State v. Ramos

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 48473
STATE OF IDAHO, )
) Filed: July 1, 2022
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
v. )
)
APRIL DAWN RAMOS, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
Appeal from the District Court of the Seventh Judicial District, State of Idaho,
Bingham County. Hon. Darren B. Simpson, District Judge.
Judgment of conviction for possession of a controlled substance, affirmed.
Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Brian R. Dickson, Deputy
Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. Emily M. Joyce argued.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kacey L. Jones, Deputy Attorney
General, Boise, for respondent. Kacey L. Jones argued.
________________________________________________
BRAILSFORD, Judge
April Dawn Ramos appeals from her judgment of conviction for possession of a controlled
substance, Idaho Code § 37-2732(c)(1). Ramos argues the district court erred in denying her
motion to suppress evidence obtained during an inventory search of her vehicle because the
officers impounded her vehicle as a pretext for a criminal investigation. We affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
While on patrol in Bingham County, Deputy Katseanes entered a parking area near a boat
ramp and observed a vehicle parked by a public restroom. He noted the vehicle “was about to
leave, decided not to, [and] backed up into its spot.” After observing the driver moving around
and opening the vehicle’s trunk, Deputy Katseanes approached the vehicle to determine if the
driver needed assistance with a flat tire. As Deputy Katseanes approached, he relayed the vehicle’s
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license plate to dispatch. When Deputy Katseanes reached the rear of the vehicle, the driver was
gone. The vehicle’s trunk remained open; its front windows were rolled down; and it was
unlocked.
Dispatch informed Deputy Katseanes the vehicle belonged to Ramos, who had an active
felony warrant. Deputy Katseanes recognized Ramos from previous encounters, radioed for
assistance, requested a canine tracker to locate Ramos, and began searching for her. During this
time, Deputy Katseanes checked for Ramos in the vehicle’s trunk, in the backseat, and under the
vehicle; surveyed the sagebrush and vegetation behind the vehicle; and called out to Ramos to
warn her a canine was coming. Several officers arrived on scene to assist with the search.
When Deputy Miller arrived with the canine tracker, Deputy Katseanes accompanied
Deputy Miller and the canine as they searched for Ramos. During this search, Deputy Katseanes
remarked to Deputy Miller that Deputy Katseanes believed the canine would alert to drugs in
Ramos’ vehicle and that Deputy Katseanes had observed a glove with a plastic bag inside on the
vehicle’s seat. Based on Deputy Katseanes’ familiarity with Ramos, he believed the glove
contained drugs.
After unsuccessfully searching for Ramos, Deputies Katseanes and Miller returned with
the canine to the parking area. Another officer approached Detective Katseanes and asked what
he wanted to do with Ramos’ vehicle, which remained unlocked with the front windows down and
the trunk open. Detective Katseanes stated that he thought the vehicle contained drugs and that if
drugs were found in the vehicle, it would be towed. Following a second unsuccessful search for
Ramos, Deputy Miller and the canine next conducted a drug sniff of the vehicle’s exterior, during
which Deputy Katseanes again expressed his expectation they would tow the vehicle following the
canine’s alert. The canine, however, did not alert on the vehicle, and Deputy Katseanes remarked
he still wanted to know what was in the glove. Another officer responded that an inventory search
would reveal the vehicle’s contents. Deputy Katseanes then stated the vehicle was parked in
handicapped parking, and another officer agreed. Before having the vehicle towed, the officers
conducted an inventory search and found methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia.
The State charged Ramos with possession of a controlled substance and possession of
paraphernalia, and she filed a suppression motion. At the hearing, Ramos testified about two
photographs of signage from the parking area that prohibited “leav[ing] a vehicle and/or trailer
unattended for more than 48 hours,” and these photographs were admitted into evidence.
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Additionally, the State admitted into evidence the video from Deputy Katseanes’ body camera and
he testified. Regarding his decision to have Ramos’ vehicle towed, Deputy Katseanes testified:
[Ramos’ vehicle] was parked in a no parking zone. It was used in the
commission of a crime. When [Ramos] left, we felt we were somewhat liable for
the car. It ultimately was community caretaking as well because the windows were
down, the trunk was open, it was full of property. If we would have left [the car]
there, I felt that you’d have stuff stolen, the car possibly stolen. That area is a bad
area and we continually have issues with car burglaries, malicious injuries, stuff of
that nature.
Deputy Katseanes also testified that Ramos’ vehicle was illegally parked, stating that “the
passenger side tires” were on the “diagonal solid yellow lines that would indicate that there’s no
parking.”
After closing arguments, the district court took the matter under advisement but stated, “I’d
really like to see that parking spot without a vehicle on it.” Counsel agreed to accompany the court
for a site visit later that week. After that site visit, the court denied Ramos’ suppression motion in
a written decision, concluding Deputy Katseanes’ “decision to impound Ramos’ vehicle was
objectively reasonable.” Following this decision, Ramos conditionally pled guilty to possession
of a controlled substance, reserving her right to appeal the denial of her suppression motion.
Ramos timely appeals.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review of a suppression motion is bifurcated. When a decision on a motion
to suppress is challenged, we accept the trial court’s findings of fact that are supported by
substantial evidence, but we freely review the application of constitutional principles to the facts
as found. State v. Atkinson, 128 Idaho 559, 561, 916 P.2d 1284, 1286 (Ct. App. 1996). At a
suppression hearing, the power to assess the credibility of witnesses, resolve factual conflicts,
weigh evidence, and draw factual inferences is vested in the trial court. State v. Valdez-Molina,
127 Idaho 102, 106, 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789, 979 P.2d
659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999).
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III.
ANALYSIS
A. Issue Preservation
Ramos argues the district court erred in denying her suppression motion because the
officers impounded and inventoried her vehicle as a pretext for a criminal investigation. In
support, Ramos relies on numerous comments by the officers that Deputy Katseanes’ body camera
video recorded. Ramos contends these statements show the inventory search was pretextual. In
response, the State asserts, “Ramos did not make such an argument below, nor did she identify any
officer’s comments, individually or collectively, specifically or generally, as evidence of pretext.”
We disagree with the State. During closing argument at the suppression hearing, Ramos’
counsel clearly stated, “[T]he inventory search was nothing more than pretext to search the car
without a warrant.” On appeal, Ramos continues to assert this same substantive argument.
Although Ramos now identifies for the first time on appeal the officers’ specific statements, which
she contends support her substantive argument, those statements were before the district court.
Specifically, Deputy Katseanes’ video captured those statements; the video was in the record
before the district court; and the court repeatedly cited to the video in its written decision.
Accordingly, we conclude Ramos both raised the issue and her position on that issue before the
district court, and we address the merits of her argument. See State v. Gonzalez, 165 Idaho 95, 98-
99, 439 P.3d 1267, 1270-71 (2019) (ruling “both the issue and the party’s position on the issue
must be raised before the trial court” but argument may evolve).
B. Impoundment
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches
and seizures. Warrantless searches are presumed to be unreasonable and therefore violative of the
Fourth Amendment. State v. Weaver, 127 Idaho 288, 290, 900 P.2d 196, 198 (1995). The State
may overcome this presumption by demonstrating a warrantless search either fell within a well-
recognized exception to the warrant requirement or was otherwise reasonable under the
circumstances. Id.Inventory searches are a well-recognized exception to the warrant requirement of the
Fourth Amendment. Colorado v. Bertine, 479 U.S. 367, 371 (1987); Illinois v. Lafayette, 462 U.S.
640, 643 (1983); State v. Owen, 143 Idaho 274, 277, 141 P.3d 1143, 1146 (Ct. App. 2006). An
inventory search must not be a ruse for general rummaging in order to locate incriminating
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evidence, however. Florida v. Wells, 495 U.S. 1, 3-4 (1990). Rather, inventory searches must be
“conducted in compliance with standard and established police procedures and not as a pretext for
criminal investigation.” Weaver, 127 Idaho at 290, 900 P.2d at 198. The legitimate purposes of
inventory searches include protecting: (1) the owner’s property while it remains in police custody;
(2) the State against false claims of lost or stolen property; and (3) police from potential danger.
South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 369-70 (1976).
Although an inventory search of an impounded vehicle constitutes an exception to the
warrant requirement, an inventory search is not valid unless the police first obtain lawful
possession of the vehicle. State v. Stewart, 152 Idaho 868, 870, 276 P.3d 740, 742 (Ct. App. 2012);
State v. Foster, 127 Idaho 723, 727, 905 P.2d 1032, 1036 (Ct. App. 1995). An impoundment of a
vehicle constitutes a seizure and is thus subject to the Fourth Amendment’s limitations. Weaver,
127 Idaho at 291, 900 P.2d at 199. If an impoundment violates the Fourth Amendment, the
accompanying inventory search is also tainted, and evidence found in the search must be
suppressed. Id. An impoundment complies with Fourth Amendment standards only if it was
“reasonable under all the circumstances known to the police when the decision to impound was
made.” Id. (citing Opperman, 428 U.S. at 372-73). An officer’s conduct in electing to impound a
vehicle is judged against an objective standard. Weaver, 127 Idaho at 291, 900 P.2d at 199.
In this case, Ramos argues “the officers were using the inventory exception as an
impermissible pretext to conduct an investigative search of [Ramos’] car.”1 In other words, Ramos
asserts the officers had no reasonable justification for impounding her vehicle. Addressing the
totality of the circumstances, the district court found the facts known to Officer Katseanes when
he decided to impound Ramos’ vehicle:
1
Ramos does not argue in her opening brief that the inventory search was not “conducted in
compliance with standard and established procedures.” See State v. Weaver, 127 Idaho 288, 290,
900 P.2d 196, 198 (1995) (requiring inventory search comply with established standards and
procedures). Further, Ramos acknowledges the district court found she failed to “question the
Bingham County Sheriff’s Office policy or procedure with regard to conducting inventory
searches of impounded vehicles.” To the extent Ramos attempts to raise this argument on reply,
we decline to consider it. See Henman v. State, 132 Idaho 49, 51, 966 P.2d 49, 51 (Ct. App. 1998)
(noting court will not address issues raised for first time on reply); see also State v. Fodge, 121
Idaho 192, 195, 824 P.2d 123, 126 (1992) (ruling issues not raised before trial court may not be
considered for first time on appeal).
5
At the time Deputy Katseanes made the decision to impound Ramos’ vehicle, he
had the following facts at hand: Ramos appeared to hide, and then flee, when
Deputy Katseanes entered the [boat ramp] parking lot. Ramos had an outstanding
felony warrant. A canine search of the area around the parking lot failed to locate
Ramos. Ramos left windows down and the trunk open, with belongings visible.
Ramos did not return to the car in the approximately one (1) hour and thirty (30)
minutes that police officers remained on the scene before calling the tow truck.
Ramos’ car was illegally parked in a handicap parking space. Further, the [boat
ramp] parking lot is a dangerous area for car burglaries.
Ramos does not challenge these factual findings. Rather, she challenges the district court’s
reliance on the fact that her vehicle “was illegally parked” and that it was in “a dangerous area for
car burglaries” to conclude the impoundment of her vehicle was reasonably justified.
We conclude impounding Ramos’ vehicle was reasonable under all the circumstances
known to the officers when they decided to impound the vehicle. For example, that Ramos’ vehicle
was illegally parked in a space designated for handicap parking is a reasonable justification to
impound her vehicle. Idaho Code § 49-213(2) specifically provides a vehicle parked in violation
of a handicap designation may be towed.2 In support of its conclusion that Ramos violated
I.C. § 49-213(2), the district court found that “the parking space next to the no-parking area by the
public restroom is a handicap-designated parking space”; “Ramos’ car does not appear to have a
handicap designation”; and “Deputy Katseanes noted that Ramos was parked in a handicapped
parking space.” In support of this latter finding, the court cited to Deputy Katseanes’ video in
which he and another officer noted Ramos’ vehicle was parked in a handicap-designated space
before impounding the vehicle.
Ramos does not dispute the officers noted her vehicle was illegally parked in a handicap-
designated space before impounding it. Rather, Ramos argues that Deputy Katseanes’ comments
captured on the video from his body camera “demonstrat[e] he wanted to conduct an investigative
search of [Ramos’] car because he had a hunch there were drugs inside” and that Deputy
2
Idaho Code § 49-213(2) provides in relevant part:
Parking a vehicle . . . in a space reserved for a person with a disability . . .
is prohibited, unless a vehicle is momentarily in the space for the purpose of
allowing a person with a disability to enter or leave the vehicle, or unless special
license plates or placard or temporary placard for a person with a disability is
displayed on the vehicle. . . . Vehicles parked in violation of this section may be
towed pursuant to provisions of state law or local ordinance.
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Katseanes’ “shifting reasons” about the vehicle being illegally parked “demonstrate he was
attempting to find a pretextual reason to justify impounding the car.” In support of these
arguments, Ramos notes Deputy Katseanes “did not initially believe the car was parked illegally”;
“did not mention any concerns with the manner or location of the parked car [until] after the
[canine] did not alert”; and testified the vehicle was illegally parked based on its location relative
to the parking lines.3
Despite the officers’ comments on the video, we conclude substantial evidence supports
that the officers knew that Ramos’ vehicle was illegally parked in a handicap-designated space
before impounding Ramos’ vehicle and that they commented the vehicle was illegally parked for
this reason before impounding it. Accordingly, the officers had a statutory basis to impound
Ramos’ vehicle. See Opperman, 428 U.S. at 368-69 (stating police’s authority to impound
vehicles violating parking ordinances “is beyond challenge”); State v. Bray, 122 Idaho 375, 378,
834 P.2d 892, 895 (Ct. App. 1992) (concluding decision to remove and impound vehicle for
statutory law violation was “legal and proper”).
Although Deputy Katseanes’ comments indicate he suspected Ramos’ vehicle might
contain drugs, Ramos fails to cite any Idaho authority for the proposition that an officer cannot
have both an objectively reasonable justification for impounding a vehicle and an expectation of
subsequently discovering incriminating evidence. Impoundment is a community caretaking
function. See, e.g., Opperman, 428 U.S. at 368 (noting police frequently take vehicles into custody
as part of community caretaking function); Weaver, 127 Idaho at 290, 900 P.2d at 198 (noting
police carrying out their community caretaking function when impounding vehicle). This Court
has previously ruled that the community caretaking function may justify an officer’s conduct, even
if the officer has an expectation of discovering incriminating evidence. See State v. Porter, 169
Idaho 455, 458, 497 P.3d 209, 212 (Ct. App. 2021) (noting officers “may harbor at least an
expectation of detecting or finding evidence of a crime” when engaging in community caretaking
functions); State v. Schmidt, 137 Idaho 301, 304, 47 P.3d 1271, 1274 (Ct. App. 2002) (same); State
v. Deccio, 136 Idaho 442, 445, 34 P.3d 1125, 1128 (Ct. App. 2001) (same). Indeed, as the State
3
The district court rejected this latter reason--that Ramos’ vehicle was parked over the
parking lines--as a justification for impounding the vehicle, concluding “such a minor infraction
fails to support a reasonable basis to tow Ramos’ vehicle for a parking violation.”
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notes, at least one jurisdiction has rejected the notion that an officer’s expectation of discovering
evidence of criminal activity invalidates an otherwise reasonable inventory search. United States
v. Garay, 938 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2019); see also United States v. Magdirila, 962 F.3d 1152,
1157 (9th Cir. 2020) (ruling presence of dual motive--one valid and one impermissible--does not
render impoundment or search unlawful).4 Rather, the inquiry is whether the challenged search or
seizure would have occurred in the absence of an impermissible reason. Magdirila, 962 F.3d at
1157.
Moreover, even if Deputy Katseanes’ expectation of discovering drugs in Ramos’ vehicle
invalidated illegal parking as a justification for impounding the vehicle, that Ramos parked her
unsecured vehicle in “a dangerous area for car burglaries” was another reasonable justification for
impounding the vehicle. Ramos does not challenge the district court’s findings that “she fled the
scene . . . leaving her car windows and trunk open, with possessions visible, in an area which
carried a heightened risk of car burglary” and that “Ramos did not return to her vehicle when her
name was called by the officers, or during the one hour and thirty minutes the officers searched
for her.” As a result of this conduct, Ramos’ vehicle and its contents were at risk of damage or
theft. This Court has previously ruled that impoundment may be reasonably necessary “to protect
the vehicle from risk of damage or theft.” Foster, 127 Idaho at 727, 905 P.2d at 1036; see also
Opperman, 428 U.S. at 375 (noting impoundment was not unlawful where owner left vehicle
illegally parked for extended period and “was not present to make other arrangements for the
safekeeping of his belongings”); Stewart, 152 Idaho at 871, 276 P.3d at 743 (noting when
impounding vehicle “the officer had legitimate reasons to believe the vehicle was at risk of theft
or damage”).
Ramos argues, however, that leaving a vehicle “in a high-crime area” is “not a proper
consideration” in deciding to impound a vehicle because this consideration is not one of the
“historic rationales for warrantless impoundments.” According to Ramos, these historical
4
On reply, Ramos cites United States v. Johnson, 889 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2018), and United
States v. Rowland, 341 F.3d 774 (8th Cir. 2003), in support of her assertion that “the decision to
impound her vehicle was a pretext.” Those cases are distinguishable, however, because they
address the propriety of inventory searches versus the justification for impoundment. See Johnson,
889 F.3d at 1126, 1128 (ruling that officers had reasonable justification for impounding vehicle
but that inventory search was unlawful); Rowland, 341 F.3d at 778-79 (same). In contrast, Ramos
challenges the officers’ reasonable justification for the vehicle’s impoundment in this case, not the
manner in which they conducted the inventory search.
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rationales include only removing vehicles impeding traffic or threatening public safety. In support
of this assertion, Ramos cites to Opperman, 428 U.S. at 364. Opperman, in fact, does state that
“the authority of police to seize and remove from the streets vehicles impeding traffic or
threatening public safety and convenience is beyond challenge.” Id. at 369. We do not read
Opperman, however, to stand for the proposition that an officer may only impound a vehicle if it
impedes traffic or threatens public safety and convenience, as Ramos suggests. Rather, Opperman
also notes the impoundment in that case was reasonable because of “the presence in plain view of
a number of valuables inside the car” and the owner “was not present to make other arrangements
for the safekeeping of his belongings.” Id. at 375-76. Additionally, the Idaho Supreme Court,
citing Opperman, has ruled that an impoundment comports with the Fourth Amendment if it is
“reasonable under all the circumstances known to the police when the decision to impound was
made.” Weaver, 127 Idaho at 291, 200 P.2d at 199. This standard does not limit impoundment
only to instances where the vehicle is impeding traffic or threatening public safety.
Moreover, even if a lawful impoundment under the Fourth Amendment were limited to
these two rationales, the officers’ decision to impound Ramos’ vehicle comported with those
rationales. For example, Ramos’ vehicle was impeding access to a handicap-designated parking
space next to a restroom. That Ramos was only impeding vehicles lawfully entitled to use the
handicap-designated parking is still a traffic impediment. Additionally, Deputy Katseanes had a
reasonable belief Ramos’ vehicle might contain drugs based on his familiarity with Ramos.5
Leaving an obviously unsecured vehicle, which may contain drugs, in a public location threatens
public safety.
Finally, Ramos challenges the district court’s reliance on Stewart, 152 Idaho 868, 276 P.3d
740. She asserts that the court “improperly relied on Stewart for the premise that the decision to
impound may be justified solely on the idea that the car would be left in a ‘high-crime area’” and
that Stewart “is not consistent with the applicable United States Supreme Court precedent” and “is
manifestly wrong.” We disagree that Stewart is either inconsistent with United States Supreme
Court precedent or manifestly wrong. Further, Ramos mischaracterizes the district court’s reliance
on Stewart. Contrary to Ramos’ assertion, the district court did not rely on Stewart to conclude
impounding Ramos’ vehicle was “justified solely” because the vehicle was left in a high-crime
5
During oral argument, Ramos’ counsel acknowledged Deputy Katseanes’ belief that drugs
might be in Ramos’ vehicle was reasonable.
9
area. Rather, the court compared the facts in Stewart to those in Foster, 127 Idaho 723, 905 P.2d
1052, and concluded that “the facts at bar more closely resemble those described in [Stewart].”
This comparison was accurate. In Stewart, this Court noted that the vehicle at issue was
“in a gas station lot open to the public,” “uninsured” and in “a high-crime area,” thereby justifying
impounding the vehicle to “protect the police against potential liability claims.” Stewart, 152
Idaho at 871, 276 P.3d at 743. In contrast, the vehicle in Foster was “not illegally parked” and
“parked off the street in a private driveway,” and there was no evidence of any objection to the
vehicle “remaining temporarily on the driveway” or “that it was at risk of theft or damage.” Foster,
127 Idaho at 727, 905 P.2d at 1036. Similar to Stewart, in this case Ramos’ vehicle was left with
its windows down and trunk open in a public location and a “dangerous area for car burglaries.”
Accordingly, the district court did not err by citing and analyzing Stewart. Furthermore, Ramos’
characterization of the district court’s reliance on Stewart to conclude the high-crime area
“justified solely” impounding the vehicle is refuted by the court’s reliance on all of the facts known
to the officers at the time they decided to impound the vehicle, including that it was illegally parked
in a handicap-designated space.
IV.
CONCLUSION
The district court did not err by denying Ramos’ suppression motion. Accordingly, we
affirm her judgment of conviction.
Judge GRATTON and Judge HUSKEY CONCUR.
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