State v. Heck

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 47654
STATE OF IDAHO, )
) Filed: October 27, 2020
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
v. )
) SUBSTITUTE OPINION
JAREE HECK, ) THE COURT’S PRIOR
) OPINION DATED
Defendant-Appellant. ) OCTOBER 20, 2020,
) IS HEREBY WITHDRAWN
Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Jerome
County. Hon. Rosemary Emory, District Judge. Hon. Stacey DePew, Magistrate.
Decision of the district court, on intermediate appeal from the magistrate division,
affirming judgment of conviction for vicious dog at large, affirmed.
Adam J. Ondo, Jerome County Public Defender, Jerome, for appellant.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kacey L. Jones, Deputy Attorney
General, Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________
LORELLO, Judge
Jaree Heck appeals from the decision of the district court, on intermediate appeal from the
magistrate division, affirming a judgment of conviction for vicious dog at large. We affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Heck’s pit bull ran through the open gate of Heck’s fenced front yard and attacked her
neighbor as he stood in his driveway, leaving him with bloody bite wounds to both hands, one of
which required sutures. Heck was initially cited with violating Jerome City Ordinance
(J.C.O.) 6.08.030 for allowing a vicious dog to run at large. Although Heck originally pled guilty,
she moved to withdraw her plea on the basis that she “did not understand the differences between
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Jerome City Code § 06.08.030 and § 06.08.020.” The magistrate court granted Heck’s motion and
the State subsequently amended the charge to dog at large.
Prior to trial, the magistrate court held a hearing at which the parties debated whether there
was a distinction between dog at large and vicious dog at large because Heck sought to exclude
evidence that the dog was vicious, including evidence that the dog bit the victim. The magistrate
court ultimately concluded that, reading J.C.O. 06.08.020 and 06.08.030 together, the State could
pursue a charge of vicious dog at large. Consequently, the jury instructions included the adjective
“vicious” in describing the dog that was alleged to be at large.
After the conclusion of the State’s case-in-chief and again prior to submitting the case to
the jury, Heck moved for a judgment of acquittal, arguing that there was insufficient evidence to
prove that her dog was more than six months old as required to bring the animal within the J.C.O.’s
definition of “dog.” The magistrate denied Heck’s request for an acquittal on this basis, concluding
that whether a dog under six months old could inflict the damage depicted in the photographs
admitted as exhibits was a question of fact for the jury. A jury found Heck guilty of vicious and
dangerous1 dog at large.
After the denial of a post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal, Heck appealed to the
district court, challenging the jury instructions and the denial of her motions for judgment of
acquittal.2 The district court affirmed Heck’s judgment of conviction. Heck again appeals.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
For an appeal from the district court, sitting in its appellate capacity over a case from the
magistrate division, we review the magistrate court record to determine whether there is substantial
and competent evidence to support the magistrate court’s findings of fact and whether the
magistrate court’s conclusions of law follow from those findings. State v. Korn, 148 Idaho 413,
415, 224 P.3d 480, 482 (2009). However, as a matter of appellate procedure, our disposition of
1
It is unclear why or how the word “dangerous” was added to the verdict form; however,
Heck did not challenge the additional descriptor nor is the inclusion of the word an issue on appeal.
2
Heck also challenged the magistrate court’s restitution award. However, Heck has not
reasserted this challenge on appeal to this Court.
2
the appeal will affirm or reverse the decision of the district court. State v. Trusdall, 155 Idaho 965,
968, 318 P.3d 955, 958 (Ct. App. 2014). Thus, we review the magistrate court’s findings and
conclusions, whether the district court affirmed or reversed the magistrate court and the basis
therefor, and either affirm or reverse the district court.
III.
ANALYSIS
Heck argues that the jury instructions permitted her conviction for the nonexistent offense
of vicious dog at large and that her motions for judgment of acquittal were erroneously denied
because the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s finding that her dog fell within the
definition of “dog” under Section 6.08.030. The State responds that the jury instructions were
correct and that there is sufficient circumstantial evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict. We
hold that Heck has failed to show reversible error in the jury instructions or that the jury’s verdict
is unsupported by substantial evidence.
A. Jury Instructions
Heck first argues that the jury instructions were defective because they permitted the jury
to find her guilty of a nonexistent offense because vicious is not an element of a dog at large
charge. In response, the State asserts that, because this Court reviews the district court’s decision
on intermediate appeal rather than the magistrate court’s decision and because Heck has only
argued that the magistrate court erred, we should affirm the district court on this procedural ground.
On the merits, the State contends that, when read as a whole, the J.C.O. criminalizes the act of
permitting a vicious dog to run at large within city limits and the jury was properly instructed on
that offense. In response to the State’s procedural argument, Heck contends that this Court’s
standard of review from intermediate appeals includes some review of the magistrate court
decision and that, in any event, the district court’s analysis was “substantially similar” to the
magistrate court’s analysis. Thus, Heck asserts that, by arguing the magistrate court erred, she was
“implicitly” arguing that the district court also erred. We hold that Heck has adequately framed
the issues on appeal such that we will consider the merits of her claims of error. We further hold
that, although there is no independent crime of vicious dog at large under the J.C.O., including the
word “vicious” in the jury instructions as an adjective describing the dog, and requiring the jury to
make such a finding, was superfluous and does not constitute reversible error.
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We first address the State’s procedural argument. As Heck correctly noted in reply, the
standard of review applicable to intermediate appellate decisions does not disregard the magistrate
court’s decision. Rather, the standard provides that this Court reviews the magistrate court record
to determine whether there is substantial and competent evidence to support the magistrate court’s
findings of fact and whether the magistrate court’s conclusions of law follow from those findings.
Korn, 148 Idaho at 415, 224 P.3d at 482. But, as a matter of appellate procedure, we affirm or
reverse the decision of the district court. Trusdall, 155 Idaho at 968, 318 P.3d at 958. Thus, any
suggestion that the magistrate court’s decision on review from an intermediate appeal is irrelevant
is inaccurate. Moreover, Heck’s statement of the issue on appeal relative to the elements
instruction reads: “Was the elements instruction incorrect?” The statement itself did not identify
any court subject to review but, instead, identified the issue presented on appeal. This was
appropriate under I.A.R. 35(a)(4) (setting forth the requirements for stating the issues on appeal).
Heck also presented argument and authority in support of her challenge to the elements instruction.
This satisfied the applicable appellate standards for consideration of an issue on appeal. See
I.A.R. 35(a)(6) (providing that the appellant’s brief should contain the appellant’s arguments with
respect to the issues on appeal with citations to authority and the record); State v. Jeske, 164 Idaho
862, 870, 436 P.3d 683, 691 (2019) (noting the appellate court’s “main concerns” are whether the
party relied on conclusory arguments, provided authority to support arguments, and made an
attempt to address factors relevant to decision on the issues presented); State v. Zichko, 129 Idaho
259, 263, 923 P.2d 966, 970 (1996) (requiring a party to support issues with authority and
argument).
Although Heck’s argument referenced the magistrate court’s rationale underlying the
elements instruction, because she identified the issue on appeal as the accuracy of the elements
instruction and provided argument and authority in support of her claim, we see no basis for
declining to consider the merits of her instructional error claim for failing to specifically identify
the district court as a source of error. This conclusion is reinforced by the nature of the issue,
which presents a question of law such that there are no findings or conclusions by either lower
court to which we defer. See State v. Severson, 147 Idaho 694, 710, 215 P.3d 414, 430 (2009)
(noting that whether the jury has been properly instructed is a question of law subject to free
review).
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The magistrate court instructed the jury on the elements of vicious dog at large in
Instruction 18. The instruction reads as follows:
In order for [Heck] to be guilty of Vicious Dog at-large, the state must prove
each of the following:
1. On or about October 18, 2018
2. In the State of Idaho
3. [Heck] was the owner of a vicious dog
4. And permitted the dog to
5. Run at-large within the city limits.
If each of the above has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt, you must
find [Heck] guilty. If any of the above has not been proven beyond a reasonable
doubt, you must find [Heck] no [sic] guilty.
Whether the J.C.O. specifically criminalizes permitting a vicious dog to run at large within
the city is a question of interpretation. The rules governing the interpretation of city ordinances
are the same as those applied to the interpretation of statutes. See State v. Freitas, 157 Idaho 257,
261, 335 P.3d 597, 601 (Ct. App. 2014). Where the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous,
this Court must give effect to the statute as written, without engaging in statutory construction.
State v. Burnight, 132 Idaho 654, 659, 978 P.2d 214, 219 (1999); State v. Escobar, 134 Idaho 387,
389, 3 P.3d 65, 67 (Ct. App. 2000). The language of the statute is to be given its plain, obvious,
and rational meaning. Burnight, 132 Idaho at 659, 978 P.2d at 219. If the language is clear and
unambiguous, there is no occasion for the Court to resort to legislative history or rules of statutory
interpretation. Escobar, 134 Idaho at 389, 3 P.3d at 67.
Both the magistrate court and the district court recognized that Section 6.08.020 makes it
a misdemeanor for the owner or keeper of any dog to allow the animal to run at large within the
City of Jerome. That ordinance provides, in pertinent part:
A. It shall be unlawful for any owner or keeper of any dog, whether or
not the same has been licensed, to permit such dog, at any time, to run at-large
within the city.
B. Any person violating this section shall be served with a uniform
citation signed by an animal control officer, police officer or citizen who has
actually witnessed the occurrence of such violation. Any such violation shall be a
misdemeanor, punishable pursuant to Section 6.08.170 of this chapter.
The lower courts interpreted Section 6.08.030 as establishing additional penalties that could be
imposed if the dog running at large was vicious. For example, Section 6.08.030(D) authorizes an
animal control officer or other designated individual to declare a dog vicious and issue a written
5
order to the animal’s owner and requiring him or her to take certain protective measures--like
spaying or neutering the dog or posting warning signs. Additionally, Section 6.08.030(B)
authorizes the city attorney to move for an order to euthanize a dog in cases where a person has
been charged or cited with “the offense of owning or having custody of a vicious or dangerous dog
or other animal pursuant to the provisions of [Chapter 6.08].” Based upon the reference to an
offense of owning or having custody of a vicious dog in Section 6.08.030(B) and a provision in
Section 6.08.170 declaring violations of the provisions of Chapter 6.08 a misdemeanor, the district
court, on intermediate appeal, reasoned that Heck could be charged with a misdemeanor for
owning or having custody of a vicious dog at large. Consequently, the district court concluded
that the jury instructions were not defective.
Heck concedes that Section 6.08.020 makes it a misdemeanor for an owner to allow his or
her dog to run at large. However, Heck argues that there is no independent crime of allowing a
vicious dog to run at large. We agree for three reasons. First, only two provisions within
Section 6.08.030 expressly identify conduct as a misdemeanor or constituting an “offense,” but
neither provision criminalizes allowing a vicious dog to run at large. Section 6.08.030(B) suggests
that owning or having custody of a vicious dog is a criminal offense. Section 6.08.030(B) states,
in pertinent part:
In any case where a person has been charged or cited with the offense of
owning or having custody of a vicious or dangerous dog or other animal pursuant
to the provisions of this chapter, the city attorney may file a motion requesting
destruction of the animal prior to a final adjudication of the criminal charges.
(Emphasis added.) However, even if Section 6.08.030(B) is construed as prohibiting ownership
or having custody of vicious dogs and not authorizing the city attorney to take an action in cases
arising from an offense established and defined elsewhere, nothing in the section’s text suggests
that allowing a vicious dog to run at large or anything more than mere ownership or custody is
necessary to commit the offense. The only other section of 6.08.030 that expressly identifies
conduct constituting a criminal offense is Section 6.08.030(E), which states that it is a
misdemeanor to violate a lawful, written order requiring the owner of a vicious dog to take certain
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protective measures in relation to the dog.3 Accordingly, in the absence of a lawful, written order,
the owner of a vicious dog could not be held criminally liable under Section 6.08.030(E) for
allowing a vicious dog to run at large.
Second, although Section 6.08.170 makes any violation of the J.C.O. a misdemeanor, no
provision of Section 6.08.030 (including those provisions that do not identify conduct as
constituting a criminal offense) expressly imposes an affirmative obligation upon an owner to keep
a vicious dog from running at large. Rather, the only obligations expressly imposed upon the
owners of a vicious dog are the payment of a fee to the clerk of the city if a dog is impounded and
compliance with any written order issued under Section 6.08.030(D).4 See J.C.O. §§ 6.08.030(C)
& (D). And again, even if Section 6.08.030(B) is construed as prohibiting ownership or having
custody of vicious dogs, the section would not obligate an owner or person having custody of a
vicious dog to keep it from running at large.
Finally, Section 6.08.030 does not establish a sentencing enhancement for the offense of
dog at large under Section 6.08.020(A) when the dog allowed to run at large is vicious. Rather,
the sanctions that may be imposed on the owner of a vicious dog under Section 6.08.030 are civil
sanctions, not criminal penalties. All of the sanctions contained in Section 6.08.030 are predicated
upon a finding that the individual is the owner or keeper of a vicious dog. This finding is made by
3
Jerome City Ordinance 6.08.030(D) authorizes certain individuals to declare a dog vicious
and issue a written order requiring the owner to take certain protective measures.
Section 6.08.030(D) provides, in pertinent part:
Upon a finding by the animal control officer or designee of the chief of
police that a dog is a vicious dog, either because 1) the dog has bitten, clawed or
otherwise harmed a person or other domestic animal, or 2) the dog, because of its
temperament or habits, is an imminent threat to the health and safety of the public
because it is overly aggressive, frequently unrestrained, or uncontrollable, the
animal control officer or designee of the chief of police may . . . issue a written
order informing the owner that the dog has been found to be a vicious dog and
requiring the owner to do any one or combination of [various protective measures].
4
Jerome City Ordinance 6.08.030(C) provides:
Any person keeping or owning a dog taken up or impounded under this
section shall pay to the clerk of the city or any animal control officer on behalf of
the city a sum to be fixed by resolution of the city council from time to time for
confinement after the day the dog is taken up.
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an animal control officer or other individual designated by the chief of police, not a neutral
factfinder. See J.C.O. § 6.08.030. The owner of a dog classified as vicious may seek judicial
review of that finding. Id. However, the owner bears the burden of proving that his or her dog is
not vicious. Id. This is a quintessential civil procedure, not a criminal one.
In sum, Section 6.08.030 does not specifically criminalize allowing a vicious dog to run at
large, nor are the sanctions authorized under that section enhanced criminal penalties. Regardless,
permitting any dog, vicious or otherwise, to run at large is a crime under the J.C.O. And, as Heck
conceded during her trial, Instruction 18 required the jury to find all the facts necessary to find
Heck guilty of dog at large under Section 6.08.020(A). The only error in Instruction 18 was that
it also required the jury to find one additional and unnecessary fact--that Heck’s dog was
vicious. In other words, the jury necessarily had to find Heck guilty of dog at large to find her
guilty of vicious dog at large. While the elements instruction erroneously required the jury to find
Heck’s dog was vicious as defined in the J.C.O., that error did not vitiate the jury’s verdict finding
Heck guilty of dog at large. Nor did the error prejudice Heck. The addition of the viciousness
element did not limit Heck’s ability defend against a charge of dog at large, nor does Heck allege
that the addition of the viciousness element misled or embarrassed her defense in some
manner. Moreover, as set forth above, the jury’s viciousness finding did not expose Heck to
greater criminal penalties. Thus, we find no reversible error in the jury instructions. See Perry,
150 Idaho at 224, 245 P.3d at 976 (explaining that instructional error that does not affect the entire
deliberative process is harmless).
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Heck contends that there was insufficient evidence to establish that her dog was more than
six months old as required for the animal to be considered a dog under J.C.O. Section 6.08.030.
The State responds that, as found by the district court, there is sufficient circumstantial evidence
to support the jury’s finding that Heck’s dog was more than six months old.5 We hold that Heck
has failed to show that the jury’s finding was not supported by substantial evidence.
5
The State also advanced its procedural argument in relation to Heck’s sufficiency of the
evidence claim, asserting in a footnote that this Court may affirm on this issue based on her failure
to identify any error by the district court. The merits of Heck’s sufficiency of the evidence claim
are properly before this Court. As with Heck’s instructional error claim, her sufficiency of the
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Appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence is limited in scope. A finding of guilt
will not be overturned on appeal where there is substantial evidence upon which a reasonable trier
of fact could have found that the prosecution sustained its burden of proving the essential elements
of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho 383, 385, 957 P.2d 1099,
1101 (Ct. App. 1998); State v. Knutson, 121 Idaho 101, 104, 822 P.2d 998, 1001 (Ct. App. 1991).
Substantial evidence may exist even when the evidence presented is solely circumstantial or when
there is conflicting evidence. Severson, 147 Idaho at 712, 215 P.3d at 432; State v. Stevens, 93
Idaho 48, 50-51, 454 P.2d 945, 947-48 (1969). Even when circumstantial evidence could be
interpreted consistently with a finding of innocence, it will be sufficient to uphold a guilty verdict
when it also gives rise to reasonable inferences of guilt. Severson, 147 Idaho at 712, 215 P.3d at
432; State v. Slawson, 124 Idaho 753, 757, 864 P.2d 199, 203 (Ct. App. 1993). We will not
substitute our view for that of the trier of fact as to the credibility of the witnesses, the weight to
be given to the testimony, and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Knutson,
121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001; State v. Decker, 108 Idaho 683, 684, 701 P.2d 303, 304 (Ct.
App. 1985). Moreover, we will consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho at 385, 957 P.2d at 1101; Knutson, 121 Idaho at 104, 822
P.2d at 1001.
All the provisions of the J.C.O. governing dogs do not apply to dogs of all ages.
Section 6.08.0106 defines the term “dog” for purposes of Chapter 6.08 of the J.C.O. Under
evidence claim is subject to free review. While Heck’s statement of the issues with respect to the
sufficiency of the evidence included an assertion that the magistrate court erred in denying her
motion for judgment of acquittal, which was based on a claim of insufficient evidence, she also
included the following issue: “Is there sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict of guilty?”
Ultimately, these two issues are the same and present a single claim related to whether the State
presented sufficient evidence to sustain the jury’s guilty verdict. Heck presented argument and
authority in support of her claim that the evidence was insufficient and, as such, the merits of her
sufficiency claim are properly before us.
6
The pertinent portions of the J.C.O. were not included in the record on appeal. However,
this Court may take judicial notice of municipal ordinances. See Lowery v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs
for Ada Cty., 115 Idaho 64, 69, 764 P.2d 431, 436 (Ct. App. 1988). Consequently, we take judicial
notice of Chapter 6.08 of the J.C.O., which may be found at
https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/jeromeid/latest/jerome_id/0-0-0-1091 (last accessed
July 10, 2020).
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Section 6.08.010, a dog is “[a]ny member of the animal species Canis Familiars six (6) months of
age or older.” Thus, for Heck’s dog to fall within the ambit of Chapter 6.08 of the J.C.O., the
animal had to be at least six months old on the day of the attack. Although no witness testified to
the exact age of Heck’s dog, we agree with both the magistrate court and the district court that
there was a constellation of circumstantial evidence from which the jury could infer that the dog
was more than six months old.
First, testimony from Heck and the victim indicated that the dog was at least two months
old on the day of the attack. Heck testified that she owned the dog when she became the victim’s
neighbor in August of 2018, and the victim testified that the attack occurred in October of 2018.
Second, testimony regarding the aggressiveness of Heck’s dog suggested that it was a
mature animal. The victim and officers who responded to the attack testified to the dog’s
aggressiveness. The victim further testified that he was able to fight off the dog’s initial, apparently
unprovoked attack by kicking the animal. However, after momentarily returning to Heck’s yard,
the dog attacked a second time. The officers who responded to the scene testified that the dog was
still aggressive when they arrived and could not be controlled with a catchpole.
Finally, evidence of the dog’s physical development and capabilities was indicative of a
mature animal. The victim, an adult male, testified that he had never taunted the dog because “[i]f
you saw the [dog], you would not taunt that [dog],” a statement that the jury could reasonably
interpret as implying that the victim considered the dog physically intimidating. The victim also
testified that he witnessed the dog jump over a fence into his backyard. A picture of the fence
displayed to the jury shows a chain-link fence appearing to be more than four feet high.
Additionally, pictures of the victim’s injuries show that the victim suffered not only puncture
wounds to his hands, but also a significant laceration to his left hand that required suturing. The
above-described evidence, when considered in the light most favorable to the prosecution, is
sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Heck’s dog was more than six months old when it
attacked the victim.
IV.
CONCLUSION
The jury’s finding that Heck’s dog was at least six months old is supported by substantial
evidence. Additionally, although the jury was erroneously instructed, the jury found all the facts
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necessary to find Heck guilty of dog at large. Consequently, the district court’s decision, on
intermediate appeal from the magistrate court, is affirmed.
Chief Judge HUSKEY and Judge GRATTON, CONCUR.
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