conviction for purposes of a persistent violator
enhancement:
We conclude that for purposes of § 19–2514, a conviction occurs when a
defendant pleads guilty and the plea is accepted by the court. Thus, in essence, a
previous felony conviction under § 19–2514 arises upon a determination of guilt,
whether it be by a defendant’s own admission or as a result of a jury verdict. By
pleading guilty the defendant is admitting to the truthfulness of the charges against
him. He is, in fact, creating his own track record. Once the defendant has admitted
to his alleged activities, there is no purpose served by delaying recognition of the
defendant’s previous crimes for purposes of § 19–2514. We recognize the need for
a clearly distinguishable point at which a defendant can be said to have been
convicted of a felony for purposes of § 19–2514. In light of the purposes of the
persistent violator statute, we think that point is identified by our holding in this
case.
Brandt, 110 Idaho at 345, 715 P.2d at 1015. Critically, Brandt simply did not address whether the
granting of relief under Idaho Code section 19-2604 has any effect on a persistent violator
enhancement, and the district court’s reliance on the case was misplaced.
The district court’s reliance on Reed, 149 Idaho at 904, 243 P.3d at 1092, was also
inapposite. In Reed, the Court of Appeals addressed whether a felony DUI conviction reduced to
a misdemeanor under Idaho Code section 19-2604(1) could be used as an enhancement in a
subsequent DUI case under Idaho Code section 18-8005(6). Based on the plain language of Idaho
Code section 18-8005(6), the Court of Appeals held that it could:
14
As in Perkins, it can be presumed that, when the Idaho Legislature enacted
I.C. § 18–8005(6), it was aware that a defendant’s previous DUI conviction could
be dismissed under I.C. § 19–2604(1). The definition of conviction stated in I.C. §
18–8005(6) mirrors, almost exactly, that set forth in the Registration Act. The DUI
enhancement provision applies to any person who “previously has been found guilty
of or has pled guilty to two (2) or more violations ... notwithstanding the form of
the judgment(s) or withheld judgment(s).” I.C. § 18–8005(6). The legislature could
have provided an exemption in the definition of conviction for those defendants
whose convictions had been dismissed under I.C. § 19–2604(1), but it did not. As
noted in Deitz, the purpose of both I.C. § 19–2604(1) and I.C. § 18–8005(6) is to
promote rehabilitation and prevent recidivism. Because both statutes have the same
purpose, one should not be construed to negate the other. The Idaho Legislature has
specified that for many types of offenses, a withheld judgment will be treated as a
prior conviction in the event of subsequent crimes. Woodbury, 141 Idaho at 549,
112 P.3d at 837 (citing I.C. § 18–8005(6)). It would be against well-established
policy to allow the leniency provided by I.C. § 19–2604(1) to benefit repeat
offenders who are charged under I.C. § 18–8005(6). See Deitz, 120 Idaho at 758,
819 P.2d at 1158.
Reed, 149 Idaho at 904, 243 P.3d at 1092 (emphasis added). Critically, the Reed decision is based
on the plain language of the DUI statute emphasized above. Section 18-2005(6) makes it clear that
once a person is found guilty of DUI or pleads guilty to a DUI it is sufficient grounds to enhance
a future charge regardless of what type of leniency or relief may have been granted following the
conviction. There is no such language in the persistent violator enhancement statute which simply
states:
Any person convicted for the third time of the commission of a felony, whether the
previous convictions were had within the state of Idaho or were had outside the
state of Idaho, shall be considered a persistent violator of law, and on such third
conviction shall be sentenced to a term in the custody of the state board of
correction which term shall be for not less than five (5) years and said term may
extend to life.
I.C. § 19-2514. Accordingly, we conclude that Ingraham’s amended conviction should not have
been considered for enhancement purposes under Idaho Code section 19-2514.
The dissent takes aim at the majority’s conclusion, contending that it is contrary to
longstanding views of district judges and asserting that “one would have expected the legislature
to have acted to amend these statutes if the Idaho judiciary’s interpretation and application of these
statutes for almost 40 years has been inconsistent with the intent of the legislature.” Challenges to
longstanding views of district judges is the stuff that appeals are made of. As for legislative intent,
the dissent is willing to take an inferential leap we will not make. To be sure, there are two
15
important public policies at stake in this case—the policy of curbing recidivism (the persistent
violator statute) and the policy of rewarding rehabilitation (the leniency statute). The role of the
judiciary is to apply statutes as plainly written, not make a judgment call based on our policy
preference. The legislature may, in fact, decide that they do not agree with the result reached in
today’s decision and amend the persistent violator enhancement statute to read like Idaho Code
section 18-8005(6), the DUI statute at issue in Reed. That is the legislature’s call to make, not this
Court’s.
On a final note, the Court’s interpretation of Idaho Code sections 19-2514 and 19-2604
announced today will only be applied prospectively and to cases now on direct review. The Court
set out the standard for determining retroactive versus prospective application of a new criminal
procedural rule in State v. Owens, 158 Idaho 1, 343 P.3d 30 (2015), a case that reversed
longstanding precedent concerning the calculation of credit for time served under Idaho Code
section 18-309:
Finally, we must determine whether we will apply this decision
retroactively. We explicitly adopted the retroactivity test from Teague v. Lane, 489
U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989), for criminal cases on collateral
review. Rhoades v. State, 149 Idaho 130, 133, 233 P.3d 61, 64 (2010); Fields v.
State, 149 Idaho 399, 401, 234 P.3d 723, 725 (2010). The general rule from Teague
is that our current interpretation of a new criminal procedural rule does not apply
retroactively to cases already final when a new rule is announced. Teague, 489 U.S.
at 310, 109 S.Ct. at 1075, 103 L.Ed.2d at 355–56; Rhoades, 149 Idaho at 139, 233
P.3d at 70. However, a new rule applies retroactively when it meets one of two
exceptions: (1) the rule substantively alters punishable conduct or (2) the rule is a
“watershed” rule implicating the fundamental fairness of the trial. Teague, 489 U.S.
at 311, 109 S.Ct. at 1075–76, 103 L.Ed.2d at 356–57; Rhoades, 149 Idaho at 139,
233 P.3d at 70. We have explained that Teague’s [sic] approach “advances an
important interest: the finality of judgments” and “generally avoids the retroactive
application of a new rule of law to judgments, based upon trials that were not
fundamentally unfair and had adequate truth-finding procedures, that were final
when the new rule was announced.” Rhoades, 149 Idaho at 138, 233 P.3d at 69.
The threshold question in applying the Teague test is whether a case
announces a new rule. See State v. Mares, 335 P.3d 487, 505 (Wyo.2014).
Generally a case announces a new rule “when it breaks new ground or imposes a
new obligation” on states. Teague, 489 U.S. at 301, 109 S.Ct. at 1070, 103 L.Ed.2d
at 349. In other words, “a case announces a new rule if the result was not dictated
by precedent existing at the time the defendant’s conviction became final.” Id.(emphasis in original). We have never before interpreted Idaho Code section 18–
309 as adding credit for time served to each consecutive count in a judgment.
16
Because we are now interpreting section 18–309 in a way that was not dictated by
precedent, this case announces a new rule.
We will not apply this new rule retroactively to cases on collateral review
unless the rule meets one of the two exceptions articulated in Teague. Rhoades, 149
Idaho at 139, 233 P.3d at 70. The first exception requires a substantive rule. Id. A
rule is substantive when it alters the range of conduct or the class of persons that
the law punishes. Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 353, 124 S.Ct. 2519, 2523,
159 L.Ed.2d 442, 449 (2004). Conversely, rules that regulate only the manner of
determining the defendant's culpability are procedural. Id. The second exception is
a watershed rule implicating a criminal proceeding's fundamental fairness. Sawyer
v. Smith, 497 U.S. 227, 241–42, 110 S.Ct. 2822, 2830–31, 111 L.Ed.2d 193, 210–
11 (1990). A rule is a watershed rule when it improves accuracy and alters an
understanding of the bedrock procedural elements essential to a proceeding's
fairness. Id. at 242, 110 S.Ct. at 2831, 111 L.Ed.2d at 211.
This Court’s interpretation of Idaho Code section 18–309’s plain language
meets neither exception. First, the statute’s plain language does not alter the class
of persons or the conduct the law punishes. The statute only alters the amount of
time a person spends incarcerated after the court determines he committed
punishable conduct. Second, the statute is not a watershed rule implicating a trial’s
fundamental fairness because defendants sentenced under the statute still received
a fair plea, trial, and sentencing. The statute only affects the punishment after trial.
Also, the trial court already had discretion to sentence the defendant to concurrent
counts or consecutive counts. In sum, our new rule does not meet either exception.
Therefore, we apply this Court’s new interpretation of Idaho Code section 18–309’s
plain language only prospectively and to cases now on direct review.
Owens, 158 Idaho at 6–7, 343 P.3d at 35–36. Like in Owens, the Court’s interpretation of the
statutory provisions at issue here does not meet either of the Teague exceptions. It does not alter
punishable conduct and is not a watershed rule implicating a trial’s fundamental fairness.
Therefore, this interpretation will only apply prospectively and to cases now on direct review.
Because the district court erred in its legal analysis, we vacate the sentencing portion of the
judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment of conviction in part. We
vacate that portion of the judgment setting forth the sentence and remand the case for further
proceedings.
Justices STEGNER and ZAHN, CONCUR.
17
MOELLER, J., dissenting.
I write separately to register my dissent with the majority’s interpretation of Idaho Code
sections 19-2514 and 19-2604(2), and its decision to deviate from the Idaho judiciary’s
longstanding application of State v. Brandt, 110 Idaho 341, 715 P.2d 1011 (Ct. App. 1986). I fully
concur with Parts A and B of the majority’s opinion because Ingraham’s right to a public trial was
not violated by the precautions taken in her case and there was no error in publishing an admitted
trial exhibit during jury deliberations. However, I cannot join in Part C of the majority’s opinion,
which reverses the district court’s decision to treat Ingraham’s 2004 felony conviction as a felony
for purposes of applying the persistent violator enhancement to her sentence.
Idaho’s persistent violator law is set forth in Idaho Code section 19-2514 and it applies to
“[a]ny person convicted for the third time of the commission of a felony.” (Emphasis added.) If it
applies, section 19-2514 acts as an enhancement to the standard sentence for the crime charged
and requires a qualifying defendant to be “sentenced to a term in the custody of the state board of
correction . . . for not less than five (5) years and said term may extend to life.” I.C. § 19-2514.
This case concerns the confluence of section 19-2514 with section 19-2604(2), which states the
circumstances under which a court “may amend the judgment of conviction” and provides that
“the amended judgment may be deemed to be a misdemeanor conviction.” (Emphasis added.)
Simply put, the majority overemphasizes the “deemed” language in section 19-2604(2) and fails
to give effect to the plain language and clear intention of section 19-2514—to protect the public
by reducing recidivism and encouraging rehabilitation through the imposition of stiffer sentences
for those with three or more felony “convictions.”
Here, there is no dispute that Ingraham was convicted of a felony in 2004 for possession
of methamphetamine. Likewise, it is undisputed that Ingraham was also convicted of a felony in
2017 for accessory to murder. The record shows that in the case before us, Ingraham was found
guilty of three additional felonies: possession of methamphetamine, concealment of evidence, and
grand theft by possession of stolen property. Thus, including any one of her three new convictions,
it can accurately be said that Ingraham has now been “convicted for the third time” for the
commission of a felony. I.C. § 19-2514.
Of course, this case would not be before us if it were that simple. Ingraham’s 2004 felony
conviction was later “deemed” to be a misdemeanor conviction pursuant to Idaho Code section
19-2604(2) after she completed a period of probation. The question before us is whether the district
18
court could still consider Ingraham’s 2004 plea of guilty to a felony as a “felony conviction” for
the purposes of a persistent violator enhancement. I believe that this question can be reconciled by
applying the plain language of the term “convicted for the third time” as used in Idaho Code section
19-2514, and is supported by the Idaho Court of Appeals decisions in State v. Brandt, 110 Idaho
341, 715 P.2d 1011 (Ct. App. 1986), and State v. Reed, 149 Idaho 901, 904, 243 P.3d 1089, 1092
(Ct. App. 2010).
As acknowledged in the majority opinion, Brandt concerned a defendant’s challenge to a
persistent violator charge where three previous felony convictions had been entered in a single
proceeding, all on the same day. Before sentencing on these crimes—and before the entering of a
judgment—Brandt escaped from jail, was recaptured, and was subsequently charged with
additional crimes related to his escape. Brandt was also “charged with being a persistent violator”
because “he had pled guilty to the [three] previous felonies” even though no judgment or sentence
had yet been entered. 110 Idaho at 343, 715 P.2d at 1013. The Idaho Court of Appeals concluded
that Brandt’s three guilty pleas established the necessary prior convictions for purposes of the
persistent violator statute. Id. at 344, 715 P.2d at 1014. Brandt did not deal with an amended
conviction; however, in reaching its decision, the Court of Appeals determined “that for purposes
of § 19-2514, a conviction occurs when a defendant pleads guilty and the plea is accepted by the
court.” Id. at 345, 715 P.2d at 1015.
Thus, in essence, a previous felony conviction under § 19–2514 arises upon a
determination of guilt, whether it be by a defendant’s own admission or as a result
of a jury verdict. By pleading guilty the defendant is admitting to the truthfulness
of the charges against him. He is, in fact, creating his own track record. Once the
defendant has admitted to his alleged activities, there is no purpose served by
delaying recognition of the defendant’s previous crimes for purposes of § 19–2514.
Id. (emphasis added).
The reasoning behind the Court of Appeals’ decision in Brandt is sound. The plain
language of Idaho Code section 19-2514 simply states that a person “convicted” of a felony three
times shall be considered a persistent violator of the law:
Any person convicted for the third time of the commission of a felony, whether the
previous convictions were had within the state of Idaho or were had outside the
state of Idaho, shall be considered a persistent violator of law, and on such third
conviction shall be sentenced to a term in the custody of the state board of
correction which term shall be for not less than five (5) years and said term may
extend to life.
19
I.C. § 19-2514 (emphasis added). The statute is meant to enhance punishment for repeat offenders,
like Ingraham. In Brandt, the fact that there were three convictions was sufficient to establish a
persistent violator of the law. As articulated by the Brandt court, the conviction arises upon a
determination of guilt, and the felony conviction is the “distinguishable point at which a defendant
can be said to have been convicted of a felony for purposes of § 19–2514.” Brandt, 110 Idaho at
345, 715 P.2d at 1015.
Reed is also applicable here. While Reed did not specifically contemplate an amended
conviction under Idaho Code section 19-2604(2), it addressed the conflict between the policy
behind a persistent violator enhancement and the purpose of the relief provided under Idaho Code
section 19-2604—which is part and parcel of the issue before us. In Reed, the Idaho Court of
Appeals addressed whether a felony dismissed under Idaho Code section 19-2604(1) could be
counted for enhancement purposes. 149 Idaho at 902, 243 P.3d at 1090. Reed pleaded guilty to a
misdemeanor DUI charge in 2004 and received a withheld judgment. Upon completion of his
probation, the lower court dismissed Reed’s DUI conviction pursuant to Idaho Code section 19-
2604(1). Id. However, in 2008, the State charged Reed with a felony DUI, which was enhanced
from a misdemeanor DUI due to two prior DUI convictions: the dismissed 2004 charge and a
second DUI from 2007. Id. The Court of Appeals determined that “an adjudication of guilt for a
DUI,” regardless of whether the case is later dismissed under Idaho Code section 19–2604(1), “can
be used for enhancement purposes under I.C. § 18–8005(5).” Id. at 903, 243 P.3d at 1091. The
Reed court held that “it is the determination of guilt, not the form of conviction, which determines
whether an enhancement can be sought.” Because the persistent violator enhancement statutes
“were enacted for the purpose of encouraging rehabilitation and discouraging recidivism,” the
Court of Appeals concluded that “the leniency” of Idaho Code section 19-2604 “should not be
construed to negate the enhancement purposes of” the statute. Id.
The holdings in Brandt and Reed are instructive. Ingraham’s felony conviction occurred
when she pleaded guilty in 2004 and the court accepted her plea. While the later amendment of
her conviction might allow it to be “deemed” as a misdemeanor in most aspects of Idaho law, it is
still a “felony conviction” for enhancement purposes because that is what she pleaded guilty to.
Ingraham’s conviction in 2004 was the “distinguishable point at which [she] can be said to have
been convicted of a felony for purposes of § 19–2514.” Brandt, 110 Idaho at 345, 715 P.2d at
1015. Therefore, the district court did not err in applying Brandt and Reed to Ingraham’s case. It
20
correctly determined that Ingraham’s persistent violator enhancement could be predicated on her
2004 felony conviction despite the later amendment “deeming” it a misdemeanor under Idaho Code
section 19-2604(2). To treat her conviction otherwise undermines the very purpose of
enhancement laws in curbing recidivism and encouraging rehabilitation.
Importantly, the district court’s application of Brandt and Reed was consistent with the
decades-long understanding of how to deal with such conflicts between persistent violator
enhancements and previously amended convictions. As the district court noted from the bench:
[I]n the nineteen years I’ve been doing this I have always had the belief that a prior
felony, even if it was set aside . . . [or reduced] down to a misdemeanor, is still a
conviction for purposes of [I.C. §] 19-2514. It may be that that belief was based on
State v. Brandt.
The trial court’s observations accurately reflect the common, reasonable, and widespread
application of Brandt and Reed in our district courts—an application from which the majority’s
decision now suddenly diverges. This is not to suggest that the mere fact that something is a
longstanding practice provides a reason to support an unreasonable interpretation of the law.
However, the Brandt decision is applicable to this case and its interpretation remains reasonable.
It sets forth the correct application of Idaho Code section 19-2514 by focusing on the original
conviction, even where a defendant received relief through an amended judgment pursuant to
Idaho Code section 19-2604. Additionally, if the interpretation and application of these statutes
for almost 40 years by Idaho’s lower courts has been inconsistent with the intent of the Legislature,
one would have expected the Legislature to have acted to amend these statutes.
Ironically, the majority’s interpretation may potentially harm criminal defendants in the
long run. If an amended felony conviction can no longer be used for sentencing enhancements,
prosecutors may be less willing to offer withheld judgments or agree to post-sentence reductions
under section 19-2604. Judges, too, may determine that harsher consecutive sentences may be
necessary to curb recidivism where persistent violators might be able to escape enhanced
sentencing for later crimes. Therefore, while today’s decision may be a win for Ingraham—who
has now been convicted of her fifth felony—it may prove to be a bigger loss for defendants across
Idaho. 1
1
Indeed, Ingraham might ultimately be the only winner here. The majority’s opinion, applying Teague v. Lane, 489
U.S. 288 (1989) and State v. Owens, 158 Idaho 1, 343 P.3d 30 (2015), announces that its decision may only be applied
“prospectively,” meaning that other prisoners previously sentenced like Ingraham will receive no relief. Thus, even if
21
For these reasons, I would affirm the district court’s analysis. It was not an error to consider
Ingraham’s 2004 felony conviction as a felony for enhancement purposes under Idaho Code
section 19-2514. In fact, it was precisely what the law required. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
Chief Justice BEVAN CONCURS.
the majority’s analysis is correct, it will provide no comfort for those currently serving an enhanced sentence under
an interpretation of Idaho law the majority has now deemed to be incorrect.
22